Ivxiuer7801

库存管理

第一段：inventory-smoothing理论/model的思想是，用库存(inventory)作为buffer,应付可能出现的产品需求的突然增长。这样公司就不用改变当前的生产，production level就会保持稳定 (这里有题)

第二段：根据这个理论，production的variance会下降。而且如果需求增加，sales的variance会增加。但是经过科学家调查，发现production比sales的variance要高，而且他们（或者是sales和inventory，不影响整体阅读）的variance是correlated.这说明要么这个理论有问题，要么还有其他因素影响了调查结果。

第三段：第一句话是，科学家所做的调查是基于aggregate level的（后面有问这句话的作用，我选：提供了possibility that masks对单个企业的应用）。这样一些seasonality的数据可能被忽略。但是有科学家对单个企业做调查，也不能证实这个model

题目：

1、
主旨题：主要是作者提出一种理论，但是这种理论经过检验是不行的，人们找不到这个理论成立的例子

2、 Production smoothing是什么意思？

我选的好像是这个东西能保证生产不会波动，就是不会有过多的高峰和低谷那个

我选的答案的大概意思是能通过库存使每个时期的生产量比较稳定

3、问提到aggregation data的作用是什么？

我选的答案to consider the possibility that it masked the applicability of the model in individual firms

Ivxiuer7801

语速在广告中影响

第一段：关于广告中语速和停顿对观众理解广告的影响，两派观点：M1说广告语速快好，停顿少越能使受众集中精力去听；M2反对说，语速太快和停顿越少，人们懒得去听。结果有两种可能：1.缺乏理解的时间。2.太快使人缺乏理解的motivation

第二段：实验验证：结果否定了M1的观点，证实了M2的观点。即证明了语速过快使人缺乏去听广告的motivation。

主旨：两派学者围绕广告语速的问题，发表不同看法，结果用实验否定一方，支持了另一方。注意区分两个人各自的观点，统一处和分歧处，是考点。

题目：

1、
主旨题

2、
作者同意哪个人的观点？ M2

3.、高亮：第二段“增加停顿时间have no effect”这句话的作用是什么？前后找改写

4、
推断：什么样的语速和停顿组合才最适合观众？ Normal语速and Normal停顿、

1、
文章结论：not confirm M1 and M2’s first (就是opportunity那个) hypothesis，but confirm M2’s second（motivation那个）

2、
以下哪一项是M2的观点？support题目。A:语速过快会增加观众的理解难度

Ivxiuer7801

妇女地位与政党

一篇关于女性feminism的文章，是说一种传统观点认为女性在社会上的权力主要来自于家庭里的男人（husband/father..），但是第二段开始说这种观点是不对的，因为F什么著作里面没有提到，最后得出的观点就是女性社会上的权力是因为她们自身的need,而非靠男人。

Traditional social science models of class groups in the United States are based on economic status and assume that women's economic status derives from association with men, typically fathers or husbands, and that women therefore have more compelling common interest with men of their own economic class than with women outside it.

Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class. Social historian Mary Ryan, for example, has argued that in early-nineteenth-century America the identical legal status of working-class and middle-class free women outweighed the differences between women of these two classes:
married women, regardless of their family's wealth, did essentially the same unpaid五无报酬的 domestic work, and none could own property or vote.

Recently, though, other feminist analysts have questioned this model, examining ways in which the condition of working-class women differs from that of middle-class women as well as from that of working-class men. Ann Oakley notes, for example, that the gap between women of different economic classes widened in the late nineteenth century: most working-class women, who performed wage labor outside the home, were excluded from the emerging middle-class ideal of femininity centered around domesticity and volunteerism.

Question #16.
189-01
(21999-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) offer sociohistorical explanations for the cultural differences between men and women in the United States

(B) examine how the economic roles of women in the United States changed during the nineteenth century

(C) consider differing views held by social scientists concerning women's class status in the United States

(D) propose a feminist interpretation of class structure in the United States

(E) outline specific distinctions between working-class women and women of the upper and middle classes

Question #17.
189-03
(22045-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that the most recent feminist social science research on women and class seeks to do which of the following?

