老卖年糕

40. In the last decade there has been a significant decrease in coffee consumption. During this same time, there has been increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffee. Therefore, [url=]the decrease in coffee consumption[/url]

must have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the harmful effects of caffeine.[c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the explanation above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] On average, people consume 30 percent less coffee today than they did 10 years ago.

[url=](B)[/url][c3] Heavy coffee drinkers may have mild withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, for a day or so after significantly decreasing their coffee consumption.

[url=](C) [/url][c4] Sales of specialty types of coffee have held steady as sales of regular brands have declined.

[url=](D) [/url][c5] The consumption of fruit juices and caffeine-free herbal teas has increased over the past decade.

(E)[url=]Coffee prices increased[/url][c6] steadily in the past decade because of unusually severe frosts in coffee-growing nations. E

---

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]没有weaken

[c3]Support

[c4]不能说明销售的减少不是因为上述

[c5]无关

[c6]其他原因造成的结果，bingo

老卖年糕

45. Some anthropologists study modern-day societies of foragers in an effort to learn about our ancient ancestors who were also foragers.[url=] A flaw in this strategy [/url][c1] is that [url=]forager societies are extremely varied. Indeed, any forager society with which anthropologists are familiar has had considerable contact with modern, non-forager societies.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the criticism made above of the anthropologists’ strategy?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] All forager societies throughout history have had a number of important features in common that are absent from other types of societies. A

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Most ancient forager societies either dissolved or made a transition to another way of life.

(C)[url=] All anthropologists study [/url][c5] one kind or another of modern-day society.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] Many anthropologists who study modern-day forager societies do not draw inferences about ancient societies on the basis of their studies.

[url=](E) [/url][c7] Even those modern-day forager societies that have not had significant contact with modern societies are importantly different from ancient forager societies.

---

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]所有的forager societies都有共同的特点，并且这些特点是别的类型的社会没有的，直接weaken flaw。 割断因果

[c4]Support

[c5]无关

[c6]有可能是因为他们觉得做这样的比较是没有用的，所以没有weaken

[c7]Support

老卖年糕

60. [url=]Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are eliminated from a person[/url]’s body after 120 days. Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells,[c1] [url=]any fever that develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

(A) The fever caused by the malarial parasite may[url=] resemble the fever caused by flu viruses.[/url][c3]

[url=](B)[/url][c4] The anopheles mosquito, which is the principal insect carrier of the malarial parasite, has been eradicated in many parts of the world.

[url=](C)[/url][c5] Many malarial symptoms other than the fever, which can be suppressed with antimalarial medication, can reappear within 120 days after the medication is discontinued.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] In some cases, the parasite that causes malarial fever travels to cells of the spleen, which are less frequently eliminated from a person’s body than are red blood cells. D

(E) In any region infested with[url=] malaria-carrying mosquitoes,[/url][c7] there are individuals who appear to be immune to malaria.

---

[c1]Reasoning

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]Medication discontinued与文中讨论的没有联系

[c6]寄生在cells of the spleen的p比red blood cells 消失得更慢，即大于120，所以病人120天后复发还是有可能是疟疾热的。割断因果，bingo

[c7]无关

老卖年糕

63. When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, “No.” Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that [url=]the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.[/url][c1]

Which of the following challenges indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted explanation described above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Why does the part that replies not answer, “Yes”? A

(B) Why are the observed facts [url=]in need of any special explanation[/url][c3] ?

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Why do the subjects appear to accept the hypnotist’s suggestion that they are deaf?

[url=](D)[/url][c5] Why do hypnotized subjects all respond the same way in the situation described?

(E) Why are the separate parts of the self the same for all subjects?

---

[c1]结论

[c2]Challenge the theory。直接weaken结论

[c3]无关

[c4]文中结论如果正确则能回答这个问题。所以它没有weaken结论

[c5]同C

老卖年糕

73. In comparison to the standard typewriter keyboard, the EFCO keyboard, which places the most-used keys nearest the typist’s strongest fingers, allows faster typing and results in less fatigue. Therefore, [url=]replacement of standard keyboards with the EFCO keyboard will result in an immediate reduction of typing costs[/url][c1] .

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn above?

[url=](A) [/url][c2] People who use both standard and EFCOkeyboards report greater difficulty in the transition from the EFCO keyboard to the standard keyboard than in the transition from

the standard keyboard to the EFCO keyboard.

[url=](B[/url][c3] ) EFCO keyboards are no more expensive to manufacture than are standard keyboards and require less frequent repair than do standard keyboards.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] The number of businesses and government agencies that use EFCO keyboards is increasing each year.

