月光宝盒

下面这个类似，也是要区分and的小结构

The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadens the flesh

behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous

fangs and no venom, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and

play dead.

(A) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but,

having no dangerous fangs and no venom,

(B) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but

with no dangerous fangs and no venom,

(C) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes,

but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and

(D) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but

with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and

(E) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but

with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and

月光宝盒

PREP07-39
把握原句and前后的信息,VAN的体现

The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final tryouts are

held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, is geared toward enhancing

athletes' performance [url=]and[/url][alan1] toward their preparation for international competition.

(A) is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation

(B) is geared to enhance the performance of athletes and to prepare them

(C) are geared to enhance athletes' performance [url=]and[/url][alan2] their preparation

(D) are geared toward the enhancement of athletes' performance and toward preparing them

(E) are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them

---

[alan1]enhancing performance 和prepare for competition平行

[alan2]这里是扭曲了原意，变成了enhance preparation

月光宝盒

PREP07-26
V-A-N规则

The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization of

there being little that is a significant difference in the underlying mental processes manifested by

people from different cultures.

(A) of there being little that is a significant difference

(B) of there being little that is significantly different

(C) of little that is significantly different

(D) that there is little that is significantly different

(E) that there is little of significant differences

Verbal-60

In the textbook publishing business, the second quarter is historically weak, because revenues are low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare for the coming school year.

(A) low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare

(B) low and their marketing expenses are high as they prepare

(C) low with higher marketing expenses in preparation

(D) low, while marketing expenses are [url=]higher[/url][alan1] to prepare

(E) low, while their marketing expenses are higher in preparation

---

[alan1]原句没有比较的意味，而且不清楚是和过去的marketing expenses比较还是和revenue比较。

月光宝盒

Verbal-75

Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in theupper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments. which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.

(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

(B) Baltic Sea sediments, [url=]where[/url][alan1] the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings

(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity

(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, [url=]findings[/url][alan2] consistent with the growth of industrial activity

in the area

(E) sediments fromthe Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there

VERBAL-92
所有格单复数一致！the的使用

Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climate s, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle.

(A)[url=] the[/url][alan3] freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle

(B) the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts in part of their life cycle

(C) freshwater snails [url=]which[/url][alan4] become the parasite's hosts for part of [url=]its life cycles[/url][alan5]

(D) freshwater snails which become the hosts of the parasite during the parasite's life cycles

(E) parasite's hosts, freshwater snails which become their hosts during their life cycles

在看个所有格单复数一致

The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from (their) deposited checks.

---

[alan1]has no referent

[alan2]同位语结构preferred

[alan3]the 是需要的因为是特指

[alan4]不恰当，应该用限定性从句

[alan5]重点！its life cycle!所有格的单复数一致，不要忽略

月光宝盒

Verbal-100
定冠词the 与限定性状语从句

Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest

slammed into North America, which. causing plant and animal extinctions. marks the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.

(A) which, causing plantand animal extinctions. marks

(B) which caused the plant and animal extinctions and marks

(C) and causing plant and animal extinctions that mark

(D) an event that caused plantand animal extinctions, which [url=]marks[/url][alan1]

(E) an event that caused[url=] the [/url][alan2] plant and animal extinctions that mark

186. (GWD-6-Q41)   and/which/who 前后的逗号

The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chile.

A.
Columbus was the Incan highway,[url=]which[/url][alan3] , over 2,500 miles long and extending

B.
Columbus was the Incan highway, over 2,500 miles in length, and extended

C.
Columbus, the Incan highway, which was over 2,500 miles in length and extended

D.
Columbus, the Incan highway, being over 2,500 miles in length,[url=]was extended[/url][alan4]
(E)

E.
Columbus, the Incan highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending

37. GWD25-Q37.

Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from
tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility
vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for
diesel-powered vehicles.

A.
powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for

B.
powered, and therefore not subjected to emissions-control standards
that are as stringent as those of

C.
powered [url=]and[/url][alan5] therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as [url=]those[/url][alan6] for

D.
powered, which are not subject to emissions-control standards as
stringent as they are for

E.
powered and therefore they are not subject to emissions-control
standards as stringent as those of

---

[alan1]主谓一致！

[alan2]后面是that，这里不能没有the

[alan3]这种逗号隔开的形式注意后面从句有没有谓语。

[alan4]应该用主动语态

[alan5]把握住这个关键的逗号就能快速解题

[alan6]定语在比较，果断those, 状语比较采用they.至于这里的of 和for则是GMAT的恶心干扰，都是对的

月光宝盒

再看一题类似的,另外注意分词修饰从句里的内容，不修饰原句主语这一BT现象！！

200. (GWD-6-Q8)

Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.

A.
Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are

B.
Reserve, now viewing the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation and are

C.
Reserve [url=]who[/url][alan1] , now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are

D.
Reserve, who now view the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation, will be

(A)

E.
Reserve, which now views the economy to be balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, is

134. (31696-!-item-!-188;#058&004702)

Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in

lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see

more patients, and spend less time with each.