(A) Introduce a divergent new theory about the relationship between legal status and gender

(B) Illustrate an implicit middle-class bias in earlier feminist models of class and gender

(C) Provide evidence for the position that gender matters more than wealth in determining class status

(D) Remedy纠正 perceived inadequacies of both traditional social science models and earlier feminist analyses of class and gender

(E) Challenge the economic definitions of class used by traditional social scientists

Question #18.
189-05
(22091-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-05)

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between traditional social science models of class and Ryan's model, as described in the passage?

(A) Ryan's model differs from the traditional model by making gender, rather than economic status, the determinant of women's class status.

(B) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in its assumption that women are financially dependent on men.

(C) Ryan's model of class and the traditional social science model both assume that women work, either within the home or for pay.

(D) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in that each model focuses on a different period of American history.

(E) Both Ryan's model of class and the traditional model consider multiple factors, including wealth, marital status, and enfranchisement, in determining women's status.

Ivxiuer7801

广告用气味

开头despite the olfactory advertising trends。。。—解释内容（好像是说olfactory能使心情愉悦）—attention on it还是很少。来了个however，说olfactory 的效果不如visual和uara（忘了怎么拼了）可以测量。还说要有特定的环境才能有效果，举例说lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。又说在闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了。Nevertheless，olfactory advertising还是有独特的一面的。

先说奢侈品的广告不能用气味。因为气味不及Label，不能帮助人们认品牌。大概意思。这里有一个小小的对比。后面有题，问大概意思啊，Label能干吗。就把气味反着说。

然后第二段吧好像，忘了分没分段了，暂且当分了。举例子说，做实验，给人们一杯黄色的和红色的水，然后说柠檬味，人们就都想的是黄色的那个。后面有题，问哪个的比喻方式和这个是一样的。有两个选项说的都是和食物有关的，有一个是说Pine，给的是绿色的液体。记得是。狗主选的是，说的是皮革，给的是车- -

类似原文

Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory嗅觉的 cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties, research suggests that odour气味 can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants attention.

Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo安慰剂 effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concludedthat the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited thatindividuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery ofcommon odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors isinfluenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent whenthe scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a redliquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.

Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered混乱的 environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition. Odors stimulate the limbic边缘 system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.

题目
1）好像是主旨题。

2）文中对‘ the growing trend ’一词划线，问它指什么，答案应该就是广告者增加在广告中使用气味。the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads.

3）a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow
liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid.
题目是进行类比（注意题目问哪个跟那个比喻不相关），答案中有个是看见咖啡，想起小麦田（wheat farm)好像。

4）Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects。
这句话有考题，问关于visual and aural cues,答案应该是visual and aural cues are easier to recognize and label.

Ivxiuer7801

1.3.3 南丁格尔
（原文）

1）Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale.

（主题句，由此句和三段首句可知本文是结论解释型文章，即主要特点是总分式）A book by Anne Summers （观点之一）seeks to debunk揭穿（负评价的实义动词）the idealizations and present a reality（正评价词）at odds with争议 Nightingale’s heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale’s importance during the Crimean War（和观点二比较的差别点） has been exaggerated（负评价的实义动词）: not until near the war’s end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, （递进副词，表示行文方向一致，因此后面内容可以略读，仅提炼关键词即可，或不读）Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizaitonal pratices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale’s place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is largely due to the propagandistic宣传的efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.（以上略读）

2）By contrast（重要的强转折词，注意对比方/观点的差异点）, the editors （对比观点二）of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced（正评价词） not only her own age but also subsequence generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war（观点二比较的差别点，和观点一中during the Crimean War对比，这一句是后面举例的总结句，重要，知道总结句可以不用看后面的例子。）. For example,（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，如peacetime living conditions，举例的关键看前后的总结句，这里是for example 前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了。
） when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks兵营 were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exceeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ training hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s.（以上略读）

