[语法资料] GMAT语法-句子练习

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001. The airline industry is cutting its lowest discount fares more widely, more substantially, and earlier this year than it normally does at the end of the summer, a time when travel usually decreases and the industry uses some lower fares to attract passengers.

分析：The airline industry/ is cutting its lowest discount fares/ more widely, more substantially, and earlier this year than it normally does at the end of the summer/, a time/ when travel usually decreases/ and the industry/ uses some lower fares/ to attract passengers.

内容：航空业/正在减少最低折扣所需的费用/今年比通常夏季结束时更广，更多，更早/这是一个时间/旅行通常减少/航空业用更低的费用/来吸引乘客。

解释：按照中文语序，我们习惯说，“航空业今年比通常夏季结束时更广，更多，更早地减少最低折扣所需的费用”，颠倒句序并没有影响句意的理解。

002. The aristocratic values expressed in the writings of Marguerite Yourcenar place her within the French classical tradition, as does her passionate interest in history, particularly Roman history.

分析：The aristocratic values/ expressed in the writings of Marguerite Yourcenar/ place her within the French classical tradition/, as does her passionate interest/ in history, particularly Roman history.

内容：贵族的价值观/在Marguerite Yourcenar的作品中表达出来的/让她置身于法国的古典传统/她的激情让她置身于历史中，尤其是罗马历史。

解释：这句话中最应该注意的是as does，虽然它不是实词，但是它提醒我们后面的句子和前面的是并列的关系，所以把后面句子中省略的部分补上，句意自然就清楚了。

003. Because paper of all kinds is the biggest single component of municipal trash, many municipalities have tried recycling to reduce the cost of trash disposal.

分析：Because paper of all kinds/ is the biggest single component of municipal trash/, many municipalities/ have tried recycling/ to reduce the cost of trash disposal.

内容：因为各种各样的纸/是城市垃圾中最主要的成分，所以很多城市试着回收利用它以便减少处理垃圾的费用。

解释：本句将原因提前，强调原因，这样符合中文语序很容易理解。

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004. Migraine, the most debilitating common form of headache, afflicts perhaps 18 million Americans, who collectively lose 64 million workdays year and thus cost the nation $50 billion in medical expenses and lostwork time.

分析：Migraine/, the most debilitating common form of headache/, afflicts perhaps 18 million Americans/, who collectively lose 64 million workdays year/ and thus cost the nation $50 billion/ in medical expenses and lostwork time.

内容：偏头痛（Migraine）/，最令人身体虚弱的普通的头疼/折磨着大约1800万美国人，/总共一年损失6400万个工作日/并因此令国家损失500亿元/在医疗费用方面和失去的工作时间方面。

解释：Migraine意思是偏头痛，但是我们是否知道这个词的意思并不重要，因为即使知道这个词的意思我们也不知道偏头痛在医学上是怎么定义的，也就是说给我们中文我们也不能透彻的理解这个单词。对于这类词，明白就翻译出来不明白就过去。

005. Like many others of his generation of Native American leaders, Joseph Brant lived in two worlds; born into an Iroquois community and instructed in traditional Iroquois ways, he also received an education from English-speaking teachers.

分析：Like many others of his generation of Native American leaders/, Joseph Brant/ lived in two worlds/; born into an Iroquois community and instructed in traditional Iroquois ways/, he also received an education from English-speaking teachers.

内容：像其他的和他生活在同一时代的美国本地的领导人一样/，Joseph Brant/生活在两个世界里/；出生在Iroquois社会中并接受Iroquois的传统教育/，他还接受了说英语的教师的教育。

解释：这句话中有些词虽然没有翻译过来，但不影响我们对句意的理解。

006. Sales of United States manufactured goods to nonindustrialized countries rose to $167 billion in 1992, an amount that is 14 percent higher than the previous year’s figure and largely offsets weak demand from Europe and Japan.

分析：Sales of United States manufactured goods/ to nonindustrialized countries/ rose to $167 billion in 1992/, an amount/ that is 14 percent higher than the previous year’s figure/ and largely offsets weak demand /from Europe and Japan.

内容：美国制造商品的销售/到非工业化国家/增长到了1670亿美圆在1992年/一个数量/比前一年数字高14%/很大程度上抵消了低需求/在欧洲和日本。

解释：对于句中的数字，如果从记住完整句意的角度来说是应该记住的，但大脑容量有限，所以可以记住这个数字所在的位置，一旦后面的题中需要再回头找到它。

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007.All-terrain vehicles have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas, but they have also been blamed for causing hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries, as well as doing serious damage to the nation’s recreational areas.

