1 after doing 相关问题

　　220. (GWD-24-8, OG12-86)The results of the company's cost-cuttingmeasures are evident in its profits, which increased five percent during thefirst three months of this year after it fell over the last two years.

　　A. whichincreased five percent during the first three months of this year after it fell

　　B. whichhad increased five percent during the first three months of this year after ithad fallen

　　C. whichhave increased five percent during the first three months of this year afterfalling

　　D. with a five percent increase during the firstthree months of this year after falling (C)

　　E. with a five percent increase during the firstthree months of this year after having fallen

　　答案选C，但解释上有点问题我不明白：下面是语法笔记上对于B和C的解释：

　　B. after it had fallen时态上没有问题，可以与over the last two years搭配，但是不如after falling简洁

　　C. Correct;afterfalling简洁，状语从句的省略

　　求助讨论：可是我不理解为什把after doing理解为状语从句的省略。我觉得这里不是省略!!!

　　状语从句的省略：从句主语和主句主语一致，并且包含be。。。从句主语和be可以省略。when，although ，等词引导时间状语从句，让步状语从句等时，可以用这种形式来简洁表达。

　　但是如果把这里的after doing 理解为 after it have/had been falling。我觉得也不能清晰的表达出原文所想表达的时态先后关系。而且如果这里 fall是进行时表达一直在下降，这里也是不对的吧。

　　我的理解：

　　after doing 作状语，表达其修饰的动作之前发生的动作，其修饰的动词和after后面的动词动作发出者要一致。如此表达最能体现出二者的先后关系。

　　The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is to soak them in liquid after pounding

　　them 。。。这里pounding作状语，修饰的是soak。 虽然整句话都没有出现pound的动作发出者，但soak和pound二者逻辑上的动作发出者一致。

　　另外提一句：

　　AlienX: after having done something是不可能对的

　　1)after已表示the sequence of events.没有必要用having done来表示前后

　　2)可是after someone/something has/have done something是acceptable; 如果变成after someone/something did something也可以

　　2 after+n的逻辑主语问题。

　　需要再讨论，不知道对不对

　　看两个例子：

　　prep16：Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil

　　, their descendents, popular known as killer bees had migrated as far north as Southern Texas。。。

　　85：In 1945, after a career as First Lady in which she shattered expectations more audaciously than either Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison ever had been, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman.

　　Bmore audaciously than either Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, President Harry S Truman had Eleanor Roosevelt appointed to be a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly.

　　D. with an audacity never mathed by Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman. 我的理解：after +n 究竟是否存在逻辑主语问题，要看前面的名词而定。 如16题，after 后面接了一个事件，句子主干再说这个事件之后的事情。主干的事情不一定是发出那个事件的人作的另一个事。

　　而且这里release 是action n，反而避免了after releasing 的逻辑主语问题。(这里可见 Manhattan的 v-a-n原则不是万能的哦)

　　85题：after +后面的名词明显是不完整的，缺少一个能和 那个n 对应的 发出者。这种情况下，要考虑after的逻辑主语问题。

　　总之：after +n后面的逻辑主语问题是句子逻辑意思而定。

　　一般来说，after +n 表达一个能够对很多人造成影响的的事件，而不是某个小土鸡作的鸡毛蒜皮的小事，一般after+n 是不需要动作发出者的。

　　好像有点抽象，举个例子：

　　(1)after 退休， 老王干了啥。。

　　(2)二战之后，老王干了啥。。

　　好像after就这两点比较烦，其他情况想起来再补充哈。。

　　1. as在gmat比较结构中多做连词代出一个主谓结构, 只指引出一个名词不符合语法习惯. OG126A (小心判断as引出的结构).

　　2. as…as 肯定和否定句都可以用, so…as 只能用于否定句, as…as除了可以表示像…一样外, 还可以用于concessive clause, 相当于though, 让步, 主从有对比意思, 且主从主语要相同, Eg. As ill-prepared as they are, they nevertheless find good jobs.

　　3. As表示一段时间, 尤其是指一个渐进的过程OG84 (as aging)--as: two situations which develop or change together. As I get older, I get more optimistic, 而when是”at that time”, OG1E, when: refer to ages and periods of time. when I was a child, we in in london; while表示two actions happen at the same time. while you are reading the information, I am working.

　　4. as(OG207), for(大全140)可以在句中引导原因状语从句.

　　5. 表示动作的程度用so...that(that引出具体的explanation, OG136A), so+adj...as to(so和adj之间不能有别的东西, OG136C; OG103D的so much…as to错误; OG88A是正确的样子)只用于简单的系表结构当中, 因为要求动作发起人和句子主语相同; so as to不能加情态动词, 不能含有时态, 很多时候需要改成so…that.