3）I believe that the evidence of her letters supports（正评价词） continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity（正评价词）. （总结句后举例说明，提取关键字，略读）When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers.（以上略读） In sum（文章最后一句话通常要仔细读，此处为总结句）, although （让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned（正评价词） her an eminent（正评价词） place among the ranks of social pioneers.（重点读，表明作者对以上两个不同观点的评述）

题目：

注意我怎么定位的，题干、选项和原文原句的对应线索我用相同颜色标注，题干中的定位依据的关键词我用下划线标注：

73. The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating

(A) the importance of Florence Nightingale’s innovations in the field of nursing

(B) contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography

(C) contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingale’s historical significance

(D) the quality of health care in nineteenth-century England

(E) the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care

主题题，直接定位首段首句主题句：Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale

74. According to the passage, the editors（定位在观点二出现段） of Nightingale’s letters credit（正评价的实义动词，将定位进一步限制在观点二中的正评价处，即找贡献） her with contributing to which of the following?

(A) Improving of the survival rate for soldiers in British Army hospitals during the Crimean War（时间状语为观点一的内容，观点二的比较点在after the war，大胆排除）

(B) The development of a nurses’ training curriculum （原文未出现，排除）that was far in advance of its day

(C) The increase in the number of women doctors （原文未出现，排除）practicing in British Army hospitals

(D) Establishment of the first （极端词文章没有，选项出现，排除！）facility for traiing nurses at a major British university

(E) The creation of an organization for monitoring the peacetime living conditions of British soldiers

原文对应：she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army.

直接事实题，定位在2）段，for example 后具体内容中，此题重点在于对于文中未出现的信息的果断排除，千万不要超出文章半步的猜测。

75. The passage suggests which of the following about Nightingale’s relationship with the British public（定位在二段举例中，观点一或其他段落未谈到） of her day?

(A) She was highly respected, her projects receiving popular and governmental support.

(B) She encountered resistance both from the army establishment and the general public.

(C) She was supported by the working classes and opposed by the wealthier classes.

(D) She was supported by the military establishment but had to fight the governmental bureaucracy.

(E) After intially being received with enthusiams, she was quickly forgotten.

She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London.
原文中唯一有public这个词的句子只有一处，确定无疑。

76. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War（重要的定位依据，说明是观点二的内容，所以我以前说，对题干的提炼一定要注意，即使只是一个时间状语）?

(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.

(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.

(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.

(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations.

(E) They were unifromaly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.

(They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, )when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations,....

77. Which of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale’s importance would the author most likely agree（定位于作者的观点，作者观点的总结句，而不是文中提到的两个观点）?

(A) Summers misunderstood both the importance of Nightingale’s achievements during the Crimean War and her subsequent influence on British policy.

(B) The editors of Nightingale’s letters made some valid points about her practical achievements, but they still exaggerated her influence on subsequent genrations.

(C) Although Summers’ account of Nightingale’s role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingales’ subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is well deserved.

定位于文末最后一句，关于作者对两个观点的总结句：

In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War（观点一内容）, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.

(D) The editors of Nightingale’s letters mistakenly propagated the outdated idealization of Nightingale that only impedes attempts to arrive at a balance assessment of her true role.

(E) The evidence of Nightingale’s letters supports Summers’ conclusions both about Nightingale’s activities and about her influence.

78. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the author’s assessment of Nightingale’s creativity（定位关键词，三段首句中，所以读原文注意评价词！）?

(A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale’s day did not normally emphasize developing children’s ability to observe.

When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator.

(B) Nightingale was the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime.

(C) No educator before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village shcoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques.

(D) Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain.

(E) The British Army’s medical services had no cost-accounting system until Nightingale devised one in the 1860’s.

