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1.3.3 经营策略 by tompry 760
分两段，第一段是说经营的策略不一定直接和sales联系起来，而是要通过建立Hierarchy的model(费解） ，第二段先是分析了传统的hierarchy models的特点，而后提出了一个鸟人的hierarchy model,提到了这个model的优点，有一题是问作者为什么提出这个鸟人的model?

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1.3.4 ice age
V1
ice age, 有一个神马理论推出其成因，好像是跟地球绕太阳公转有关系。其中有一位仁兄站出来由另一种说法，结尾科学家说有待考究（原文说的是要第二个新理论成立必须排除一些别的因数比如潮汐和海水什么•影响来着）
v2
关于怎么鉴定ice age的，第一段某M提出一种观点，某I发现ocean sediment的某种特质证明了这种观点，第二段某人发现陆地上的一些东西反驳了M，第三段说M的观点是对的，第二段的家伙和I不同是陆地和海洋的数据有差异。
在阅读大全上找到个这个很相似, 大家看看。有红有黄，黄色是正确答案，剩下红色是正确答案
Passage 18 (18/63)
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
1.        In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
(B) introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
2.        The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.
(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
3.        It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
(B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.
(C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.
(D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.
(E) It stretched back for only a million years.
4.        According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A) They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
(B) They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
(C) They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.
(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
5.        It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
(D) a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land
(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
6.        According to the passage, which of the following is (are) true of the ice ages?
I.        The last ice age occurred about 25,000 years ago.
II.        Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
III.        Ice ages have occurred about every 100,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and only
(E) I, II and III
7.        It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
(A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
(B) are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
(C) are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
(D) contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
8.        The purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to
(A) offer a note of caution
(B) introduce new evidence
(C) present two recent discoveries
(D) summarize material in the preceding paragraphs
(E) offer two explanations for a phenomenon
9.        According to the passage, one advantage of studying the isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume taken from rocks on land
(B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples are taken from different continental locations
(C) corresponds with predictions already made by climatologists and experts in other fields
(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially established by analyzing variations in volcanic emissions
(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate records concerning variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth

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1.3.5 美国经济
19世纪多少年代的美国经济规模经济,然后括号中对规模经济进行定义,但是二战之后呢,欧洲的什么的也有规模经济所以美国的优势丧失了.
第二段是说,规模经济对经济发展的贡献不是很大了.后面说了一堆什么技术进步创新.以上的咚咚导致了投机回报率的下降.
第三段好像提了什么有规模经济的大企业的效率没有小企业好.之后作者展望未来了,说了有continue什么的。
有道题目是问那个小企业有可能采取什么行动。我选的是雇佣partial employee 来降低成本之类的。由于我语文不是很高，所以大家慎重了。
这篇文章篇幅很长还好我是学经济的，所以看得时候理解不是很困难。
V2
关于business的  60行
第一段说米国支持小经济体的发展，同时有限制了他们的发展，因为建立了一些非营利的公司，跟他们不公平竞争
第二段说悲催的是，这些小的business是为劳动者提供岗位的
第三段说这些非营利的公司，会被免税，……所以这样他们是与小business不公平竞争
最后一段说还是应该保留这些非营利的，因为他们对社会有好处。最后给出的建议应该把这些nonprofit带入到公平竞争的环境中。
V3
有一屏半的长度。第一段说美国的规模经济怎么怎么好，但二战后全球统一化导致美国的规模经济效益没有那么好了。第二段说这不是主要原因balabala…第三段第四段说有人对今后规模经济的发展持乐观态度，作者认为不对。认为还是小企业好，因为小企业注重创新什么的。有一道题是问第一段的作用。还有一道问小企业可能采用什么方式，我选的是使用临时工。
V4
\第一段：在某个时段美国经济很好，因为是规模很大。后来由于亚洲和欧洲也开始仿效这种规模经济，导致美国失去了优势。
第二段：投资回报变得越来越小，大公司投入了很多钱和人力开放新的产品，而小公司不愿意也负担不起大量的permanent labor和什么，所以就没有去投资开发。
。。。后面的不记得了，记得考了“小公司会怎么办”
V5
美国经济我可能遇到了一些小变体：
1. 没看到鸡精V2里说的非营利公司，也没说什么和小公司不公平竞争。
2. 末段里提到因为投资回报率和竞争等等因素，现在美国的公司都不太愿意投资，大公司都give way to小公司。但后面说小公司又不愿意去进行提高生产率的投资，导致什么什么。（如果有时间看，应该能弄懂）

