kini

060. The medieval scholar made almost no attempt to investigate the anatomy of plants, their mechanisms of growth, or the ways in which they are related to one another.

= The medieval scholar/ made almost no attempt to investigate/ the anatomy of plants/, their mechanisms of growth/, or the ways in which they are related to one another.

#中世纪的学者/不想去调查研究/这些植物的解剖构造/，他们的生长机构/，或它们彼此相联系的方式。

*此句比较简单，注意made almost no attempt to 是没有打算，不想做…的意思。

061.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted.

= That sex ratio will be favored/ which maximizes the number of　descendants/ an individual will have/ and　hence the number of gene copies/　transmitted.

#那种性别比例将是有利的/能够最大化后代的数目/一个个体所能拥有的/，并因此（最大化）基因复制品的数量/所传递到后代身上去的。

*这个句子比较难，但我们只要知道两个the number of是并列的关系就可以理解句子的意思。

062.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and　risky ones.

=Hardy’s weakness/ derived from his apparent inability/ to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses/ and from his unwillingness/ to cultivate and sustain/ the energetic and　risky ones.

#哈代的缺陷/来自于他的明显的无能/，无法控制好那些各不相同的创作冲动的/；也来自于他不愿意/去培养和维持/那些有活力和风险性的创作冲动。

*这个句子首先要准确把握一些词语的意思，如：derived from， cultivate， energetic等，其次要注意第二个from与derived from的并列关系。

kini

063.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states　　of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

=Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement/ about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway/ has regularly been　ignored by the critics/，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests/ very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist/ concerned with examining states of reverie and vision/ and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

#弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）发人深思的陈述/关于创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）的创作意图/一直被文学评论家们所忽略/，因为它突出反映了她的文学兴趣中某一方面/，与“诗性”小说家（poetic novelist）的传统形象大相径庭/（“诗性”小说家）所关注的是仔细观察各种状态幻想的，追寻错综复杂的过程个体意识的。

*这是一个不折不扣的难句，用词偏难，又把两个句子的意思压缩到了一个句子中。但是我们按照我们的读法仍然是可以理解句子的意思的。人名书名认识就反映不认识就过去。Of短语按英文顺序理解就可以，如：following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness 可以理解成： 追寻错综复杂的过程个体意识的。concerned with要特别注意，因为正是这个短语把两个意思连成一句话。

064.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.

=Although Gutman admits/ that forced separation by sale was frequent/，he shows/ that the slaves’ preference/，revealed most clearly on plantations/ where sale was infrequent/，was very much for stable monogamy.

#虽然古特曼承认/，被迫离散很频繁因为奴隶买卖，但他还是表明，奴隶的偏爱，最为显著地表示出来在种植园/奴隶买卖并不频繁的/，在很大程度上有助于稳定一夫一妻制。

*这个句子不是很难，注意个别词语的理解。有一个难点就是revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent被插到了 the slaves’ preference 和was very much for stable monogamy中间，读句子的时候要注意，这是两个意思，不要混淆。

kini

065.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

=Gutman argues convincingly/ that the stability of the Black family/ encouraged　the transmission of--and so was crucial in sustaining--the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another/，a heritage/ that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

#古特曼人令人信服地论证到/，黑人家庭的稳定有助于/--因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用/--包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去/，一种文化遗产/，黑奴们不断地将其丰富发展从其非洲和美洲的经历中。

*这个句子比较难，中间又加了一个意思，很容易打乱思维。注意—中间的部分可以单独理解，没有这一部分原句仍然成立。注意选择重要的词来琢磨，主要是名词和动词，按英文的顺序理解句子内容。

066.This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

=This preference for exogamy/，Gutman suggests/， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage/，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another/，all involved some kind of prohibition/ against unions with close kin.