分析：All-terrain
vehicles/ have allowed vacationers to reach many previously inaccessible areas/, but they have also been blamed for causing hundreds of deaths and thousands of injuries/, as well as doing serious damage/ to the nation’s recreational areas.

内容：越野车让旅行者到达很多以前不能到达的地方/，但也被批评导致成千上万人的死亡和受伤/，同样造成严重影响/对这个国家的娱乐区域。

解释：句子的意思比较简单，很容易理解。要注意，后面的部分都是越野车被批评的内容，而不是已经证实的。

008.Growing confidence in their ability to make profitable investments in the United States has led foreign investors to move from passive involvement in commercial real estate partnerships to active development of their own increasingly ambitious projects.

分析：Growing confidence/ in their ability to make profitable investments in the United States/ has led foreign investors to move/ from passive involvement in commercial real estate partnerships/ to active development of their own increasingly ambitious projects.

内容：不断增加的信心/在他们在美国投资获利的能力方面/已经导致外国投资者/从被动的参与商业房地产/到积极发展他们与日俱增的宏伟计划。

解释：这句话基本的中英文语序相差不多，很容易理解。

009. The company is negotiating to sell its profitable credit card subsidiary and plans to use money from that sale to acquire some of the mortgage-servicing operations that are being sold by troubled savings institutions.

分析：The company/ is negotiating/ to sell its profitable credit card subsidiary/ and plans to use money from that sale/ to acquire some of the mortgage-servicing operations/ that are being sold by troubled savings institutions.

内容：公司/正在谈判/卖掉赢利的信用卡附属公司/并计划用卖得的钱去获得一些抵押贷款服务公司/他们正在被陷入困境的储蓄机构卖出。

解释：正常的语序应该是“正在被陷入困境的储蓄机构卖出的抵押贷款服务公司”，颠倒句序并不影响我们对句意的理解。有些词，像：subsidiary， mortgage-servicing operations， savings institutions 等属于经济类词汇，如果不能理解其准确含义也没有关系，不影响对句意的理解。

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010. As the etched lines on computer memory chips have become thinner and the chips’ circuits more complex, the power of both the chips and the electronic devices they drive has vastly increased.
分析：As the etched lines on computer memory chips/ have become thinner/ and the chips’ circuits more complex/, the power of both the chips and the electronic devices they drive/ has vastly increased.
内容：随着刻线在计算机内存条上/已经变得越来越细/并且内存条的电路更加复杂/，内存条和他们驱动的电子设备的能力大大增加。
解释：这句话讲的是计算机方面的内容，有几个专业术语在所难免。遇到专业术语不要慌，根据我们的原则认识的就反映出来，不认识的就过去。
011. Since savings banks have to use short-term deposits to finance long-term fixed-rate mortgage loans, they sometimes lose money when short-term rates rise and they are unable to raise the rates on their mortgages.
=Since savings banks/ have to use short-term deposits/ to finance long-term fixed-rate mortgage loans/, they sometimes lose money/ when short-term rates rise/ and they are unable to raise the rates on their mortgages.
#因为储蓄银行/必须用短期存款/来为长期固定利率抵押贷款提供资金/，所以他们有时赔钱/当短期存款利率上涨/而他们又不能增加抵押贷款的利率。
*首先是对金融方面词汇的理解，根据我们的原则，认识就反映，不认识就过去。这句话中的finance 要尤其注意，因为它既可以作名词也可以做动词，而在本句中它作为动词，同时对句子的理解起举足轻重的作用，所以要特别注意。英语中有很多词有几个词性，如果这样的词在句子中占重要位置就要尤其注意辨别它的词性。
012. St. John’s, Newfoundland, lies on the same latitude as Paris, France, but in spring St. John’s residents are less likely to be sitting at outdoor cafes than to be bracing themselves against arctic chills, shoveling snow, or seeking shelter from a raging northeast storm.
= St. John’s, Newfoundland, lies on the same latitude as Paris, France/, but in spring St. John’s residents are less likely to be sitting at outdoor cafes/ than to be bracing themselves against arctic chills, shoveling snow/, or seeking shelter from a raging northeast storm.
# St. John’s, Newfoundland 坐落在和法国巴黎同一纬度上/但是那里的人们春天不喜欢坐在户外咖啡店/相比之下更喜欢拥抱北极的寒冷和铲雪/或在肆虐的东北暴风雪中寻找遮蔽。
*地名等专有名词是不需要知道其确切含义的，因为他们并不影响对句意的理解。这句话的一个难点就是less likely to do A…than to do B。对于likely to do A…than to do B 我们还是很容易理解的，就是喜欢做A 多于喜欢做B，而less likely to …than to than to 则恰恰相反，不喜欢做A而喜欢做B。

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013. According to a ruling by the state supreme court, the owner of polluted land is liable for the cleanup of the property even if the owner is not responsible for pollution that occurred before the title changed hands.