本题注意细节的排除，坚决按照原文信息！原文未出现的信息坚决不能选！尤其注意极端词汇！（以上选项中划线部分都是排除的依据）

79. In the last paragraph（直接定位）, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs

(B) refuting the view of Nightingale’s career presented in the preceding pargraph

(C) analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage

(D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale’s career

(E) correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review

段落作用题，需要建立在框架把握的基础上，第三段和前两段的关系如何？从首句或末句判断。

I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity.

以上的答案是我刚做的,如果有不对的,请MM给我指出来.

按照XDF老师传授的方法,第一遍读完,我会做这样的总结(XDF老师叫做"逻辑简图",携隐看看,其实简单的框架图就好,不用花太多时间像你以前那样总结.)

逻辑简图

1) 对N贡献评价有两个不同观点+第一个观点: TS(主题句), AS (Anne Summers), during the Crimean War, exaggerated ( — )

2）第二个观点：By contrast, Editors, significantly influenced（+）, after the war, for examples

3）作者的观点：I believe....supports（+）...
brilliance and creativity（+）. In sum，eminent（+）

这种逻辑简图简单实用，其实就是总结每段的段意、段内标志文章承转起合的重要的连接词、态度词，帮助你了解文章框架，把握重要的由连接词引出的出题点。

另：从本文你可以看出，一定要培养对关键的连词和作者态度词的重视和敏感！

Ivxiuer7801

1.        GWD-4-Q5 to Q7工业化城市化理论不能解释妇女选举权问题（以瑞士为例）
Many scholars have theorized that 老观点
           economic development, particularly          很多学者提出，经济发展，特别是工业
           industrialization and urbanization, con-       化和城市化能促进共享民主制的发展。
Line           tributes to the growth of participatory
(5)    democracy;  according to this theory, it      按照该理论，每当经济发展扩大妇女
would seem logical that women would      的机会，妇女能要求和获得更多数的
both demand and gain suffrage in ever       选举权，这是合乎逻辑的。
greater numbers whenever economic
development expanded their economic
(10)        opportunities.  However, the economic 否定老观点
development theory is inadequate to        但是这个经济理论不足以解释某些
explain certain historical facts about the     关于妇女选举权实行的历史事件。
implementation of women’s suffrage.
For example, why was women’s suf-        例如，为什么妇女选举权在1920年
(15)        frage, instituted nationally in the United     就在美国得以全面实施，但直到
States in 1920, not instituted nationally      1970’s才在瑞士全面实施？
in Switzerland until the 1970’s?  Indus-     到1920年，两个国家均高度工业化
trialization was well advanced in both       超过33%的美国工人受雇于各种工
countries by 1920:  over 33 percent        业，瑞士的比例则超过44%。
(20)   of American workers were employed
           in various industries, as compared
           to 44 percent of Swiss workers.
Granted, Switzerland and the United        当然，瑞士和美国不同在于工业扩
States diverged分歧 in the degree to            张与城市化程度的吻合程度。
(25)   which the expansion of industry coin-
cided with the degree of urbanization:
only 29 percent of the Swiss population      到1920年，只有29%的瑞士人口
lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabi-       居住在1万或以上居民的城市里。
tants by 1920.  However, urbanization     但城市化不能完全解释妇女的选举
(30)   cannot fully explain women’s suffrage.      权。
Within the United States prior to 1920,       例如1920年前，在美国，只有低
for example, only less urbanized             度城市化的州赋予妇女选举权。
           states had granted women suffrage.
Similarly, less urbanized countries           近似地，诸如C和G等低度城市
(35)        such as Cambodia and Ghana had           化的国家远早于瑞士赋予妇女投
voting rights for women long before           票权。
Switzerland did.  It is true that Switzer-      瑞士城市化的州确实比农村州更早
land’s urbanized cantons (political           执行妇女投票权的立法。
subdivisions) generally enacted颁布
women’s suffrage legislation earlier
than did rural cantons.  However,           但这些州通常共有其它特点- 类似
these cantons often shared other             的语言背景，更强的左翼党派- 这
characteristics—similar linguistic back-       些可以解释以上的现象。
grounds and strong leftist parties—that
may help to explain this phenomenon.
新老观点
逻辑简图：
Many scholars theorized economic development(industrialization and urbanization) contributes to women’s suffrage.
However, inadequate to explain…… however, urbanization cannot fully explain….
It is true… however, shared other characteristics …… may help to explain
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-4-Q5:
The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons?
               