#偏爱对于外部通婚/古特曼表示/，很可能起缘于非洲西部的规定管理婚姻的/，尽管这些规定不同在一个和另一个部落群体之间/，但都涉及到某种禁止/对近亲联姻的。

*这个句子明显带有雕琢的痕迹，人为的将这个句子变的很复杂很拗口，但是我们不管它有多复杂，我们只管它的意思，有些词认识就反映不认识就过去，有些词很容易猜到它的意思，如：unions with close kin 跟婚姻有关又和近亲有关，显然是近亲联姻；同样反对近亲联姻也就是同意外族联姻，所以exogamy的意思我们也能知道。

kini

067.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

=His thesis works relatively well/ when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States/，but his definition of racial prejudice/ as "racially-based negative prejudgments/ against a group/ generally accepted as a race/ in any given region/ of ethnic competition/，" can be interpreted as also including hostility/ toward such ethnic groups/ as the Chinese in California/ and the Jews in medieval Europe.

#他的论题尚能适用/当应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时/，但他对种族偏见所下的定义/——“以种族为基础的反面的先入之见/针对某个群体的，/该群体被普遍接受为一种族/在任何特定区域/种族竞争的”——可被理解成同样也包括了敌意/针对这样一些种族群体/像加利福尼亚州的中国人/以及中世纪欧洲的犹太人。

*这个句子真是王母娘娘的裹脚布—又臭又长，可以想象考生在考试时看到这么长的一个难句时悲痛万分的心情。其实安下心来读，还是能够理解句子的意思的。“他的论题尚能成立……在……时”，这是一个意思；他对种族偏见所下的定义……可被理解成同样也包括了敌意……，这是一个意思；中间给种族偏见下的定义又是一个意思。读的时候要把几个意思分开理解，这样就不会打乱思路，ETS这样编句子就是想要打乱应试者的思路。

068. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

=Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold/，and the like/ as had been demonstrated in nerve cells/ remained negligible in significance/ for any possible correlation/ with the manifold dimensions/ of mental experience.

#这些变化/在大小，形状，化学，行动速度，兴奋阈/，以及相似的方面/正像已经被证明在神经细胞中的/仍然是微不足道的在重要性上/对于可能的相互联系/和各种各样的方面/精神体验的。

*此句短小精悍，单词都认识，句子也不复杂，但要准确的理解句子的意思还是很难的，因为这个句子把专业知识融了进来，所以平时都认识的单词可能有了新的意思，而且有些多义词的义项也不好选择。这种情况下不要强迫自己找到每个词对应的专业术语，只要按原意理解就可以，有些专业术语就是从原意变过去的，这样就可以理解句子的大意了。

kini

069.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. =Although qualitative variance/ among nerve energies/was never rigidly disproved/，the doctrine was generally abandoned/ in favor of the opposing view/，namely/，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality/ and are transmitted as "common currency"/ throughout the nervous system/.

#尽管质的差异/在神经能量上的/从未严格地被反对过/，但是这个教条常常被抛弃/，而有利于相反的观点/，即/神经冲动本质相同/，并且被传播作为一种“普通流”/在整个神经系统中。

*这个句子比较难理解，因为融入了专业知识，对于这样的句子，我们不一定非要查字典找出每个词对应的专业术语，但是我们应该仔细体会句子的意思，尽量掌握句子的大意。比如："common currency"可能有对应的专业术语，但我们不管，我们只想象 currency就是河流的一股，电流也可以用这个词，所以"common currency" 就可以理解成“普通流”，在神经系统里像水流一样流动的液体。

070.Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number，　　arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.

= Other experiments/ revealed slight variations/ in the size，number，arrangement，and interconnection/ of the nerve cells/，but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned/，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields/ to each other/ seemed much more remarkable/ than any of the minute differences.

#尽管其他实验显示微小的差异/在大小、数量、排列方式和相互连接上/神经细胞的/，但是就心理与神经的相互关系而言/，这些明显的相似性感官区域的/彼此间的/看起来重要的多/比任何微小的差异。

*这个句子和上一个句子出自一篇文章，都融入了专业知识，我们要仔细理解句子，掌握句子的大意，而不强求对应的专业术语。as far as …were concerned意思是in the way, or to the extent, that sb/sth is involved or affected,
就……而言。对于这样的短语要注意平时的积累。

kini

071.Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal　representation becomes more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.

#Although some experiments/ show that/，as an object/ becomes familiar/，its internal　representation/ becomes more holistic/ and　the recognition process/ correspondingly more parallel/，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis/，at least for objects/ that are not notably simple and familiar.

