1. 怎样处理“指代模糊”【总则】（ron)
1.如果有一个specific none 代替了 pron在某个选项中，选哪个specific none
2.如果所有的选项的这个位置都是用pron，那么就不能靠指代模糊来排除选项
3.曼哈顿中认为就近指代。
2. it/ its/ they/ them/their/this/that/those/these
第一类代词：
代词主格可以用作主语： it， they，who
代词宾格可以用作宾语：it, them， whom
所有格： its, their ，whose
第二类代词:
this—pron, adj, adv
that ---- pron, adj, adv,conj
those---adj.pron.
these---adj.pron.
1. 当你看到it/ its/ they/ them/their ,考虑：是否有先行词，指代的数是否一致。
2. this/that/these/those是指示代词，跟前面那些就不是一类的，所以别往一块然。这些词都有形容词和代词的词性。这两类要分开讨论。
(1)．this, that, these, those 在句中作形容词的时候，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。注意，即使他们做的是形容词，前面还是要有先行词的。因为 形容词+n 构成了代词的结构，行使代词的功能。
ex1：New”nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,
这种结构有什么功能？ 答：避免歧义 ex2：×àResearchersclaim to have developed new "nano-papers" incorporating tiny cellulosefibers, which THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron:
ex3：Researchers claim to have developed new "nano-papers" incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which give THESE MATERIALS the strength of cast iron, according tothe researchers. ex2代词用的太多了，会被视为指代模糊，但是换成了ex3的样子，就好多了。可以看出 第二类代词（这里做adj）+n=第一类代词
(2)．that或those可以表明一个新的copy关于先行词的,而且必须要modify这个newcopy使其区别于先行词，显示出和先行词指的不是 the same actualthing。注意这里先行词和代词that/those指的不是同一个东西，是同一类东西的不同种。一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。modifier可以是分词短语、of短语。
这点就是我们在manhattan论坛上看到的（括号里是我自己加的） this /these /that/ those----->in place of nouns only whenyou modify them.（new copy）
it/they/ them------>inplace of nouns（same actual thing）
ex4: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.（这里的modifier是过去分词短语做后置定语，spent by her children）
这个结构有什么用？ 答：指的是new copy，而不是the same actual thing. 这里ex4中，moneyspend by her parents和 that spent by her children的money不是一份钱，如果要表达同样一份钱就必须用第一类介词，例：The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.所以这是第一类介词和第二类一个重要的不同点。
ex5：×à Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. ex6:Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavationin Pakistan, the site of an ancient civilization that flourished at the same time as thecivilizations in the Nile Delta and the river valleys of the Tigris andEuphrates. OA---A.
(A)
that flourished atthe same time as the civilizations
(D) flourishing at the same time as those did
这里的ex5，错，those与company不一致，应将those替换为companies. ex4 前面的词是单数 civilization，后面要用复数所以不能选代词，要重写。但如果考试出现了ex6，这种名词splitagainst代词，基本上都选名词。代词容易出错，即使在名词和代词都对的情况下，名词也比代词好。
其实that of/ those of 的用法应该归于这一类。因为后面的of短语就相当于是
modifier了，前面又有先行词，但是在做题中我发现这个that指代的可能跟先行词是 一个东西。而且这样的题又比较多，所以把that of， those of单独列为一类： 3.that of & those of 这类是最简单的，用两个字就可以概括了-----平行。这里的平行指的是概念的平行，而不是形式平行。题越做越发现，gmat想把题弄的难一点，就是形式上不平行，但是概念上是平行的，所以我们判断的时候也要注意以概念平行为准。判断用不用that of或者those of 很简单，这里牵扯到 平行的概念，如果不平行了就要补出that of或those of 服务于平行。以下例句出自OG12，13
出现在正确选项中例句+分析：
ex 1：Laos has a land areacomparable to that of Great Britain but apopulation of only four million people, many of whom are members of hill tribesensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.
land area= that(= land area) of Great Britain
ex 2：One of the primarydistinctions between ourintelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specificskill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new anddifferent ones.
our intelligence =that (=intelligence )of other primates
ex 3: As its sales of computer products havesurpassed those of measuring instruments, the company has becomeincreasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales it would in the pasthave conceded to rivals.