(D) The more training and experience an employee has had with the standard keyboard, the[url=] more costly[/url][c5] it is to train that employee to use the EFCO keyboard. D

[url=](E)[/url][c6] Novice typists can learn to use the EFCO keyboard in about the same amount of time that it takes them to learn to use the standard keyboard.

---

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Support

[c3]Support

[c4]Support

[c5]直接weaken结论

[c6]无关

老卖年糕

75. [url=]An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power.[/url][c1] Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Industrial production also is declining in Country X.

[url=](B) [/url][c3] Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.

[url=](D)[/url][c5] The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y. D

[url=](E) [/url][c6] Country X’s new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of

ensuring an equitable distribution of goods

---

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]无关

[c3]无关

[c4]对reasoning的重写，没有weaken

[c5]割断因果，bingo

[c6]集中制经济的目的与文中集中制导致产量下降无关

老卖年糕

83. Journalist: In physics journals, the number of articles reporting the results of experiments involving particle accelerators was lower last year than it had been in previous years. Several of the particle accelerators at major research institutions were out of service the year before last for repairs, so it is likely that [url=]the low number of articles was due to the decline in availability of particle accelerators.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the journalist’s argument?

[url=](A) [/url][c2] Every article based on experiments with particle accelerators that was submitted for publication last year actually was published.

[url=](B) [/url][c3] The average time scientists must wait for access to a particle accelerator has declined

over the last several years.

[url=](C) [/url][c4] The number of physics journals was the same last year as in previous years.

[url=](D) [/url][c5] Particle accelerators can be used for more than one group of experiments in any given year.

[url=](E)[/url][c6] Recent changes in the editorial policies of several physics journals have decreased the likelihood that articles concerning particle accelerator research will be accepted for publication. E

---

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]没有weaken

[c3]Support

[c4]Support

[c5]并不能说明为什么article减少了

[c6]其他原因导致的结果

老卖年糕

X87. In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, [url=]the percentage[/url][c1] who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years. Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, [url=]these declines are likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses and therefore on the economy of Florida.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument given?

[url=](A)[/url][c3] People who moved from one state to another when they retired moved a greater distance, on average, last year than such people did ten years ago.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] People were more likely to retire to North Carolina from another state last year than

people were ten years ago.

[url=](C)[/url][c5] The number of people who moved from one state to another when they retired has increased significantly over the past ten years. C

[url=](D)[/url][c6] The number of people who left Florida when they retired to live in another state was greater last year than it was ten years ago.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state.

---

[c1]对这样的字眼提高敏感度

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]文中说的是百分比，选项说总人数增加了，所以即使百分比小，迁移至Florida的人不一定减少，割断因果。

[c6]Support

[c7]没有割断因果的联系

老卖年糕

90. A new law gives ownership of patents—documents providing exclusive right to make and sell an invention—to universities, not the government, when those patents result from government-sponsored university research. [url=]Administrators at Logos University plan to sell any patents they acquire to corporations in order to fund programs to improve undergraduate teaching.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the viability of the college administrators’ plan described above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Profit-making corporations interested in developing products based on patents held by

universities are likely to try to serve as exclusive sponsors of ongoing university research

projects.

(B)[url=] Corporate sponsors[/url][c3] of research in university facilities are entitled to tax credits under new federal tax-code guidelines.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Research scientists at Logos University have few or no teaching responsibilities and participate little if at all in the undergraduate programs in their field.

[url=](D)[/url][c5] Government-sponsored research conducted at Logos University for the most part duplicates research already completed by several profit making corporations. D

(E) Logos University is unlikely to [url=]attract corporate sponsorship [/url][c6] of its scientific research.

---

[c1]具体性结论

[c2]无关

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]只有该选项与具体性有关，并且迫使administrator重新考虑

[c6]无关

老卖年糕

[url=]81[/url][c1] . When demand for a factory’s products is high, more money is spent at the factory for safety precautions and machinery maintenance than when demand is low. Thus the average number of on-the-job accidents per employee each month should be lower during periods when demand is high than when demand is low and less money is available for safety precautions and machinery maintenance.

Which of the following, if true about a factory when demand for its products is high, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

(A) Its employees ask for[url=] higher wages[/url][c2] than they do at other times.

[url=](B)[/url][c3] Its management hires new workers but lacks the time to train them properly. B

(C) Its employees are less likely to [url=]lose their jobs[/url][c4] than they are at other times.

(D) Its management sponsors a monthly safety award for each division in the factory.

[url=](E)[/url][c5] Its old machinery is replaced with modern, automated models.

---

[c1]推理链：demand high
more money spent in safety and xxx，
average number of accident is lower
less money is spent in xxx

[c2]无关

[c3]因此新工人不熟悉做业，，事故平均数不见得比demand low的时候低，割断推理链。

[c4]无关，D也是

[c5]没有说明新model的情况，所以没有weaken。