分词和不定式
1. –ing分词的功能
1) 作主语:doing ... is / was / did / does ...
2) 作补语:find / keep / have / make + 名词短语 + -ing分词
3) 作宾语:-ing分词既可以做动词宾语,也可以做介词宾语
4) 作定语:-ing分词做定语时,它所修饰的词一般是分词所表示的行为或状态的主体,从逻辑上看似乎是一种主语和谓语的关系
5) 作状语:-ing分词作状语一般放在句首或者句尾
2. -ed分词的功能
1) 作补语:find / keep / have / make + 名词短语 + ed分词
2) 作定语:-ed分词作定语时,被修饰的词是分词所表示行为的承受者,从逻辑上看,修饰语和被修饰语之间似乎是一种行为与客体之间的关系
3) 作状语:-ed分词作状语时位于主谓结构之外
3. 分词逻辑主语的判断
1) 分词短语在句首作状语时,逻辑主语等于句子主语
2) -ing短语在句尾
Ø 表示伴随动作、状态、功能,与句子的谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语等于句子主语
Ø 表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,无逻辑主语,可在分词前加thus、thereby、in effect等,也可不加
3) -ed短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词
4) 介词或介词短语 + -ing分词
in addition to / in / by / without / besides + doing ...,句子
Ø 在句首,逻辑主语等于句子主语
Ø 在句尾,可能是句子主语,也可能不是
4. 分词短语的并列
-ing分词短语和-ed分词短语可以并列,作定语修饰名词
5. 分词的否定形式
not doing ... / without doing ... / not –ed ... / never –ed ...
6. -ing分词的完成时态
-ing分词的完成时态不能充当名词的定语,必须转换为定语从句
n. + having done ... / having been done ... => n. that ...
7. 定语从句与分词短语的区别
1) 定语从句强调具体的时间、具体的行为,以及动作的一次性;分词短语强调笼统的、不确定的时间,抽象的、客观的、重复性的、多次性的行为
2) 分词短语比定语从句简洁:两者都可以接受的时候,优先使用分词短语
3) 有情态动词的定语从句不能转为分词短语
4) 定语从句转为分词短语不能产生歧义
8. 加-ing分词作宾语的动词
1) acknowledge;avoid;admit;enjoy;escape;suggest;assure;advocate;forbid;permit;favor;recommend;resist;risk;involve;deny;include
There is no way to escape doing the work.
2) give up;credit to;aim at;contribute to;in contrast to;be supposed to;object to;be opposed to;amount to;be exposed/committed/limited/devoted to;lead to;be educated to;be/become accustomed/used to
Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
3) aid sb. in doing;prevent/keep/prohibit/save sb. from doing;accuse sb. of doing
This device is designed to carry sound or to aid in hearing.
4) be expert at;be good at;criticize ... for;praise ... for;be capable of;be busy;have difficulty in;have trouble in
The leading actor is expert at conveying his role's fine feeling.
5) GMAT中常用propose doing,较少用propose to do
I should propose making a change in the plan.
9. 不定式的功能
不定式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
1) 不定式作主语
不定式作主语时,特别是当不定式短语很长时,往往引入形式主语it,把不定式放在谓语后面:
Ø It is + 形容词 + 不定式短语
It is beyond my power to sell it cheaper.
Ø It takes / needs/ requires + 不定式短语
It requires a long time to eliminate the old ideas.
Ø It is + 名词 + 不定式短语
It is a shameful thing to have to say.
2) 不定式作表语
在这种结构中,动词不定式用来揭示主语所包含的具体内容。常用的主语有下列名词:
aim,task,duty,goal,work,job,purpose,method,problem,effect,activity,mistake
通常译为:“…就是…”,“…在于…”
Our purpose is not only to conquer nature but also to remake nature.
3) 不定式作定语
Ø 要求不定式作定语的名词
way,ability,power,tendency,capacity,reason,chance,time,method,attempt,opportunity,thing,work,property
To argue in an attempt to come to terms.
Ø 不定式的被动语态作定语
含有“将要”、“有必要”的意思,翻译时可在不定式前加“要”、“待”等词。
To exaggerate the difficulty of something to be done.
Ø 介词 + which + 不定式短语作定语
动词不定式如带有介词,作定语时仍保留介词,常与代词which连用。这种结构仍然是不定式短语,不能视为which引导的定语从句。
He was stumped for words in which to reply.(他被难住了,找不出话来回答。)
Ø 名词前有last、next、序数词或者形容词最高级作定语时,名词后的定语必须使用不定式
The first scientist to do some research on AIDS
10. 不定式的否定形式
1) not + 不定式:not 置于带to或者不带to的不定式前,属于一般否定
2) never + 不定式:never置于带to或者不带to的不定式前,强调否定意义
11. 不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语,不定式的动作往往与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
afford;agree;appear / seem;arrange;choose;claim;come(逐渐);elect;endeavor;expect;fail;promise;refuse;seek;select;threaten;venture;offer;prefer
I fail to see the bearing of that remark.(我不明白那句话的真意何在。)
12. 不定式作宾语补语
动词 + 名词短语 + 不定式
advise,allow,cause,compel,enable,invite,inspire,convince,expect,lead,require,use,order
It was a real job to convince them to drop the charges.
13. 疑问代词加不定式
whether/how/when/what/why to do
Sometimes I do not know how to do.
14. 省略to的不定式
1) 动词 + 名词或代词 + do
see,watch,notice,spot(认出),hear,observe,perceive,overhear,feel,smell,let,make
2) 其他
Ø make do (with/without)(凑合着做)
If we can't get what we want, we shall have to make do without it.
Ø make believe(=pretend)
Let us make believe that we were Red Indians.
Ø help (to) do...
We need someone to help do the repairs.
Ø rather than do ...
I'll do it all by myself rather than ask someone else to help me.
Ø all sb. do/did is/was do ...
All I do is dream of you.
Ø might (just) as well do ...
You might just as well go as not.(你去也好,不去也好。)
15. 宾语补语后加不定式
find/deem/make it + adj. + to do
I find it difficult for me to explain this to you.
16. 用不定式表达动作的目的
用do sth. to do sth,而不用do sth. for doing sth.。
17. too to结构
to后主动语态和被动语态都可以使用:
too adj. to do;
too adj. for sb. to do;
too adj. to be done by sb.
发表评论 评论 (8 个评论)
而且其实没那么难
而且其实没那么难
大家都有值得别人学习的地方 哈哈哈
大家都有值得别人学习的地方 哈哈哈
HOHO....其实我也认同Emma的意见。。。
向你学习....