A.        These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.
B.        These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.
C.        These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.
D.        The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.
E.        These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage.
It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons.  However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-4-Q6:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage只说了一种理论
B.        demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage
C.        discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage
开始老观点，强转折，有其他因素
D.        clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage
E.        explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-4-Q7:
The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?

A.        A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.反
B.        There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.反
C.        Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.无
D.        Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.
E.        A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.

Ivxiuer7801

当代女权主义者对20年代妇女选举权运动的评价

Recent feminist scholarship con-
早期人们以妇女选举权运动众所周知地

cerning the United States in the 1920’s

“得到保证”来评价美国的1920’s，

challenges earlier interpretations that

最近，女权主义者挑战这一观点。

Line
assessed the twenties in terms of the

(5)
unkept
维修“promises” of the women’s

Suffrage选举权 movement.
This new scholar-
新观点驳斥道，因为妇女在1920年获

ship disputes the long-held view that
投票权后，妇女投票组织没有实体化，

because a women’s voting bloc did not
选举权不能为妇女争得长久的政治利益。

materialize after women gained the right

(10)
to vote in 1920, suffrage failed to

produce long-term political gains for

women.
These feminist scholars also


女权学家也认为选举权失败，因为它没

challenge the old view that pronounced


有遵守妇女投票将带来道德的无腐败的

suffrage a failure for not delivering on
统治的诺言。

(15)
the promise that the women’s vote

would bring about moral, corruption腐败-

free governance.
Asked whether
被问到选举权是否失败时，他们引用世

women’s suffrage was a failure, these
纪交替时的社会改革家JA的话：“为

scholars cite the words of turn-of-the-
何你不问选举权是否全面失败？“

(20)
century social reformer Jane Addams,

“Why don’t you ask if suffrage in

general is failing?”
学者的观点认为suffrage是失败

In some ways, however, these递进


在某些方面，这些女权学者仍然认为

scholars still present the 1920’s as a
1920’s是衰落时期。

(25)
period of decline. After suffrage, they



他们说选举权后，女权运动失去了凝

argue, the feminist movement lost its
聚力，性别意识下降。

Cohesiveness凝聚力, and gender consciousness

Waned衰弱.
After the mid-1920’s, few
1920’s中期后，鲜见女权改革家的成

successes could be claimed by fem-
就：在成功立法方面很少见。

(30)
inist reformers: little could be seen in

the way of legislative victories.
衰退的年代 new scholarship的另一观点

During this decade, however, there


然而在此时期，以取得更多妇女自治

was intense activism aimed at achiev-


为目标的强烈的激进主义存在着，扩

ing increased autonomy for women,
宽到妇女的日常生活领域。

(35)
broadening the spheres within which

they lived their daily lives.
Women’s
妇女组织的工作为妇女提供机会：

organizations worked to establish

opportunities for women: they strove to
他们致力于保障妇女完全的公民权利，

secure for women the full entitlements

包括管理办公室及服务陪审庭的权利。

(40)
of citizenship, including the right to hold

office and the right to serve on juries.
最终观点
不同意recent的观点

老新观点

逻辑简图：

1P: recent scholarship challenges earlier interpretations unkept “promise” of women suffrage. Disputes, also challenges older view…

2P: in some ways, however, decline….

3P: during this decade, however, intense activism…. Women’ organization worked to establish opportunities for women…

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-11-Q35:

The passage is primarily concerned with

• providing evidence indicating that feminist reformers of the 1920’s failed to reach some of their goals偏
• presenting scholarship that contrasts suffragist “promises” with the historical realities of the 1920’s
• discussing recent scholarship concerning the achievements of women’s suffrage during the 1920’s and presenting an alternative view of those achievements

Recent feminist scholarship concerning the United States in the 1920’schallenges earlier interpretations thatassessed the twenties in terms of theunkept “promises” of the women’ssuffrage movement.

