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V1
还有一篇是说1920年代美国妇女在获得投票权后，其实妇女的政治地位并有什么改变（全文开头有个很醒目的词：it is ironic that...），然后作者让步说其实妇女还是在某些方面取得了成功，文章最后面又转了一下，说即使有一些成功但妇女在政治上没啥影响力（这里有题）
女性选举权的长短期效应
V2
1P 二十年代女性获得了选举权，可是没有造成短期的political reform，而且这个选举权并没有想象中造成那么大的影响（有题，问人们期待二十年的女性获得选举权会有什么影响），共和党依旧以保守的观点把持着政权，女权运动的影响力似乎还没有1890年的时候大。
2P 但从长期来看女性的选举权是带来了一些影响的，比如社会福利，女性的工作机会等等，但是作者又做了让步，说这些效应并不能实际上改变政坛，造成political reform，证明女性选举权之所以取得这样的成就，都是建立在女性运动不会对政治造成很大的影响的基础上的（有题）
主题题我选的是present 长短期效应，还有一些别的干扰项，忘记了。
考古
阅读有一篇是十九世纪妇女政治参与的；
第一段：说了从50年代到70年代不同的scholars对妇女在politics party里面的地位，以前都是没有人关注她们的存在的，后来的学者关注妇女的作用，并提到后来有不少妇女自己建立party。
第二段：说了妇女在politics中的地位，说女性在政党或是选举的人数比以往多，看似女性的政治地位提升，提高了地位什么的，参与政治也更深入，但实际情况并非如此。参加选举的女的多并不意味着当选的女的就多。并且她们在政府关键职位的比重并没有上升。于是，开始解释政治体制的原因。说政党只是在一些特定的情况下才让女 性党员去参与竞选，比如肯定能获胜或者数个候选人竞选数个OPENING的情况，因为发现那些让女的参加选举的往往是因为那场选举胜率不大的选举。所以为何女性竞选成功的少，有部分原因是因为，多数情况下incumbent（此处的incumbent指的是在职者，就是指原本的当选者有可能后面继续连任）获胜的机率大，而原先的在职者就是男性居多，所以女性成功的少。还有就是女性多数只是竞选较低层次的位置，而那些高层次的基本都没有女性 （仅供参考，不是很清楚，说是并不是在所有层面上），最后说什么造成这样的状况。
问题1、主旨题。我选的选项大意是give explanation to why a possible phenomenon not occur(就是一开始research提出的possible phenomenon)
问题2、问research probably will agree with which one
问题3、female candidate 的那题 其中有一题问题忘了，但我选的答案是，如果没有incumbent（一定要搞懂这词啥意思），那么男女竞选的机率是一样的（大概是这么个意思）
GWD-11-Q35 -Q37
当代女权主义者对20年代妇女选举权运动的评价
Recent feminist scholarship con-
cerning the United States in the 1920’s
challenges earlier interpretations that
Line assessed the twenties in terms of the
(5) unkept “promises” of the women’s
suffrage movement. This new scholar-
ship disputes the long-held view that
because a women’s voting bloc did not
materialize after women gained the right
(10) to vote in 1920, suffrage failed to
produce long-term political gains for
women. These feminist scholars also
challenge the old view that pronounced
suffrage a failure for not delivering on
(15) the promise that the women’s vote
would bring about moral, corruption-
free governance. Asked whether
women’s suffrage was a failure, these
scholars cite the words of turn-of-the-
(20) century social reformer Jane Addams,
“Why don’t you ask if suffrage in
general is failing?”学者的观点认为suffrage是失败
In some ways, however, these递进
scholars still present the 1920’s as a
(25) period of decline. After suffrage, they
argue, the feminist movement lost its
cohesiveness, and gender conscious-
ness waned. After the mid-1920’s, few
successes could be claimed by fem-
(30) inist reformers: little could be seen in
the way of legislative victories. 衰退的年代 new scholarship的另一观点
During this decade, however, there
was intense activism aimed at achiev-
ing increased autonomy for women,
(35) broadening the spheres within which
they lived their daily lives. Women’s
organizations worked to establish
opportunities for women: they strove to
secure for women the full entitlements
(40) of citizenship, including the right to hold
office and the right to serve on juries.最终观点 不同意recent的观点
老新观点
逻辑简图：
1P: recent scholarship challenges earlier interpretations unkept “promise” of women suffrage. Disputes, also challenges older view…
2P: in some ways, however, decline….
3P: during this decade, however, intense activism…. Women’ organization worked to establish opportunities for women…
Prep
The identification of femininity with morality and a belief in the innate moral superiority of women were fundamental to the cult of female domesticity in the nineteenth-century United States. Ironically, this ideology of female benevolence empowered women in the realm of social activism, enabling them to escape the confines of their traditional domestic spheres and to enter prisons, hospitals, battlefields, and slums. By following this path, some women came to wield considerable authority in the distribution of resources and services in their communities.
The sentimentalized concept of female benevolence bore little resemblance to women's actual work, which was decidedly unsentimental and businesslike, in that it involved chartering societies, raising money, and paying salaries. Moreover, in the face of legal limitations on their right to control money and property, women had to find ingenious legal ways to run and finance organized philanthropy. In contrast to the day-to-day reality of this work, the idealized image of female benevolence lent a sentimental and gracious aura of altruism to the very real authority and privilege that some women commanded--which explains why some women activists clung tenaciously to this ideology. But clinging to this ideology also prevented these women from even attempting to gain true political power because it implied a moral purity that precluded participation in the messy world of partisan politics.
Question #42. 537-01 (23257-!-item-!-188;#058&000537-01)
According to the passage, the ideology of female benevolence was consistent with women taking part in each of the following spheres of activity EXCEPT C
(A) organized philanthropy
(B) domestic life
(C) electoral politics
(D) fund-raising for worthy causes
(E) social work
Question #43. 537-04 (23303-!-item-!-188;#058&000537-04)
Information in the passage suggests that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements concerning the cult of female domesticity? C
(A) The cult of female domesticity developed independently of the concept of female benevolence.
(B) The cult of female domesticity was incompatible with women's participation in social activism.
(C) The cult of female domesticity incorporated ideological elements that actually helped some women to escape from their traditional domestic roles.
V1
女权啥啥啥的，是在没时间了，大概扫了扫，就两段，第二段讲了在非洲一个什么国家的妇女怎么怎么样了....
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