　　6. so as to前后主语要相同, 如果不行的话就换成so that, 其中that可以去掉, 不去更好, 而且关键是so that可以接情态动词; OG88B, OG39C, 使用so that的时候一定要注意主语的, 如果有模糊的嫌疑就可以选择更换分词伴随句子, 大全362.

　　7. 经典分析: OG171, so as to做目的状语, 而so as to前面有两个限定动词sought和have, 造成修饰上面的歧义, 不知道是sought…so as to, 还是have…allulled so as to.

　　8. such functions to mean "of a kind" rather than to intensify abundant, such用来举例, so用来强调, 表达的语意重心不同, OG20, 这个是重要考点.

　　9. OG36. Bufo marinus toads, fierce predators that will eat frogs, lizards, and even small birds, are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control pests in the state's vast sugarcane fields.

　　(A) are native to South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt to control

　　(B) are native in South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's as attempts to control

　　(C) are natives of South America but were introduced into Florida during the 1930's in an attempt at controlling

　　(D) had been native to South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as an attempt at controlling

　　(E) had been natives of South America but were introduced to Florida during the 1930's as attempts at controlling

　　Both as attempts in B and E and as an attempt in D are wrong because the attempt consists not of the toads themselves, but of their introduction into the environment. As表示toad就是attemptation, 不符合逻辑, 因此当as翻译为作为的时候, As两端的概念一定要平行, 包括单复, OG97E; 同理: OG39. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

　　a method to protect

　　as a method protecting

　　protecting

　　as a protection of

　　to protect BD中的As修饰items, 应该是use of items是method, as在句中时, 多和动词连用, 单个用的错的几率很大.

　　10. such as后面不可以接不定式, OG74D; as表示列举的时候也不可以加不定式.

　　11. As不一定就是表示像…(和like作用相同的那个), 可以表示作为, 大全226, as后面的比较接单一比较对像(因为省略了相同的Verb), 别当成错误.

　　大全677. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electro-magnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.

　　(A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on

　　(B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun

　　(C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at

　　(D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at

　　(E) appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface, which have never been sighted on

　　读A的时候可以发现完成时有点怪, 好心的ETS并没有给出时态提示, B结构关系错, C看起不错, 而且可以发现原来on the surface位置会变, 估计要考虑逻辑意思了, 质疑C或者A, C时态没问题, D的on位置有问题, E结构不对, on有问题, 所以综合判断是C.

　　12. as…as前后的比较对像要对等, 大全517. Most nations regard their airspace as extending upward as high as an aircraft can fly; no specific altitude, however, has been officially recognized as a boundary.

　　(A) as extending

　　(B) as the extent

　　这里as后面是fly, 需要前面有一个动词与其匹配, 另外B的the加的没有道理.

　　13. as many/ much as的结构是as many/ much+N as的省略N的结构, 如果中间的N是省略的, 则as后面的代词也要省略, OG132E; 如果没有省略, 且as后面要接的代词就是这个N的代词, 则要省略掉代词, OG187A; 如果中间的N和后面的代词不是一个东西, 则必须补出代词, OG92D, OG265B, 大全874B.

　　as+adj+as这个结构是否需要补出代词没有定论, 不可作为判断依据, GWD7-32, GWD5-14; 但是如果没有补出代词, 可以补出be动词, OG266CDE.

　　the same as这个结构和相关的变体都不需要在as后面进行多余的代词和动词补出, OG12D, OG54B, OG80AD对比更强调了这点(A用名词比D用those也更好).

　　14. than在作连词的时候的省略方式类似, 当主语相同的时候可以省略掉相同的主语, Eg. The new sports car is heavier than is usual for a performance automobile.

　　15. As作为连词的时候表示”像”, 作为副词的时候表示”正如”, 作为介词表示”作为”, 后面只能接名词结构, GWD4-41.

　　做连词比较两个状语: With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase.

　　做副词举例: As with any drug taken in excess, your body can build up a tolerance to it.

　　练习: 大全143. As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are, New York’s were built for an age of propellers, before jet planes weighing 800,000 pounds needed over two miles of runway.

　　(A) As virtually all the nation’s 50 busiest airports are

　　(B) As with virtually all of the nation’s 50 busiest airports

　　(C) Like virtually all of the nation’s 50 busiest airports

　　这里A中as虽然是引出了一个svo结构, 但是are的时态不对, B中as with中的as应该是想表达”像”的意思, 但后面的with成了比较状语模式, 错误, 只有C .

　　16. so that不可以修饰名词, 只能修饰动词, OG260AB

　　以上对GMAT语法考试中的常见备考要点进行了较为详细的阐述，考生不妨以此为鉴，通过反复练习逐步掌握其在GAMT语法考试中的使用规律，从而在GMAT语法考试中发挥出更好的水平。