• Outlining概括 recent findings concerning events leading to suffrage for women in the 1920’s and presenting a challenge to those findings
• providing support for a traditional view of the success of feminist attempts to increase gender consciousness among women during the 1920’s

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-11-Q36:

It can be inferred that the author of the passage disagrees with the “new scholarship” mentioned in lines 6-7 regarding the

A.
degree to which the “promises” of the suffrage movement remained unkept

B.
degree to which suffrage for women improved the morality of governance

C.
degree to which the 1920’s represented a period of decline for the feminist movement

During this decade, however, there was intense activism aimed at achieving increased autonomy for women,。。。

D.
degree of legislative success achieved by feminist reformers during the 1920’s

E.
accuracy of the view that a women’s voting bloc did not materialize once suffrage was achieved

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-11-Q37:
※

The purpose of the second paragraph (lines 23-31) of the passage is to

• suggest a reason why suffragist “promises” were not kept
• contrast suffragist “promises” with the reality of the 1920’s
• deplore谴责、哀叹 the lack of successful feminist reform in 1920’s
• explain a view held by feminist scholars
• answer the question asked by Jane Addams

Ivxiuer7801

苏联生物学家

第一段：关于遗传和环境，苏联两派生物学家：李森科TDL认为生物的遗传性状来自于与环境的直接影响“neo-Lamarckian”理论, .支持环境会影响基因的遗传，不利于物种进化的基因也会传给下一代。；另一派IIS认为环境对生物的有容忍度，一般不变，只有环境发生巨大变化时才会变异，即最优基因繁殖最多

讲A苏联生物学家支持neo darwinsn，我猜测可能就是达尔文的进化论，然后叙述了一下neo darwinsn的观点，什么适者生存，不适者被淘汰，大家都学过的。但是另一个B苏联生物学家提出反对，认为环境的改变会给生物带来一些ungenetic traits,这些traits也可以inherit到下一代。

第二段：TDL（借助政治力量）占统治地位，ruin了IIS的理论

题目：

1、
主旨题： contrast了两个生物学家的思想

2、
问TDL思想的最大特点是什么？强调生物在环境的直接影响下能够定向变异、获得性能够遗传

3.、TDL和IIS两人的分歧在于？ TDL认为环境对遗传有直接影响，但IIS不认为

背景知识

1、50年代在苏联由T.D.李森科（jj里提到的那位苏联盆友是也）所标榜的米丘林学说，强调生物在环境的直接影响下能够定向变异、获得性能够遗传。所有这些观点被称为neo新拉马克主义。

2、Dobzhansky 的现代达尔文主义：现代综合进化论不同于传统的darwinism和neo darwinism，彻底否定获得性状的遗传，强调进化的渐进性，认为进化是群体而不是个体的现象。引入了群体遗传学的原理，弥补了新达尔文主义基因论的不足。并重新肯定了自然选择的压倒一切的重要性，继承和发展了达尔文进化学说。

匹配原文

Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen（简称S）was a Soviet evolutionary biologist working at the Academy of Sciences in Minsk. In the 1940's his book "Factors of Evolution" appeared and was denounced（谴责, 告发, 通告废除） by T.D. Lysenko, whose neo-Lamarckian（这是L这个人的理论） theories of genetics were then on the ascendancy（
统治权,
支配力量). At the close of the 1948 Congress of the Timiryazev Academy of Agricultural Science it was revealed that Stalin had endorsed支持 Lysenko's report to the Congress in which it was affirmed that the environment can alter the hereditary makeup of organisms in a directed way by altering their development。(斯大林都表示支持，可见L的理论在苏联的地位，L认为环境可以直接影响遗传）

