bigpig

22.语法：有一道prep里的原题，fossls of *** 人名，作为第一个女人，怎么样。。。好像是被选为什么。。。

有个as fast as 的题

不知道是不是这个原题，有待考古。

226. (GWD-3-Q1)

The four-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as Lucy is so small compared with many other skeletons presumed to be of the same species, and so some paleontologists have argued that Lucy

represents a different lineage.

A. presumed to be of the same species, and so

B. presumed to be of the same species that

C. presumed that they are of the same species, and so

D. that they have presumed to be of the same species, so that

E. that they have presumed are of the same species, and

答案B

bigpig

23.只记得有个题是印度人很多，所以呢有比世界上其它国家都能装更多人的火车，选项有考到its trains 和with trains的比较。

回忆此预发点：with的用法

给一道og例题86题

The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell over

the last two years.

(A) which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell
单复数指代＋increase不要用过去时，否则不能区别跟fell前后发生的顺序，尤其是在这个after出现的情况下。

(B) which had increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it had fallen
时态＋单复指代

(C) which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(D) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(E) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after having fallen

正确答案C

别的错误选项咱不谈，就说说with。og官方解释with的错误原因是 It is not clear what connection is being described by “with”.

With在og中的用法总结（仅代表个人观点，摘自预发版总结）:

1）with紧跟在中心词后作定语表限定修饰

2）主语，with短语，谓语+宾语。作为状语修饰主语，如果with结构放在句末则有歧义，不知是修饰主语还是宾语

3）主语与with有逗号隔开，形式有“with短语，主句”和“主句，with”，with短语修饰主句中的主语，with表示“有”的意思

4）主语+谓语+宾语，with短语。with短语修饰宾语，with表示“有”的意思

总结：从1）2）3）4）可以看出，with紧跟修饰语作定语时表限定，with与修饰词用逗号隔开则作为状语表示非限定，

例如
Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.

(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged（正确答案）

(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it（可以推断此句中with希望与that同样表限定，此选项的错误点在staging时态问题。此外，With后可以用doing形式，不过with短语是作为副词作状语，不能修饰名词

(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself（表达的不简洁）

例如
The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.

(C) with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading（应用with结构不存在正确性问题，只是相对resulting不简洁。而且可以推断此处with结构与which与resulting均表非限定）

(D) resulting in loss of vigor, or spread。（正确答案）

bigpig

24.语法我还记得有个situated at 和 Positioned in 的那个，选situated 的这个，我还算是确定。

参见第11题，已经总结过

bigpig

25.第一题考了in addition to/as well as/besides这几个的用法

有一题是說the potential of conflict in interest--(破折号後面解釋了一下什么是 conflict in interest)然後考單複數 還有時態

最後一题考單複數和時態 挺簡單的

啰嗦两句 個人感覺這次语法挺难的 感覺我最后VERBAL不高跟语法有很大关系 題目乍一看不知道要考的语法点是啥 大家还是好好复习吧！~

回忆此考点：as well as

曾经有人问：

Can we say?

1. "A, B, as well as C".

(I think it should be "A, B, and C" or "A and B, as well as C")

2. "both A and B, as well as C"

NN回答：我认为不允许出现A, B, as well as C的结构，因为as well as不等于AND。as well as的用法是：它后面所接的是前面的若干（包括一个）个东西之后的一个补充，这个补充的东东在地位（性质上）无法与as well as之前的东东构成完美的平行与对称（否则就用AND连接）。如果as well as前面有二个或以上的东东并列，它之前的第一个东东的前面一定要有AND连接。所以A, B, as well as C在逻辑上本身就是有问题的。

的确应该改为"A, B, and C" or "A and B, as well as C"。至于到底是哪一种，要看这三者之间的逻辑关系。还有那"BOTH A AND B, AS WELL AS C"也应是对的

下面是所有阅读与改错中出现的支持上述结论的类似结构。我极为细致地搜遍了40余万字的所有阅读材料，没有找到一个A, B, as well as C的结构。

例题：

25. Europe’s travel industry is suffering as a result of a sluggish economy, a stretch of bad weather, as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that is persistent.

(A) as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that is persistent

(B) and the chilling effect of terrorist activity that is persistent

(C) but persistent terrorist activity has had a chilling effect too

(D) and the chilling effects of persistent terrorist

(E) as well as the chilling effects of terrorist activity that persists

A中的as well as不如正确答案D中的and好。尽管A可以用其他的办法排除。看来这的确是ETS的考点啊。多加小心！

18.    While all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and regulatory environment of the states obviously determines the types and amounts of waste produced, as well as the cost of disposal.

