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2.1.5特殊植物
V1 by cc1990
是说印度生物学家发现的一个现象，虽然很多人认为Unbelievable，但最后还是被证实了。就一种植物能模仿真菌，吸引小虫来授粉。第二段是详细介绍这种怎么植物模仿。最后一段是说也有一些其他植物也这样，共同特点有odor,color,texture之类的。问题只记得一个了。。就是文章从哪些角度写那种特殊植物的。应该选color和texture，因为第二段就是从这两方面写的。
V2 by doodle
有关于一种植物如何通过动物来传授花粉
我的材料：
词汇：pollination授粉 mimicry 模仿 entice 诱使 怂恿
（感谢CC1990提供jj和文章）
Pollination study comes up with new insights
Dipannita Das, TNN, Nov 5, 2010, 01.43am IST
PUNE: Did you know that inflorescence can deceive its pollinators (beetles and bees) by mimicking an egg-laying site through a nauseating gaseous stench. With this deception, the plants achieve pollination without actually providing any reward to the insects.
This observation was made in Amorphophallus species(tuberous herbaceous plants), commonly known as corpse flower or elephant foot yam belonging to the Arum family in the northern parts of the Western Ghats and Konkan region, by scientists Sachin A Punekar and K P N Kumaranof the Agharkar Research Institute here. This work is a kind of first from the Indian subcontinent addressing the pollen morphology and pollination ecology of these species.
Another aspect found in a large number of these species is the process of heating. The spadix (a type of inflorescence) produces 30-45 degree Celsius heat during at least the first night, when flowers become susceptible and pollinators are attracted to it.
The research paper was published this year in Elsevier research journal Flora Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants and has been recently cited under the top 25 hottest articles under the environmental science theme.The present study, using scanning electron microscope, delves adequately on this topic. It can be utilised as an important tool to distinguish taxa (group of organism) and also to resolve taxonomic problems, Punekar said.
The inflorescence form的形态 and shape形状 plays a significant role in attracting insects. Amorphophallus have a very strong and obnoxious odour臭味. The odour of each species has a characteristic chemical composition, Punekar said. In many species, the odour is a nauseating gaseous stench. This odour attracts pollinator insects that breed or feed on dung, decaying matter or fungi. 授粉动物会被恶臭吸引，因为他们都是“吃屎长大的”，囧-。-This also results in pollinators meeting their sexual partners and completing their reproductive cycle, he said.
The study observes five phases of insect trapping in Amorphophallus species, which facilitate pollination.
The initial phase of attracting beetles from a distance is possibly based on a visual trap resulting from the inflorescence size and form and the frequency of the plant in a particular area. In the second phase, beetles get attracted from a distance by the odour trap, where the appendix emits a stench. In the third phase, most of the insects fall to the bottom of the spathe via a slippery trap provided by the wet appendix.
During the fourth phase of pollination, the insects, attracted by a food trap, crawl over the pistillate zoneand staminate zone. Here, the visual attraction act as baits.
In the last phase, the trapped insects get shelter from light inside the kettle and meet sexual partners, achieving copulation and sometimes lay their eggs.
（文章2，看不看都可以，重点看上一篇）
In a number of flowering plants, especially orchids, a plant uses mimicry to entice the insect pollinator to visit the flower and successfully pollinate it with no reward of food to the pollinating insect.
Many flowers that are dark red or red-purple produce a scent that is similar to the scent of rotting flesh. In this case, the pollinator visits the flower believing that there is a meal or a carcass on which to lay its eggs. Female blowflies will land on these flowers, lay their eggs, and in the process of moving about the flower inadvertently pollinate it. However, when the eggs hatch the maggots die, as there is no rotting flesh to eat. In other cases the duped pollinator lands on the flower and moves around the flower and inadvertently pollinates the flower while trying to find the rotting flesh to eat.
Besides the need to eat, pollinators need to mate in order to produce the next generation and ensure the continuation of the species. Many orchids take advantage of this innate behavior to reproduce.
The warty hammer orchid of Western Australia produces a chemical scent that is almost identical to the pheromone that the female thynnine wasp releases when she is sexually receptive. The orchid's labellum (lower lip) is also shaped similarly to the body of the female wasp. The male thynnine wasp grasps the imitation female and tries to fly off with her to mate and in the process crashes into the flower structure containing the pollen and the stigma. Pollen from one orchid is carried to another and pollination occurs. The male thynnine wasp's desire to mate as many times as possible lends to this trait of pollinating the warty hammer orchid.
Some plants take advantage of the sex drive of specific insects. The Copper Beard Orchid has a floral structure and scent that mimics the female scoliid wasp. The male wasp attempts to mate with the flower (pseudocopulation) and in doing so provides the pollination service as they travel from one orchid to another attempting to mate with other "female wasps."
源文档 <http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers ... egies/mimicry.shtml>
In order for the Hammer orchid to be successfully pollinated, the male wasp must be fooled by another individual orchid, where it goes through the same procedure. But this time the pollen is deposited in the stigma, and so that plant has been pollinated.
源文档 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakaea>
铁锤兰 铁锤兰的颜色和味道就像是生肉，它是一种生长于澳大利亚的植物，这类植物的特点在于一个窄窄的铰接茎干上均长着似昆虫的唇瓣和一个有翼柱壮物携带花粉和柱头 。铁锤兰的授粉方式十分独特，它会把自己装扮成雌性黄蜂的模样，勾引雄性黄蜂过来交配。
在《PLoS Biology》学报上刊登的最新研究成果指出，全球授粉动物多样性的破坏会威胁植物群落的可持续发展。
由于每隔16年就有一次动物灭绝危机，因此动物多样性的丧失对于生态系统的扰动程度还不能确定。植物是地球的初级生产者，而扮演植物再生重要角色的授粉动物越来越受到重视。这种植物——授粉动物的互利关系十分特殊，一个物种的消失甚至会威胁到别的物种的存在。Colin Fontaine等人通过自然条件下对植物和授粉动物相互关系的实验，发现全球授粉动物多样性的破坏会威胁植物群落的可持续发展。
研究人员用了不同的植物（全开的花和未全开放的花）和口器长短不同的昆虫（食蚜蝇和大黄蜂）进行实验。授粉动物选择了各自适合的植物：食蚜蝇选择的大都是全开的花朵，蜜蜂选择的大都是未全开放的花朵。蜜蜂也可以在全开的花上授粉，但是只要有未全开放的花朵，它们就会放弃全开的花。授粉者的出现，会使授粉更高效，使植物再生更成功。当实验减少授粉动物种类时，发现物种的丧失会影响植物——授粉动物群落，进而最终触发生物多样性危机，并通过食物链反映出来。
大约有70%的植物依靠动物授粉，而至少有82种哺乳动物授粉者和103种鸟类授粉者已经灭绝或者濒临灭绝，这是亟需重视的问题。 |
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