In the West, Lysenko's views were simply dismissed.（在西方不受重视）But Schmalhausen could not ignore the Lysenko agenda which insisted on a more complex interpenetration of heredity and environment than genetics generally recognized. （这里讲因为大家都认可L的理论，所以S也不能无视）Along with Marxist and progressive scientists in the west such as C.D. Waddington in the UK, he accepted rather than ignored the challenge. As a result he developed a more sophisticated approach to these interactions which explained the observations of some of the better studies cited by Lysenkoists。

Schmalhausen argued that natural selection was not only directional, producing new adaptations to new circumstances, but stabilizing. That is, if a characteristic of a species causes it to be well adapted, then random variation in the characteristic caused by external or internal disturbances would reduce the fitness of the organism, so natural selection will operate to prevent such disturbances（这里讲了S支持natural selection的理由）

Schmalhausen’s realization that natural selection operates to change the sensitivity of physiology and development to perturbations, but that this selection operates only under the usual and normal range of environmental and genetic variations experienced by the species in its evolution, leads to a result with very wide implications. That result, which we shall call “Schmalhausen’s Law”（这个理论是S最著名的理论）, is that when organisms are living within their normal range of environment, perturbations in the conditions of life and most genetic differences between individuals have little or no effect on their manifest physiology and development, but that under severe or unusual general stress conditions even small environmental and genetic differences have major effects

Ivxiuer7801

landlord和tenant地主和房客原文

Any analysis of why the early fourteenth-century agrarian economy was so predisposed先有倾向的 to 'crisis' necessarily requires careful consideration of class and property relations on the land, for, as Robert Brenner and S. H. Rigby have both emphasized, these could be of decisive果断的 importance.7At that time landlords exercised feudal封建的 rights of lordship over their tenants, many of whom were of servile status and therefore legally subordinate to their lords. This power relationship shaped the tenurial土地保有的 relationship between those who owned the land and those who occupied and worked it. Thus it was tenure, as regulated by landlords, that determined the supply of holdings and the form and level of rents that were charged. Until recently it was widely believed that feudal tenurial relationships sanctioned and facilitated促进 the extra-economic exploitation of tenants by their lords. Together, the heaviness of rent charges and the arbitrariness of lordship discouraged and depressed tenant investment in agriculture.8Meanwhile, lords were more interested in pursuing a feudal lifestyle of conspicuous consumption than in enhancing the productivity and profitability of their estates.9The upshot结果, it has been claimed, was a vicious circle恶性循环 of underinvestment, static technology, and low and declining agricultural productivity.(封建社会中，地主对承租人的剥削关系，有人认为这是投资不足的恶性循环）

   
Such pessimistic悲观的 views of lords and their relations with their tenants have long exercised a compelling appeal.15 Nevertheless, they have become increasingly difficult to reconcile with a growing body of historical evidence. The preoccupation（当务之急） with serfdom农奴身份 overlooks the numerous free tenants who were exempt from the most coercive aspects of lordship.16Free tenants mostly paid fixed and low rents and their property rights enjoyed the protection of the royal courts。The more substantial customary tenants were, in fact, relatively well off 。（自由租户收到宫廷的保护，交给地主较少的固定租金，相对富裕。） Many of these tenants certainly paid a proportion of their rent in labour, but historians, probably because of a modern abhorrence of the institution of forced labour, have exaggerated its economic significance. In reality, only a minority of tenants actually performed labour services, and the aggregate value of rents in cash far exceeded that of rents in kind.21 Notwithstanding the much-vaunted powers of lordship, tenants had long been remarkably effective at opposing efforts by lords to raise rents and increase labour services in line with rising land values and commodity prices.22They did so by countering seigniorial power with custom and denying that, as tenants, they were obliged to pay their lords anything more than a de facto实际上 ground rent for the land. Tenant right, in fact, often proved more powerful than landlord right.（
只有少数的租户提供劳力服务，但他们有反对地主加租的权利，事实上，租户的权利比地主大）