= According to a ruling by the state supreme court/, the owner of polluted land/ is liable/ for the cleanup of the property/ even if the owner is not responsible for pollution that occurred before the title changed hands.

#

014. Scientists have suggested that once every 10 million years or so a truly colossal object from space cuts through the atmosphere and slams into Earth, sending up a global pall of dust that blots out the Sun, alters the climate, and changes the course of evolution by killing off many plant and animal species.

=Scientists/ have suggested/ that once every 10 million years or so/ a truly colossal object from space/ cuts through the atmosphere and slams into Earth/, sending up a global pall of dust/ that blots out the Sun, alters the climate, and changes the course of evolution/ by killing off many plant and animal species.

#科学家曾经提出/每隔大约1000万年/一个真正巨大的太空物体/就穿过大气层并撞击地球/，引起全球性的烟幕/它阻挡了太阳，改变了气候，并改变了进化的过程/通过使很多植物和动物物种灭绝。

*这句话相对较长，也较复杂。整个句子都是科学家说出的内容，我们只要找准要琢磨的单词，就可以把句子理解成“什么怎么样”。这句话较难理解还因为它有很多生词，像Earth，因为是大写的所以指的是地球；有些动词短语如：cut through， slams into， send up， blot out 等需要理解其意思。

015. The Audubon Society and other conservation groups, concerned over what they perceive as the serious threat to the environment posed by the policies of the government, are preparing for a major political effort.

=The Audubon Society and other conservation groups/, concerned over/ whatthey perceive as the serious threat to the environment/ posed by the policies of the government/, are preparing for a major political effort.

# Audubon社团和其他谈话组织/，关注/他们认为对环境的严重威胁/由于政府政策导致的/这些主要为一个政治结果而准备。

*这句话虽然不长，却较难理解，原因是句子的主要内容，也就是concern over 后的内容比较复杂。但是我们不需要去搞清楚语法上这个句子是怎么形成的，我们只需把内容理解即可，所以不要花时间考虑语法，记住不看语法看内容。Audubon属于认识就反映不认识就过去的词类，但从后面的other conservation groups我们可以知道Audubon社团是一个谈话组织。

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016. The animosity between those who regulate and those who are regulated has never been more pronounced than in recent debates over environmentalism and pollution control.

=The animosity/ between those who regulate and those who are regulated/ has never been more pronounced/ than in recent debates/ over environmentalism and pollution control.

#敌意/在管理者和被管理者之间/最激烈地表现出来/在最近的辩论中/关于环境保护主义和控制污染。

*这句话可以称之为短小精悍，句子不长，圈子却没少绕。who regulate和who are regulated，应该是两种人，也就是管理者和被管理者。has never been more…，从没有更…,也就是最…，这样的反向理解可以更好的理解句子的意思，比如双否就可以理解成肯定。

017. Some psychiatric studies indicate that among distinguished artists manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in the population at large.

=Some psychiatric studies/ indicate/ that among distinguished artists/ manic depression and major depression/ are ten to thirteen times more prevalent/ than in the population at large.

#一些心理研究/表明/在杰出的艺术家中/躁狂抑郁症以及主要的抑郁症/高出10至13倍/比整个人口（的平均水平）。

* manic depression属于认识就反映不认识就过去的词类。根据句意at large 本来可以不琢磨，但是笔者将其加上黑体字，就是想告诉读者，英语中有很多俚语，俗语是不能靠猜测而知道其意的，这类词语要靠平时积累，不过好在GRE GMAT中这种短语并不是很多。

018. Until quite recently, American presidents lived in a world in which the public and private realms of their lives were largely separate, in which the press cooperated in maintaining the distinction, and in which Americans judged national leaders without receiving, or expecting, intimate information about them.

=Until quite recently, American presidents/ lived in a world/ in which the public and private realms of their lives/ were largely separate/, in which the press/ cooperated/ in maintaining the distinction/, and in which Americans/ judged national leaders/ without receiving, or expecting, intimate information about them.