sales of computer products= those (=sales) of measuringinstruments
ex 4: Ranked as one of the most important ofEurope’s young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written 40 plays; his works------translated into more than 30languages------are produced more often than those of anyother contemporary German dramatist.
his works= those( = works ) of any other contemporaryGerman dramatist
ex 5：Once they had seen the report from the medical examiner,the investigators had no doubt that the body recoveredfrom the river wasthat of the man who had attempted to escape fromthe state prison.
the body= that(=the body) of the man
the body was the man，尸体和人的概念是不平行的，加了that of以后，就把主语说过的内容重述了一遍，使得the body（主语）和that（=thebody） of the man，这两个概念平行。之前说过的那些判断标准，什么newcopy一点都不靠谱，因为这个body哪里是new copy呀，还是主语说到的同一个么。但是看完这些正确句子，也就这一个指的不是new copy。我的理解是：遇到that of/those of这一类出现在比较结构中的题，平行才是王道，不能用是不是 new copy来判断。
出现在错误选项中例句+分析：
ex 6：Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August,intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-Septemberquarter would more than double the1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previousquarter.
double 后面不能用that of.因为personal spending= the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending 因为后面有个 in personal spending,所以 这两个概念是平行的，如果去掉in介词短语，那么personal spending和growth rate的概念就不平行了，就需要添加一个 that （=personal spending）of来使其平行。这道题就是以介词短语的形式而不是以that of的形式添加了。
ex 7: According to a recent poll, owning and livingin a freestanding house on its own land is still agoal of a majority of young adults, like thatof earlier generations.
(E) as it was of earlier generations
这题错在原句里面 like短语在语法地位上不能跟一个完整的句子并列。
ex 8: The energy source on Voyager 2 is not anuclear reactor, in which atoms are actively broken apart; rather a kindof nuclear battery that uses natural radioactive decay to produce power.
(B) apart, butrather
(C) apart, but rather that of
(D) apart, but that of
(E) apart; it is that of
这题要读完题，就会发现考察的是 not， but的短语，这要not和but后面的短语平行就好了。a nuclear reactor=a king of nuclear battery。核反应堆也是一种核电池，a kind of 核电池也是一种核电池。本来就平行着呢，不需要你在添加任何成分。
ex 9: Ry∆nosuke Akutagawa’s knowledgeof the literatures of Europe, China, and that of Japan wereinstrumental in his development as a writer, informing his literary style asmuch as the content of his fiction.
(C) Japan was instrumental in hisdevelopment as a writer, informing both hisliterary style and
the literatures of X,Y, and Z. XYZ平行，不需要添加任何成分，和not but 挺像的，人家本来就是平行结构。
ex 10: In 1979 lack of rain reduced India’s riceproduction to about 41 million tons, nearly25 percent less than those of the 1978 harvest.
(A) less than those of the 1978 harvest
(B) less than the 1978harvest
(C) less than 1978
(D) fewer than 1978
(E) fewer than that of India’s 1978 harvest
这里less than后面要选一个概念，和41 million tons这个概念平行。原句中those（=tons）ofthe 1978 harvest，不平行。相比较ABC，只有B，41 million tons=the 1978 harvest这两个概念最平行。这道题给了我们一个信号：gmat有可能吧词组换了，不是追求形式上的一模一样的平行，而是追求意思上的平行。
4.those 例外
之所以称之为例外是因为those木有先行词。但我查了金山词霸中的柯林斯字典，those做代词的时候you use those to mean “people”.所以这种those的用法就相当于people了，后面可以跟 定语从句（常考），介词短语，v-ed。个人觉得这是一种挺常用的用法。
ex1：Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in theworld,partly because of the difficult of distinguishing between a language andthe sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to counttypically have found about five thousand.
Manhattan的解释：
If thepronoun shows up in all five answer choices, you have to accept its use even ifit seems ambiguous or doesn’t have a clear referent. Now if some choices areambiguous or without antecedent but others clear up the confusion, you caneliminate the problematic answer choices..
ex2：A little selfish behaviour is unlikely tocause real damage to those around us...
稍许自私的行为不会对我们身边的人造成实质性伤害。（金山词霸）
ex3：A number of leading opposition figures weresaid to be among those arrested.
据说，许多反对派的重要人物也在被捕者之列。（金山词霸） | 