As this article argues, the fact that so many tenants were in such conspicuous明显的 economic difficulties by the early fourteenth century had less to do with feudal lordship per se and the supposed oppressions and inequalities of serfdom, than with the contradictions and inefficiencies inherent in the coexistence of customary, contractual and commercial relationships. Herein在此 lay the real source of the agrarian problem in the early fourteenth century. In so far as lords were the inadvertent疏忽的 agents of this adverse state of affairs, it was because their dealings with their tenants were typically more compliant than coercive强制的. By yielding to tenant demands for access to land on terms that were so favourable to the tenants, lords created the preconditions for the subdivision细分 and subletting转包 that stoked population growth and thereby engendered the rural congestion that was the source of so much under- and unemployment, with all the negative consequences that this implies for labour productivity, living standards and purchasing power. This deteriorating situation in the countryside acted as a brake upon the continued growth of the economy and, from 1315, left increasing numbers ever more cruelly exposed to the heightened risk of environmental hazard（地主想尽办法遏制了人口的发展和经济的增长，并使社会经济也衰退了）

第一段：B：传统的观点认为，lord给tenant，特别是serf tenant （隶属于lord的，给其交租纳贡的tenant），带来了极大的经济压力，因为tenant要交很高的税负，要孝敬lord，缺乏人身自由。

第二段：P：但是，这一观点是不正确的，虽然老观点有着很大的吸引力（作者用了compelling），但是它越来越不能回答近期发现的一些新证据（主题句）。

第三段：S：因为其一，有很大一部分是non serf tenant，这些人只要交很低的钱，有很大的自由度，小日子还挺滋润；其二，即便是serf tenant，他们的生活也没有那么糟糕，他们还是有一定自主权的，诸如lord要增加税赋的时候，他们可以提出反对意见，并且有一定的力量。

第四段：S：但是中世纪的经济还是恶化了，这是为什么呢？究其原因，是因为，为了应付tenant想多租地扩大自身利益的欲望，地主想出了一系列方法。。。,生词很多，看不太懂。。。结果就是造成巨大的 unemployment in rural area. 地主的这种做法相当于对经济的一个“brake”，阻碍了14世纪的英国经济发展。lord在表面上向tenant做了让步使tenant获得短期经济利益，但是从长期来看，lord通过这些举措遏制了人口和经济的发展，并最终带来了社会环境的恶化。

题目：

1、
主旨题：evaluate14世纪英国经济停滞不前的真正原因

                   是讨论为什么英国十四世纪时候生产力下降了呢

2、
二段中作者举free tenant例子的目的是？举了个例子说明老观点不能解释一些新的evidence，即反驳老观点。

3.、关于landlord赋予free tenant对土地的权利，作者同意哪个？

serve short term interest of tenant but not the long term（待定？）

4.、经济衰退，生产力下降
究竟是原因什么？

landlord的土地政策：把土地权放给佃农。access to land

5、问是从文章infer出什么，我选项是landlord对土地权利神马的，不是totally free（因为第二段提到那个free tetant他们好像有royal court保护，所以landlord不是
完全横行的）。

Ivxiuer7801

法国女裁缝

第一段：15世纪，法国出现了一种衣服样式manteau（有题）而打破了tailor的垄断。女性提供更多参与商业的机会。CC学者开始研究，发现除了经济影响还base on political support from政府。

第二段：和一个学者CH对比，CC部分同意CH关于市场经济等元素。但CC不同意CH的：认为seamstress的兴起在法国大革命之前（有题）。因为，大革命虽然带来了一些市场机会，free解放观念。但是大革命也摧毁destruction了一些行会（guild）,而Guild保护seamstresses是positive的。

主旨：法国革命前，裁缝行业有变化，出现seamstresses女裁缝占领tailor的市场，CC和CH两人的研究有一致的地方，更有不一致的地方。

题目：

1、

第一段，作者提到新服饰manteau目的是？法国革命前女性服装行业产品的变化。

2、

CC和CH两学者的观点不一致的地方是？seamstress的兴起在法国大革命之前

否认CH认为法国革命有作用的说法