#直到最近为止，美国总统/一直生活在这样一个世界里/在那里他们生活的公共和私人领域被大大的分开了/，在那里媒体/合作/保持这个区分/在那里美国人/评价国家领导人/不接受或期待他们的隐私。

*这句话虽然很长，但不难理解，都在说美国总统生活在什么样的世界。唯一一个难点是Until的理解。在这句话中用了live这个动词，根据Until 的使用规则，如果后面接的是延续性动词，如live，则表达动作一直进行，直到Until后的的时间为止。所以，句子的意思是美国总统以前一直生活在这样的世界中，而最近他们不在生活在这样的世界里了。

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019.Intended primarily to stimulate family summer travel, the new airfare, which allows both an adult and a child to fly for the price of one ticket, also shortens the advance-purchase requirement for family travel to a minimum of seven days rather than fourteen.

=Intended primarily to stimulate family summer travel/, the new airfare/, which allows both an adult and a child to fly for the price of one ticket/, also shortens/ the advance-purchase requirement for family travel/ to a minimum of seven days rather than fourteen.

#主要为了刺激家庭暑期旅游/新的飞机票价/允许一个成人和一个孩子乘坐飞机只花一张票的钱/同时缩短家庭旅游预付要求/到最短7天而不是14天。

*句子比较简单容易理解。注意一些连接句子的短语：Intended to，rather than等。

020. New techniques in thermal-scanning photography, a process that records radiation from surface areas, have made it possible to study in greater detail than ever before the effects of calefaction, or warming, of a river.

=New techniques in thermal-scanning photography/, a process/ that records radiation from surface areas/, have made it possible/ to study in greater detail than ever before/ the effects of calefaction, or warming, of a river.

#新技术在终端扫描摄相方面/（就是）一个过程/记录表面区域的辐射/使变成可能/比以前更细微的研究/河流calefaction或变暖的结果。

*这个句子比较读起来有点别扭，原因是of短语和 made it possible 使得中英文语序不同。至于calefaction，属于认识就反映不认识就过去的词类，况且翻成中文恐怕绝大多数读者还是不知其所以然。

021. Despite its attractiveness, investing abroad can still pose big risks, ranging from the potential for political instability in some countries to the shortage of regulations to protect investors and a serious lack of information about investments in others.

=Despite its attractiveness/, investing abroad/ can still pose big risks/, ranging from the potential for political instability in some countries/ to the shortage of regulations to protect investors/ and a serious lack of information about investments in others.

#尽管有它的吸引力/，在外国投资仍然有很大风险/从政治不稳定的可能性在一些国家/到缺少管理去保护投资者/并且严重缺少信息关于在其他国家投资。

*这句话比较容易理解，注意一些连接分句的词和短语：Despite，ranging from…to 等。

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022. Of all the wild animals in their area, none was more useful to the Delaware tribes than the Virginia white-tailed deer: it was a source of meat, and its hide was used for clothing, its antlers and bones for tools, and its sinews and gut for bindings and glue.

=Of all the wild animals in their area/, none was more useful to the Delaware tribes/ than the Virginia white-tailed deer/: it was a source of meat/, and its hide was used for clothing/, its antlers and bones for tools/, and its sinews and gut for bindings and glue.

#所有野生动物中在他们区域/对Delaware部落最有用的是/Virginia 白尾鹿：/它是肉的来源/它的皮可以做衣服/鹿角和骨头可以做工具/肌腱和肠子可以做捆绳和胶。

*这句话的条理很清楚，很容易理解句子的大意。但生词较多，不过根据我们的原则认识的就反映不认识的就过去，是可以理解句子的。我们可以理解成“什么可以用做什么”，反正就是在说鹿的各个部位都有用。唯一有难度的地方就是none was more… than 没有什么比它更…，也就是说它最…，反向理解。

023. Researchers at Cornell University have demonstrated that homing pigeons can sense changes in the earth’s magnetic field, see light waves that people cannot see, detect low-frequency sounds from miles away, sense changes in air pressure, and identify familiar odors.

=Researchers at Cornell University/ have demonstrated/ that homing pigeons can sense changes in the earth’s magnetic field/, see light waves that people cannot see/, detect low-frequency sounds from miles away/, sense changes in air pressure/, and identify familiar odors.

#研究人员Cornell大学的/已经证明/信鸽能够感觉变化地球磁场区域的/，看见光波人不能看到的/，探测到低频率声音从很远处/，感觉到空气压力的变化/，识别出熟悉的气味。

*这个句子条理清楚容易理解，说的就是信鸽能怎样怎样。但具体说信鸽的每种能力时中英文的语序又不一样了，所以我们就按英文的顺序来理解，理解英文语序的中文。

024. Among the reasons for the decline of New England agriculture in the last three decades were the high cost of land, the pressure of housing and commercial development, and to one another but also adopt.

=Among the reasons/ for the decline of New England agriculture/ in the last three decades/ were the high cost of land/, the pressure of housing and commercial development/, and to one another but also adopt.