(A) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominating industries and regulatory environment of the states obviously determines

(B) each state faces a similar industrial waste problem, their predominant industries and regulatory environment obviously determine

(C) all states face a similar industrial waste problem, their predominating industries and regulatory environment obviously determines

(D) each state faces similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and regulatory environment of each state obviously determines

(E) all states face similar industrial waste problems, the predominant industries and the regulatory environment of each state obviously determine

Multicellular plants and animals, as well as many unicellular organisms, are eukaryotic—their large, complex cells have a well-formed nucleus and many organelles.

Maps made by non-Native Americans to depict Native American land tenure, resources and population distributions appeared almost as early as Europeans’ first encounters with Native Americans and took many form: missionaries’ field sketches, explorers’ drawings, and surveyors’ maps, as well as maps rendered in connection with treaties involving land transfers.

Thus our current cartographic record relating to Native American tribes and their migrations and cultural features, as well as territoriality and contemporary trust lands, reflects the origins of the data, the mixed purposes for which the maps have been prepared, and changes both in United States government policy and in non-Native Americans’ attitudes toward an understanding of Native Americans.

He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors.

In particular, his actos contain the same assortment of semiallegorical characters and the same blend of music, chorus, and dialogue found in some of the agitprop pieces, as well as the same fierce spirit of social and political critique.

Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys’ social behavior.

Among the factors that constrain the competitiveness of integrated producers are excessive labor, energy, and capital costs, as well as manufacturing inflexibility.

NN2补充：再加一例ETS专考and 和as well as的用法：

885/250-81：句型 and和as well as的区别。allows voters to propose and pass laws, as well as to repeal them

NN3补充：

3. 如果as well as 前面是动词不定式，那么其后的动词也是不定式，但to要省略。例如：

You cannot expect her to do the housework as well as look after the children.

4. 由as well as 连接的复合主语并不影响谓语动词的数。例如：

Helen as well as I is eager to see the performance.

海伦和我一样急于要看演出。

I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅他们愿意帮助你，我也愿意帮助

6. as well as 用于肯定结构和否定结构中，其意义不同。as well as 和not搭配使用，as well as 位于not前时，两者均否定；位于not后时，否定前者，肯定后者。例如：

George, as well as his brother, has gone abroad.

乔治和他兄弟一样都出国了。

George hasn”t gone abroad as well as his brother.

乔治并没有和他兄弟一样出国去。（他兄弟一人出国）

George, as well as his brother, hasn”t gone abroad.

乔治和他兄弟都没有出国。

7. as well as 在意义上通常强调前者，而not only …but also在意义上则强调后者。例如：

He”s got a car as well as a motorbike.

他不但有一辆摩托车，而且有一辆小汽车。

（= He”s got not only a motorbike but also a car. ）

8. 注意as well as 有时会引起歧义句。例如：

He can speak french as well as English.

（1）他会说英语，也会说法语。

（2）他说法语能说得像英语一样好。（…as well as he speaks English）

bigpig

26.语法的题都极度诡异，
(1)有一道题是考平行，但是都用的分号不是逗号，关键是识别出来那也是平行结构就行。
(2)还有一道全划线，但是很简单，考了not only，but also，只有一个选项是完整的not only，but also

bigpig

27.
(1) 有平行，一个主语+动词1+从句，动词2，and动词3的那种。一开始我把动词23当做和后面从句的平行了。。。大家注意逻辑意思
(2) 天气预报员过分依赖电脑rather than他们的思考，导致了那里的人遭受了什么还是什么的。只有最后一个选项是以failure of forecast predictors做主语的，其他的都是forecast predictor rely on...，and caused...

bigpig

28. 于发完全想不起来了。考点记得有
(1) so , so , that...
(2) between..and..
(3) more than
(4) 时态，过去完成时
(5) 单复数主谓一至
(6) 同位语修饰
(7) which 不指代人
(8) 句子不能缺谓语
(9) 一些to do的用法，capable of doing, unable to do之类
我最擅长的平行居然没有什么题目，我郁闷啊。

回忆考点(6) 同位语修饰
复习几个同位语的形式：
1.        名词性同位语结构 即 名词解释名词
名词，名词
名词，a／an ＋名词，谓语～～～
（the ＋名词）＋名词       括号里为同位语结构
2.        概括性同位结构
用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的解释对象：短语／句子，a program/information/an effort/a practice +that~~
特别注意：概括性同位语结构必须能概括，逻辑意思要符合生活常识
3.        内容具体化同位语结构
抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle)＋that从句， that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释
4.        名词重复性同位结构
名词，名词（重复前面的名词）＋定从
5.        代词代替性同位结构
名词，one/ones + that 定从

bigpig

29.
(1) 有什么冒号分号解释的题。
(2) 某某who 一堆修饰都是作为什么什么职业左后一个是作家，然后说了xx times magazine, she made them//Making 记不清了总之看清句子主干是王道
(3) 还有一个NONE OF people 接触到firewood之类…,选项是neither would …/ so they would

＊标点符号：看见分号，记得去前后找完整的句子结构； 看见逗号，注意连词，注意逗号前后的句子之间的关系：并列？转折？让步？分词修饰？从句？

bigpig

30. (1) 第一题是学者发现（谓语动词是过去时）……，基于1990年一个规定还不是什么的，然后一个长划线if…谓语一般现在时…，…将来时…下面选项主要是在时态上有出入，还有词序和代词it、 those什么的

(2) 其他题只记得考点了：考到了 so that，

(3)考到了对比，划线部分是最后，记得选项里面有the number of those ……

回忆此预发点：so that以及经常用来比较的so as to

以og12－039为例

In 1527 King Henry VIII sought to have his marriage to Queen Catherine annulled so as to marry Anne Boleyn.