(A) imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, [url=]and[/url]

spend

[alan2] (B) imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and

spending

(C) that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend

(D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients,

[url=]spending[/url][alan3]

(E) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and

spending

---

[alan1]注意这种修饰容易犯得错误

[alan2]这里的错误是绝对的，想要修饰doctor不能有逗号！注意标点在修饰歧义中的总结

[alan3]这里修饰doctor的see…可见GMAT里分词修饰歧义是相对的，不要作为排错的依据。另外注意是否用逗号隔开。。

月光宝盒

[url=]185[/url][alan1] . (GWD-8-Q41)   可数/不可数

When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many.

A.
there are [url=]less[/url][alan2] than one-quarter that many

B.
there are fewer than [url=]one-quarter as many[/url][alan3]

C.
there are fewer than one-quarter of that amount

D.
the number is less than one-quarter the amount
(B)

E.
it is less than one-quarter of that amount

例如下面

VERBAL-31
Nearly two tons of nuclear-reactor fuel have already been put into orbit around the Earth, and the chances of a collision involving such material increase greatly as the amount of space[url=]debris[/url][alan4] and the number of satellites continue to rise.

159.  by the time+过去完成时

The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds.

A.
by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds

B.
by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds

C.
by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women [url=]born[/url][alan5] in the country [url=]had been[/url][alan6] attacked by the birds

D.
98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood
(C)

E.
98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country[url=],[/url][alan7] by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds

---

[alan1]fewer people,less than 2 hours,less than 5 dollars

[alan2]注意啊，可数名词一定要用few,老是忽略这一点。。。 a quantity of既可以可数也可以不可数

[alan3]twice as many…

[alan4]不可数名词，用amount of 修饰，可数用number of 修饰

[alan5]这种修饰时可以接受的

[alan6]注意时态

[alan7]逗号悲剧，不然就成对出现，不然就别出现，只出现一个。。。悲剧

月光宝盒

PREP07 97
定语从句PK分词结构

Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around

the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical

pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.

(A)[url=] while at the same time[/url][alan1] they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants,

[url=]having[/url][alan2]

(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have

(C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time,

which have

(D) but [url=]introducing[/url][alan3] some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have

(E) but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having

---

[alan1]居然没有abundant,悲剧

[alan2]引发歧义

[alan3]这个不能有

月光宝盒

再来一个定语从句优于分词结构的例子

41. GWD21-Q41:

The Environmental Protection Agency’s proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying that the move will exacerbate the nation’s fuel supply problems.

A.
on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, [url=]saying[/url][alan1]

B.
on both diesel fuel and engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and they say

C.
on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, which says

D.
both on diesel fuel and engines has sparked the oil industry to a counterattack, saying

E.
both on diesel fuel and diesel engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and it says

再来个分词结构悲剧

27. GWD21-Q27:

The electronics company has unveiled what it claims to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs less than 11 ounces.

A.
to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs

B.
to be the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, weighing

C.
is the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, and it weighs

D.
is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and weighs

E.
is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, [url=]the length of which is that of a handheld computer[/url][alan2] , [url=]weighing[/url][alan3]

---

[alan1]优先穿越，不如定语从句永不穿越

[alan2]分散注意力的扯蛋结构，和原句匹配诱惑你

[alan3]更靠近computer ，虽然可以穿越，但是不如优选项D

月光宝盒

[url=]2010.5[/url]真题[alan1]

Scientists have recently discovered that the ultrathin, layered construction of a butterfly’s wings, the same as the one making some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, are enabling the insect to control how much heat energy is absorbed by its wings and how much is reflected away.

A.  wings, the same as the one making some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, are enabling
B.  wings, which is the same one that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, that also enables
[url=]C.[/url][alan2]   wings is the same as the one that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, enabling
D.  wings—the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence—also enables
E.  wings—of the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence—also [url=]enable[/url][alan3]

[url=]26.[/url][alan4] GWD-18-Q29  each other/one another

The contractor and the engineer agree on the cause of the bridge failure, but both blame the other.

A.
both blame the other

B.
each blames the other

C.
each blame the other person

D.
both are blaming the other

E.
each blames one another

再来一个

In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing.

A.
exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing

B.
will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicing

C.
will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice

[url=]D.
exhibit[/url][alan5] the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice(D)

E.
exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice

---

[alan1]宝贵的参考资料，完美诠释了破折号的用法之一----代替逗号分割同位语

[alan2]改变原句重心

[alan3]主谓不一致

[alan4]

each blames the other

both blame each other

both blame one another(通常指3者)

each blames one another 错误。。

we each helped the other(不能用another)

Almost like clones in their similarity to one another（这里超过2个，用one another）

[alan5]正解 one与another搭配；some和others搭配；each和the other搭配；each other和others搭配