#虽然某些实验表明/，随着一个物体/变得熟悉起来/，其表现内心的图像/变得更加完整/，辨认过程/相应地变得更加平行/，但证据似乎在支持一序列的假设/，至少是对于那些物体/不是特别简单，特别熟悉的。

*这个句子虽然融入了专业知识，但也不缺乏文采。比如：the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis，本来可以不用the weight of，但用了以后文采就出来了，像一个天平一样，证据的砝码一个个放上去，逐渐倾斜于……，当然这样的句子考试时读起来就要多绕弯子了，我们不管它直接读出本意就可以了。

072.In large part as a consequence of　the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in　various periods.

=In large part/ as a consequence of　the feminist movement/，historians have focused a great deal of attention/ in recent years/ on determining more accurately the status of women/ in various periods.

#在很大程度上/，由于女权主义运动的缘故/，史学家集中了大量的注意力/近年来/，确定/更为准确地/妇女的地位/在各个历史时期。

*这个句子短小精悍，句子不长也不难，但是细节要注意。In large part意思是：在很大程度上；as a consequence of 的意思是：由于……的缘故。这样的短语要注意平时的积累，否则即使单词都认识还是猜不出句子的意思。像a great deal of这样的短语以及一些形容词副词只要虚化成一个程度就可以了，比如：多少，好坏等。

kini

073.Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations.

=Thus/，for instance/，it may come as a shock/ to mathematicians/ to learn/ that the Schrodinger equation/ for the hydrogen atom/ is not a literally correct description/ of this atom/，but only an approximation/ to a somewhat more correct equation/ taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects/；and that this corrected　equation/ is itself/ only an imperfect approximation/ to an infinite set of　quantum field-theoretical equations.

#因此/，举例来说/，可能是个震惊/对数学家来说/，了解到/ Schrodinger方程式/氢原子的/并不是一种完全正确的描述/对该原子的/，而仅仅是个近似值/，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的方程式/考虑到自旋、磁性偶极子，以及相对论效应/；而这个修正的方程式/就其本身而言/也只是一个不完美的近似值/，无限趋近于的一整套量子场理论方程式。

*这个句子长，生词多，又融如了专业知识，是个不折不扣的难句。对于长句子我们要排除恐惧心理大胆读下去。对于生词我们的原则是认识就反映不认识就过去，如：spin，magnetic dipole自旋、磁性偶极子， quantum field-theoretical equations量子场理论方程式，等。这类词即使知道中文也不知道这是什么东西，所以认不认识都没有关系。至于专业方面的东西我们只能按通常的情况来理解。

074.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is　convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on　which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

= The physicist/ rightly dreads precise argument/，since an argument/ that is convincing/ only if it is precise/ loses all its force/ if the assumptions/ on　which it is based/ are slightly changed/，whereas an argument/ that is convincing/ though imprecise/ may well be stable/ under small perturbations/ of its underlying assumptions.

#物理学家/害怕精确的论证/，因为一个论证/--它是令人信服的/只有当它是精确的时候/--，失去了其全部说服力/如果假设/作为它基础的/发生了一点点变化/，然而一个论证/--它是令人信服的/尽管不是很精确的--/仍有可能是成立的/当稍有波动时/作为它的基础的假设/。

*这个句子明显带有人工雕琢的痕迹，因为把好几句话的内容揉成了一句，读这样的句子，我们要理清思路，注意几个意思分开理解。

kini

075.However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.

=However/，as they gained cohesion/，the Bluestockings/ came to regard themselves/ as a women’s group/ and to possess a sense of female solidarity/ lacking in the salonnieres/，who remained isolated from one another/ by the primacy/ each held in her own salon.

#然而/，随着她们获得的凝聚力/，蓝袜女们渐趋将自己看成一妇女团体/，并逐渐拥有了一种妇女团结意识/沙龙女主人身上缺乏的/，她们仍然保持彼此孤立/由于自视清高/每个人在其沙龙中。

*这句话难度适中，但有些地方是可以琢磨的，如：the Bluestockings， the salonnieres的准确意思需要联系上下文进行理解，尤其是the Bluestockings用了借代的手法，可能是这些女子经常穿蓝色的袜子才得此名。但就此句而言，这两个单词的意思知道与否并不影响句意的理解。

076.As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional　　similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them.

