[语法资料] prep语法的总结~ 个人体会

语法讲求“形合”“意合”
一．“形合”——平行优美，比较对等
二．“意合”——逻辑通畅，修饰恰当
三．才是掌握具体语法点，可以加快做题速度啊。

一．“形合”——平行优美，简洁有效

1、句与句平行，错误选项经常把句子拆的七零八落的，不通顺。
And：引导不同时态的并列
173. The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago andhas been expanding ever since.

252. (GWD7-Q1)Although producer prices rose at an unexpectedly steep rate in September, analysts said that the increase resulted mostly from temporary factors and did not necessarily foreshadow a resurgence of inflation.

But

223. (GWD-23-Q23)After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying doctors and hospitals.

158. Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease

173 (GWD-10-Q18) In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.

Whereas
194. Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used again.

211. (GWD-8-Q39)Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.

（例外）241. (GWD-9-Q39) Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.（要根据句意理解）

Just as A do, so B do.也不失为一种平行对称啊。

229. (T-9-Q34)Just as an archaeologist needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, so a
nautical archaeologist needs specialized knowledge of the history and theory of ship design in order to understand shipwrecks.

2、句子成分平行。由固定搭配连接的成分，如either… or, neither… nor, not…but…，as…as等
举例：

198. (GWD-1-Q23)Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed either logging, which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest.

204. (T-9-Q16)The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found

205. (T-9-Q15)The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.

209. (T-3-Q7) In Scotland, thewild salmon’s numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish’s habitat.

235. (GWD-9-Q1) A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.

169. (GWD-3-Q11)Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much becausetheir sales a year earlier had been so bad as because shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts.

180. (GWD-11-39)For global managers working with overseas clients, understanding cultural norms is at least as important as grasping the pivotal business issues.

188. (GWD-7-Q33) The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; besides possibly preventing or inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

3、比较对象要对等——

由like、unlike引导的

179. Unlikethe independent candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, H. Ross Perot's independent run for the presidency in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party nomination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics.

152. Unlike Schoenberg, whose twelve-tone system dominated the music of the postwar period, Bartók founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.

比较结构

二．“意合”——逻辑通畅，修饰恰当

1、修饰恰当
修饰成分（过去分词、现在分词短语等）和被修饰成分越近越好，中间不能插入别的成分，比如状语什么的。（常被当做错误选项）
172.Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.（不能把in England 放到中间啊，通通错）

219. (GWD-12-Q20)Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

230. (T-4-Q4)A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in 1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.

251. (GWD-1-Q29)Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted

2、逻辑通畅

188. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

203. (T-4-Q29) In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

217. (T-3-Q17. 天山-7-14) Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded.

255. (GWD-12-Q19) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

163. Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulatedinternational disputes over uninhabited islands.

210. (GWD-12-Q31)Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.

一．“形合”——平行优美，比较对等
二．“意合”——逻辑通畅，修饰恰当
三．才是掌握具体语法点，可以加快做题速度啊。

一．“形合”——平行优美，简洁有效

1、句与句平行，错误选项经常把句子拆的七零八落的，不通顺。
And：引导不同时态的并列
173. The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago andhas been expanding ever since.

252. (GWD7-Q1)Although producer prices rose at an unexpectedly steep rate in September, analysts said that the increase resulted mostly from temporary factors and did not necessarily foreshadow a resurgence of inflation.

But

223. (GWD-23-Q23)After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying doctors and hospitals.

158. Sales of wines declined in the late 1980s, but they began to grow again after the 1991 report that linked moderate consumption of alcohol, and particularly of red wine, with a reduced risk of heart disease

173 (GWD-10-Q18) In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.

Whereas
194. Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used again.

211. (GWD-8-Q39)Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.

（例外）241. (GWD-9-Q39) Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.（要根据句意理解）

Just as A do, so B do.也不失为一种平行对称啊。

229. (T-9-Q34)Just as an archaeologist needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, so a
nautical archaeologist needs specialized knowledge of the history and theory of ship design in order to understand shipwrecks.

2、句子成分平行。由固定搭配连接的成分，如either… or, neither… nor, not…but…，as…as等
举例：

198. (GWD-1-Q23)Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed either logging, which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest.

204. (T-9-Q16)The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found

205. (T-9-Q15)The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.

209. (T-3-Q7) In Scotland, thewild salmon’s numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish’s habitat.

235. (GWD-9-Q1) A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.

169. (GWD-3-Q11)Retailers reported moderate gains in their November sales, as much becausetheir sales a year earlier had been so bad as because shoppers were getting a head start on buying their holiday gifts.

180. (GWD-11-39)For global managers working with overseas clients, understanding cultural norms is at least as important as grasping the pivotal business issues.

188. (GWD-7-Q33) The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; besides possibly preventing or inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

3、比较对象要对等——

由like、unlike引导的

179. Unlikethe independent candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, H. Ross Perot's independent run for the presidency in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party nomination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics.

152. Unlike Schoenberg, whose twelve-tone system dominated the music of the postwar period, Bartók founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples.

比较结构

二．“意合”——逻辑通畅，修饰恰当

1、修饰恰当
修饰成分（过去分词、现在分词短语等）和被修饰成分越近越好，中间不能插入别的成分，比如状语什么的。（常被当做错误选项）
172.Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.（不能把in England 放到中间啊，通通错）

219. (GWD-12-Q20)Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

230. (T-4-Q4)A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in 1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.

251. (GWD-1-Q29)Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted

2、逻辑通畅

188. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

203. (T-4-Q29) In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

217. (T-3-Q17. 天山-7-14) Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded.

255. (GWD-12-Q19) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

163. Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, it has already stimulatedinternational disputes over uninhabited islands.

210. (GWD-12-Q31)Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.