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1.3.6 grain dust
V1
第一段：一对背景引出了grain dust.说了observer 根据自己的观察确立了grain dust 的size.
第二段具体说了观察。然后解释了原理，说了red light 和 blue light
   V2
大概是讲为什么我们看到的星星都是蓝色的因为 dust grain更容易反射蓝光的波，而不容易反射红光的波，又用了一个比喻什么人看海是蓝的什么的

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1.3.7广告阶级
这篇记得不太清了- -介绍各种衡量广告有效性的办法。有的看立即的销售量。但现在更看重广告的阶梯作用什么的。
然后介绍传统的广告阶梯效应，但因为不注重市场环境和消费者所以不准确。然后提出s的模型比较好，好在什么什么。
有问为什么提到s这个模型。

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1.3.8 经济增长
第一道是说美国的经济在某段时间是3%的增长速度（好像是某段时间到1970S），之后直到1980s一直是1%的增长速度，然后又说这个和manufacturing的关系不大，因为它在美帝的经济里面占用的比例不大云云，只占所有worker数量的19%多点，然后说这个是service sector的关系，
第二段解释这个东西，有高亮，是某个p开头单词，想不起来了说什么manufacturing的工人数量在减少（好像有说），然后说工人为了保住饭碗不得不努力提高能力，然后说manufacturing的工人是被国外的抢了饭碗，然后突然掉转话头说这个其实不是主要因素，只是出于政治考虑这么说的，其实是manufacturing的市场没有扩大。之前好像还说了service sector没有foreign competition但是也没增长。
然后第三段another explanation，说这个是因为federal deficit，这个东西导致lower interest rate然后神马的记不大清了，这个有问weaken

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1.3.9 museum作品所属
另外一篇是说某个museum认为某个G开头的大师的一副作品不是他的，是另外一个人的理由是在画的左下角检查到了有A.J字样.，是这个人的名字的简写
第二段主要就是反驳了这个论据，好像是说这个A.J.在别的地方留的名字是全拼，不是简写
第三段好像是说museum的人发现里画用的颜料还是神马的（material?）和G惯用的不一样，然后作者说这个G好像挺喜欢探索？换material用？记不大清了，反正作者是不同意这个museum的观点的，这里应该是有题问支持作者观点的

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1.4.1 月地关系
有一篇讲月球形成跟地球关系，第一段讲了三种理论（什么地球分离出去的啊，独立形成的啊，还有个忘了），第二段一一驳斥这三种，第三短貌似是提出一种别的还是讲还要继续深入研究什么的，忘了，第三段基本没问题，我的题目奶奶的四五个基本全出在第二段了，各种问细节，比如“如果第二种是成立的，那月球现在得什么样啊”什么什么的，具体忘了，反正就是看到时候第二段好好看，我可能理解有误，但是我也不知道为什么总感觉它第二段解释的时候是一三二的解释顺序，也可能我傻了没看清，因为这是最后一篇阅读，pace前面就乱掉了，所以是飞速做的~~

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1.4.2 建筑 worship
倒数第二篇讲的是某地的一个什么建筑吧，能推断是9000年前的（还是9000bc忘了），然后跟粮食扯上关系了，说在哪儿没发现种植的迹象， 推测是worship的地方，然后第二段就讲什么在那发现的bones肿么肿么了，然后farmer什么的又肿么了，忘了忘了，第三段讲好想什么得先有食物保证才能有什么什么organization（貌似宗教的组织的形成吧？我有点晕，按马克思的意思应该就是物质决定精神那个感觉吧？

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1.4.3 capital investement
80年代，美国在国际上面capital investment的能力大不如前（好像是这个意思）说了推测的两个原因，一个是只重视短期收益，还有一个是M&A 但后来都被作者反驳了，作者认为主要原因是manager的internal决定什么的。