(A) so as to marry
用法不当
详细看右面

(B) and so could be married to
so在此有非常强烈的因果关系，表明结束了去QC的婚姻必然产生和Anne结婚的结果。这个是不正确的。对比D选项看，could一词表达了可能或许的意思，更合适。

(C) to be married to
主动大于被动

(D) so that he could marry
正确

(E) in order that he would marry

＊针对A选项：so as to 一定要是能明确表示主语的时候简洁使用，而主语不确定就不能用 so as to 。在此题中，marry是可能有指代不明的嫌疑，可能是King Henry也可能是Queen Catherine。

其次， so as to 是用于简单的主系表结构！！！其次要求逻辑主语始终一致。所谓简单主系表结构，拿一道题目举例：Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the weather. 这题不用so as to首先它不是简单的主系表结构，逻辑的表达显然不如so that清晰。并且前面有2个人名，不是说逻辑主语不一致，而是会显得confusing

以og12－065

In a plan to stop the erosion of East Coast beaches, the Army Corps of Engineers proposed building parallel to shore a breakwater of rocks that would rise six feet above the waterline and act as a buffer, so that it absorbs the energy of crashing waves and protecting the beaches.

(A) act as a buffer, so that it absorbs
平行

(B) act like a buffer so as to absorb
act as是固定搭配＋平行＋so as to～也有表示目的结果的意思，但是表示太笨拙而且与后面不平行

(C) act as a buffer, absorbing

(D) acting as a buffer, absorbing
不平行

(E)
acting like
a buffer, absorb
同上

以prep174为例

Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary

fluctuations in the financial markets.

A. so gradual as to be indistinguishable

B. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishable

C. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished

D. gradual enough not to be distinguishable

E.
gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them

正确答案A

so 之后的gradual的逻辑主语为major economic shifts

as to之后的 be indistinguishable的逻辑主语为major economic shifts

二者一致。所以so as to不仅仅是idiom还是最优的结构，优于so that 句式（c选项)

而且，be able to do 是不能用被动的，can才可以用被动。（白勇语法）

最后来个NN们的总结

＊总结区别so as to和so that的用法

NN1：so as to,和so that的差别, 基本上,so as to动作执行者就是主句中的主词.

NN2：so as to 和so that 的另一重要区别是:so that 中包含了时态,在这种情况下,不能用so as to 代替,在别处也见过这种情况,具体哪里记不清了.反过来,对于so as to ,如果没能表达从句部分正确的动作主体,需要用so that 来代替,表示与主句不同的动作主体进行so that 后面的行为.

找到一些例题来区别：

88.The Emperor Augustus, it appears, commissioned an idealised sculpture portrait, the features of which are （so unrealistic as to constitute ）what one scholar calls an “artificial face.”

(A) so unrealistic as to constitute

(C) so unrealistic that they have constituted

136.Although schistosomiasis is not often fatal, （it is so debilitating that it has become an economic） drain on many developing countries.

(A) it is so debilitating that it has become an economic

(C)
so debilitating is it as to become an economic

NN： so...as to是固定搭配，通常中间不加入主语成分eg. it is or is it,　这儿我觉得如果１３６变成so debilitating as to become an economic肯定是优选选项（在不考虑整个句子的情况下）。

另外：become是瞬间动词，可以用has become可以表示已经完成不再继续, 而constitute是延续动词，用has constitute 也表示完成了的动作不再继续是不是不太好？

NN总结

1. so as to ... = in order to ..., 它后面跟的不是句子, 在它后面部分的逻辑主语本来就在前面. 当然前后一至了.

2. so that ... = so + that 引导的从句, 没有要求过从句和主句的主语一致.

正如你指出, so that 有两重用法:

1) 相当于in order that, 即你所说的表目的. 如: I stopped so that you could catch up.

2) 相当于with the result or consequence that, 即你所说的表结果.

至于是表目的还是表结果,没有助动词,几乎一定表结果. 但有助动词时, 要根据句子意思来决定.助动词或情态动词不是判断的依据.例如:

I was just careless so that you could win this time. (我不过是大意了, 所以这次你才能赢的.)

bigpig

31.        预发: 考了很多比较;such as & so as; with用法，想不起来了。。。。俺预发不行
这几个点上面都提到过了啊，with在22题，such as在4题