#在这些原因中/ New England农业衰落的/在过去的30年中/（主要）是土地的高费用/，住房和商业的发展的压力/，不但相互之间而且怎么采用。

*句子大意很容易理解。among the reasons… were…说的就是… 的原因是…

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025. Even today, a century after Pasteur developed the first vaccine, rabies almost always kills its victims unless they are inoculated in the earliest stages of the disease.

=Even today/, a century after Pasteur developed the first vaccine/, rabies/ almost always kills its victims/ unless they are inoculated in the earliest stages of the disease.

#即使今天/，Pasteur发明第一个疫苗一个世纪之后/，狂犬病/几乎总是导致受害者的死亡/除非他们接种疫苗在患病的早期。

* rabies 狂犬病，属于认识就反映不认识就过去的词类。almost always表示通常性而不是必然性。

026. As the price of gasoline rises, making alcohol distilled from cereal grain an attractive substitute, the prices of bread and livestock feed are sure to increase.

=As the price of gasoline rises/, making alcohol/ distilled from cereal grain/ an attractive substitute/, the prices of bread and livestock feed are sure to increase.

#随着汽油涨价/，使得酒精/从谷物中蒸馏提取出的/成为抢手的替代品/，面包和牲畜饲料的价格一定会上涨。

*这个句子比较简单，容易理解。As 在这里是“随着”的意思，making…a substitute 是使… 成为替代品，中间被distilled from cereal grain 分隔，所以要把这个分句看完才能明白它的意思。

027. Unlike cigarette tobacco, which yields an acid smoke, pipe tobacco, cured by age-old methods, yields an alkaline smoke too irritating to be drawn into the lungs.

=Unlike cigarette tobacco/, which yields an acid smoke/, pipe tobacco/, cured by age-old methods/, yields an alkaline smoke/ too irritating to be drawn into the lungs.

#和卷烟不同/，卷烟产生酸性的烟/，烟斗/用老方法烤的/产生碱性的烟/太刺激以至于不能吸入肺。

*这个句子是把卷烟和烟斗进行对比，用Unlike连接，比较容易理解。其中too …to句型需要注意，意思是太…以至于不能…，虽然是肯定形式却表达了否定的意思。

kini

028. During the nineteenth century Emily Eden and Fanny Parks journeyed throughout India, sketching and keeping journals that formed the basis of news reports about the princely states they visited.

=During the nineteenth century/ Emily Eden and Fanny Parks/ journeyed throughout India/, sketching and keeping journals/ that formed the basis of news reports/ about the princely states they visited.

#在19世纪/ Emily Eden 和 Fanny Parks/游遍了印度（India）/，概述和记录游记/，它形成了新闻报道的基础/关于他们游览的贵族统治的国家。

*这个句子中有人名和地名，这类专有词汇认识就反映不认识过去，对理解句意没有影响。有些单词看似简单，实际需要仔细琢磨。比如：journal 这个词既有日记的意思也有游记的意思，而联系上下文我们发现还是游记的意思符合上下文，所以选择了这个意项。遇到多义词要联系上下文选择合适的意思。

029. School integration plans that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas have contributed, according to a recent study, to significant increases in housing integration, which, in turn, reduces any future need for busing.

=School integration plans/ that involve busing between suburban and central-city areas/ have contributed/, according to a recent study/, to significant increases in housing integration/, which, in turn/, reduces any future need for busing.

#学校合并计划/涉及到坐公共汽车从城郊到市中心/已经建立/根据最近的一个调查/，随着房屋合并的大量增加/，房屋合并，反过来/，减少了将来对于乘公共汽车的需要。

*这个句子比较难理解，因为一个意思没表达完又加入了另一个意思，也就是常说的插入。这就需要我们理清句子的主线，抓住句子的主要内容。

030. The commission acknowledged that neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff can ensure the safety of people who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant, but it approved the installation because it believed that all reasonable precautions had been taken.

= The commission/ acknowledged/ that neither vast amounts of money nor a large staff/ can ensure the safety of people/ who live in the vicinity of a nuclear plant/, but it approved the installation/ because it believed/ that all reasonable precautions had been taken.

#委员会/知道/即使有大量的金钱和工作人员也不能/确保人民的安全/住在核工厂周围的/，但是委员会还是批准建立工厂/因为他们认为/所有合理的保护措施都已经采取了。

*这个句子比较长，但是条理很清楚。一个but，蕴涵着强烈的讽刺意味，委员会明知道…还是…。理解好细节这个句子还是不难理解的，如：neither…nor… 表达两者都不…。