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GMAT新版63篇的第7篇

Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire
                staged (to produce or cause to happen for public view or public effect “stage a track meet” “stage a hunger strike”)
               
an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times (at times: adv.
有时, 不时)
threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.

To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.

The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.

No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first, economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom (in full bloom: adv.开着花), a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.

1.
Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?

(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth century Athens.

(C) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.

(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.

(E) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.2.
The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?

(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival

(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured

(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closely interrelated in different societies

(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar, they are unrelated to other historical examples

(E) To indicate that, wherever possible, historians should seek to make comparisons with the earliest chronological examples of revival


这两道题,第一题答案是E,我觉得有道理,但是我怎么也找不到这篇文章的主题句在哪里,所以根本没有办法作出来,请各位高人指点我一下。
第二题答案是C, 我也可以理解。但是我觉得D也没有错呀。请高人帮我解释一下。
多谢!!!
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1.Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium 如果非找个主题句,只能是这句。但其实 central idea通常不是一个句子,而是对文章主旨的总体把握。
2.最简单的判断方法就是把握该段作者态度,该段只是提出cultural, economic, and military 三者的紧密联系,作者只是在对事实进行一个交代和陈述,sugget最符合该态度。
D选项里的出现argue,于作者态度不符,其实马上就可以排除。撇开简单方法不用,具体分析一下,这道题是问第二段的写作目的。结合整篇文章来看,作者绝不是要argue什么古罗马和古雅典的繁荣虽然相似但与其它史例无关。作者写这段是要交代文化、经济和军事进步在不同的社会形态下都有着紧密的联系,为下文进一步阐述Byzantine Empire的繁荣过程之特殊性做铺垫。

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请问第四题为什么是B,在什么地方能够找到?

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By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600
说明在八世纪前,the empire一直在丢失领土,而这些土地又是在year600年拥有的,所以选D吧
只是个人看法,求NN验证
另外,
6.    Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?
(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.
(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.
(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.
(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.
(E) By the early eleventh century the Byzantine Empire had regained much of its lost territory.
为什么选D呢???

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第三问3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the
eleventh century the Byzantine military forces
(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline
(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army
(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome
    under Augustus
(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid
    Caliphate’s military forces  
(E) had achieved control of Byzantine governmental
    structures
我选的是B答案是D因为In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor.中说明是在800‘s中就可以抗衡了啊 而ACE文中没有提出
求教啊!!!!!谢谢了

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同问第3题,为什么选D,定位在哪里?NN来看看

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1.    Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?



(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.

(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth century Athens.

(C) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.

(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.

(E) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.

第一题我觉得A和E都是对的呀~~为什么答案选E呢?

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同问第六题·····

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第一题全文貌似没提到the Byzantine Empire was a unique case

第3题, 看2句话
"...by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate...";
"...by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453."
帝国军在872年已经能和敌国抗衡了, 之后直到1453年, 帝国处在全胜时期; 那么11世纪的帝国军肯定strong enough to withstand.  其它选项都是本文没提到的.

第4题看了好久才反应过来, (B) during the seventh century. 第7世纪就是6XX年. 而A的600太精确了  

第6题看最后一段
Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
帝国最早是从learning开始恢复的, learning的恢复是从last decade of the eighth century开始.

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