=As my own studies have advanced/，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities/ between insect and vertebrate societies/ and less so with the structural differences/ that seem/，at first glance/，to constitute such an immense gulf/ between them.

#随着我的研究不断深入/，我越来越深刻意识到功能性的相似/在昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的/，而越来越淡漠结构性的差异/，他们似乎/，起初看来/，构成了一条鸿沟/在二者间。

*这个句子融入了专业知识，读起来有些拗口，比如：vertebrate societies是脊椎动物群落的意思，但是我们对这类专业词认识的就反映不认识的就过去。这个句子中有一处要特别注意，less so with指的是什么，由于and 是表示并列关系的，所以与上文的I have been increasingly impressed with 对应，也就是I have been less impressed with 。

kini

077. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.

=Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances/，its authors/ react to those circumstances/ in ways other than ideological，/and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments/ of ideology/ circumvents/ much of/ the fictional enterprise.

#虽然小说的确起源于政治环境/，但是其作者对这些政治环境作出反应/以非意识形态的方式/，同时讨论小说和故事/主要作为工具/意识形态的/阻碍/在相当程度上/小说事业。

*这个句子虽然意思不难理解，但是读起来有些拗口，如：in ways other than ideological，意思是用这样的方式不是意识形态的，也就是以非意识形态的方式。另外，talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise 也很有迷惑性，如果改成 it circumvents much of the fictional enterprise that talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology 就很容易理解了。

078.Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？

=Is this a defect/，or are the authors working out of/，or trying to forge/，a different kind of aesthetic？

*这（一种与众不同的美学体系）究竟是一种缺陷呢/，或者这些作者是在进行创作（按照一种与众不同的美学体系）/，抑或（ 这些作者）是在试图创立/，一种与众不同的美学体系？

*这个句子短小精悍，省略了很多内容，所以我们读句子的时候，琢磨每个词还不够，还要补充一些东西。

079.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

=Black Fiction/ surveys a wide variety of novels/，bringing to our attention/ in the　process/ some fascinating and little-known works/ like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.

#《黑人小说》/考察了很多小说/，使我们注意到/在此过程中/某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品/，如James Weldon Johnson的《自传-曾是黑人》。

*这个句子比较简单，容易理解大意。英文中书名通常大写，用斜体，没有书名号，这个句子中的Black Fiction和Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man都是书名。

kini

080.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength，　　infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space.

=Although these molecules/ allow radiation/ at visible wavelengths/， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated/，to pass through/，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength/，infrared emissions/ radiated from the Earth’s surface/，radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space.

#虽然这些分子/允许辐射/可见光波长的/——在那里绝大部分阳光的能量聚集——通过，但是它们却会吸收一些波长较长的光/，即红外线/从地球表面辐射出的/，这种辐射否则就会被重新输送回太空（若不是二氧化碳的缘故）。

*这个句子融入了专业知识，讲的是有关分子的事，很微妙。有些专业术语很容易猜到其意思，如：visible wavelengths 可见波长（的光）longer-wavelength 波长较长（的光），等。最后一句radiation that would　otherwise be transmitted back into space意思是：这种辐射否则就会被重新输送回太空，但感觉意思不完整，看了原文才知道，完整的意思应该是：若不是二氧化碳的缘故，这种辐射就会被重新输送回太空。

081.The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.

=The role/ those anthropologists ascribe to evolution/ is not of dictating　the details of human behavior/ but one of imposing constraints/—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting/ that "come naturally" in archetypal situations/ in any culture.

#这个作用/人类学家所归功于生物进化的/，不是规定种种细节人类行为的，而是强加限制（于人类）——即情感、思维、以及行动方式/自然表现出来/在典型情景中/任何文化的。

*这个句子明显带有人工雕琢的痕迹，主要的句型就是：the role …is not …but…，句子的重心在后半部分。