xiongbaobao

GWD-13-Q5*:
Vorland’s government is planning a nationwide ban on smoking in restaurants.  The objection that the ban would reduce restaurants’ revenues is ill founded.  Several towns in Vorland enacted restaurant smoking restrictions five years ago.  Since then, the amount the government collects in restaurant meal taxes in those towns has increased 34 percent, on average, but only 26 percent elsewhere in Vorland.  The amount collected in restaurant meal taxes closely reflects restaurants’ revenues.

Which of the following, if true, most undermines the defense of the government’s plan?

A.        When the state first imposed a restaurant meal tax, opponents predicted that restaurants’ revenues would decline as a result, a prediction that proved to be correct in the short term.
B.        The tax on meals in restaurants is higher than the tax on many other goods and services.
C.        Over the last five years, smoking has steadily declined throughout Vorland.
D.        In many of the towns that restrict smoking in restaurants, restaurants can maintain separate dining areas where smoking is permitted.这里weaken的不是结果，而是证据与结果间的因果关联性
E.        Over the last five years, government revenues from sales taxes have grown no faster in the towns with restaurant smoking restrictions than in the towns that have no such restrictions.
原文推理：禁止在饭店吸烟——》预期饭店收入会减少——》事实上饭店餐税增加（收入增加）——》禁止在饭店吸烟不会降低饭店收入
D说：在大多数的地方的饭店可以维持吸烟，因此饭店收入增加和禁止吸烟不能形成有效的因果关系（削弱）
同意D。
1。结论：禁烟对。证据：自从五年前部分镇禁烟后，restaurants收入增长大于没禁烟的镇（meal taxes 增长，而meal taxes 又closely反映收入的增长）。它隐含的意思是禁烟使收入增长，从而说明禁烟是对的。D说在禁烟的小镇，restaurants仍保留吸烟区，允许吸烟。说明不是禁烟使restaurants的收入增加。WEAKEN原文证据对结论的证明力。
2。E不但错在前面所说的sales taxes 和原文无关（原文是meal taxes ，而且已说meal taxes 准确的反映收入 ），而且原文说的是对restaurants的收入的影响，E说的是镇的税收的变化，原文没有任何信息使人想到这个镇的税收的变化是restaurants导致的还是别的行业导致的。故E不能WEAKEN原文的结论。

xiongbaobao

14
In 1983 Argonia’s currency, the argon, underwent a reduction in value relative to the world’s strongest currencies. This reduction resulted in a significant increase in Argonia’s exports over 1982 levels. In 1987 a similar reduction in the value of the argon led to another increase in Argonia’s exports. Faced with the need to increase exports yet again, Argonia’s finance minister has proposed another reduction in the value of the argon.
本币贬值----出口增加。
重复操作
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the finance minister’s plan will not result in a significant increase in Argonia’s exports next year?
A.        The value of the argon rose sharply last year against the world’s strongest currencies.
B.        In 1988 the argon lost a small amount of its value, and Aronian exports rose slightly in 1989.
C.        The value of Argonia’s exports was lower last year than it was the year before.
D.        All of Argonia’s export products are made by factories that were operating at full capacity last year, and new factories would take years to build.方案不可行。就算想增加也没有能力增加了
E.        Reductions in the value of the argon have almost always led to significant reductions in the amount of goods and services that Argonians purchase from abroad.

xiongbaobao

15.
Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with cystic fibroses, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic. Since the fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis bas an abnormally high salt concentration, scientists hypothesize that in high salt environments the antibiotic becomes ineffective at killing harmful bacteria.
高盐密度导致抗生体不能消灭有害细菌
削弱方法：举反例：没有高盐密度抗生体也不能消灭有害细菌
          抗生体不能消灭有害细菌导致高盐密度
          。。。
Which of the following, if it were obtained as an experimental result, would most decisively undermine the scientists’ hypothesis?
A.        Healthy lungs in which the salt concentration of the airway-surface fluid has been substantially increased are able to reestablish their normal salt concentration within a relatively short period of time.
B.        The antibiotic produced by the lungs is effective at killing harmful bacteria even when salt concentrations are below levels typical of healthy lungs.
C.        The salt concentration of the airway-surface fluid in the lungs of people who suffer from cystic fibrosis tends to return to its former high levels after having been reduced to levels typical of healthy lungs.
D.        The lungs of people who suffer from cystic fibrosis are unable to fight off harmful bacteria even when the salt concentration is reduced to levels typical of healthy lungs.
E.        The salt concentration in the airway-surface fluid of people whose lungs produce lower-than-average amounts of the antibiotic is generally much lower than that typical of healthy lungs.

xiongbaobao

GWD29-Q9:
Manatees, aquatic mammals inhabiting Florida’s rivers and coastal waters, swim close to the surface and are frequently killed in collisions with boats.  To address the problem, boat traffic in manatee-populated waters is being required to maintain very low speeds.  Unfortunately, manatees are unable to hear low-pitched sounds and a boat’s sound lowers in pitch as the boat slows.  Therefore, this approach may in fact make things worse rather than better.

Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the conclusion?

A.        The areas where boats would have to maintain low speeds were decided partly on the basis of manatee-population estimates and partly from numbers of reported collisions between manatees and boats.
B.        Because the water hyacinth that manatees feed on grows best in water that is nearly still, water hyacinth beds can be disturbed or damaged by fast-moving boat traffic.
C.        Over the last several decades, boat traffic in Florida’s coastal waters has been increasing almost continuously and now represents the greatest threat to the endangered manatee population.
D.        The sound of a boat engine generally travels much further under water than it does through the air.
E.        When experimenters exposed manatees to the recorded sounds of boats moving at various speeds, the creatures were unable to discern the sounds over normal background noise.

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T-4-Q21粗心
The OLEX Petroleum Company has recently determined that it could cut its refining costs by closing its Grenville refinery and consolidating all refining at its Tasberg refinery. Closing the Grenville refinery, however, would mean the immediate loss of about 1,2000 jobs in the Grenville area. Eventually the lives of more than 10,000 people would be seriously disrupted. Therefore, OLEX’s decision, announced yesterday, to keep Grenville open shows that at OLEX social concerns sometimes outweigh the desire for higher profits.
又是成本收益
要证明OLEX决定不关G是出于利润的考虑而不是社会责任
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument given?
A.        The Grenville refinery, although it operates at a higher cost than the Tasberg refinery, has nevertheless been moderately profitable for many years.这里如果是significant就对了
B.        Even though OLEX could consolidate all its refining at the Tasberg plant, doing so at the Grenville plant would not be feasible.
C.        The Tasberg refinery is more favorably situated than the Grenville refinery with respect to the major supply routes for raw petroleum.
D.        If the Grenville refinery were ever closed and operations at the Tasberg refinery expanded, job openings at Tasberg would to the extent possible be filled with people formerly employed at Grenville.
E.        Closure of the Grenville refinery would mean compliance, at enormous cost, with demanding local codes regulating the cleanup of abandoned industrial sites.关闭后成本反而大