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In today’s fast-paced world, employers benefit more from the energy and new ideas of younger employees than from the experience and wisdom of older employees
Younger employee
learning from elders precedes intellectual innovations  empirical evidence，

新人适应新的社会， 带来新的idea， innovation

History helps us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain issue. Help avoid repeating mistake,

随着社会的发展， 今天和过去的问题可能不同， 但是人类的发展是consecutive的 我们可以从历史和现实中找到一定的联系和类比

87T "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." 87． 在调查咨询领域，新手比专家更可能有重大发现
①        Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, while experienced experts tend to be more conservative. Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame。如：DNA螺旋结构的发现者Watson, Crick. Figure out the structure of DNA American biologist who with Francis Crick proposed a spiral model, the double helix, for the molecular structure of DNA. He shared a 1962 Nobel Prize for advances in the study of genetics.
②        特殊问题上，若与大众意见不一致时，新手更有可能站出来。A-day-old puppy doesn't know to be afraid of the tiger。
③        老手有更多经验。如：对隐私(intimate)、敏感(sensitive)问题的处理。

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With the consideration of national security，government has the access to their citizens' library checkout records and Internet Activity history



“Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.”
The relationship between Teamwork and individual commitment is complex, depends on 1, the goal toward which the traits are directed 2, the job of individual with an organization

Team work 重要：
the energy of an individual is, to some extent, limited. A good example may be found in the case that the successful run of a company. As we all know that, in the most cases, if one wants to run a company, he will need to get many people to form a team to fulfill as much task as possible. So a company may be divided into different departments to function various works, such as Marketing, Production, Finance, and so forth. Although there are some person with the most commitment and energy, under this the circumstance talked above, it is obvious that it is impossible for the strong individual to perform all of the works. As a result, businesses and other organizations have emphasized the crucial roles a team plays.
in a team, we can create more good ideas than an individual can. There is an old Chinese saying that:" the wisdom of three common people is greater than that of a cleaver one." To illustrate, we all know that there is no two leaves which is in the same condition, so does the backgrounds of the different people. Since differing in their backgrounds, different people may have different ideas towards the same thing. Consequently, the more people involved in a team, the more ideas we will have, which is the power of a team that of an individual could not compare with.

It is true that innovation is often achieved by a single person,

Seminar prevailing communication inspires new ideas that seminars are popular and well performed

an innovative idea from a sole aspect is not enough to run an innovative business.

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让步：
team work – free rider

admittedly, a successful team requires both natural leaders and natural followers. Otherwise, a team will accomplish little. Individual autonomy is not under mined

in sum, individual strength, commitment and energy can complement a strong team approach. As long as individual autonomy is not undermined, all can operate in a synergistic manner to achieve an organization’s goals

“Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”
学习arts 和 humanities的好处
Help student become better mathematicians and sceientists.

Helps inspire our own creativity and intellectual questioning , this is particular important in a are dominated by technology and science

Moreover, a balanced education contributes to great discoveries in science and technology. Researches have long shown the connection between cognitive skills and the function of human brain. A well balanced development of both hemispheres is able to benefit one’s ability to excel in both arts and sciences. Examples abound in famous scientists who are also skilled artists. Einstein, for instance, used to play violin to stimulate his inspirations in physics. In addition, recent researches also indicate that the reason for Einstein to achieve unparallellable unparalleled success in the field of physics is that he read many important books on philosophy when he was young. As a result, this master of physics was able to think about abstract issues concerning time and space from an innovative perspective.

Technology is valuable as an effective means to our important goals. But neither technology , nor the science on which it is founded, decides which goals are best, or judeges the moral value of the means we choose for their arraignment.

Finally, we should bear in mind that an indispensable function of education is to nurish nourish the soul. Although science and technology have brought to our life convenience and more free time to enjoy ourselves, they are just tools for most people. Many of us can operate home and office appliances, yet mere operation does not create a fulfilled mind. Conversely, arts and humanities teach us how to think, how to read, how to appreciate, how to communicate with others and how to express ourselves, all of which are important skills in modern society. From paper to computer screen, advances in technology facilitate the communication of ideas, but they can never replace ideas.
In conclusion, although science and technology are playing an increasingly important role in our society, we should not simply assign more weight to the education of science and technology. Rather we should emphasize on a balanced education of arts and humanities both for the good of the society and for the good of individual researchers.

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"The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity. People everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, and regional difference are rapidly disappearing." "Homogeneity:  sameness, similarity."
Agree multinational corporations are indeed creating global sameness in consumer preference,

1、全球一体化并不是由于跨国公司的兴起而导致的，因果倒置，事实上是由于经济的发展，分工的细致(detailed assignment)，合作的扩大(expansion of cooperation)而导致全球一体化进程，进而才有了适应全球一体化的跨国公司的产生

这两个词最好用并列的形式，detailed assignment and expanded cooperation

2、所有地方的人们都开始需要同样的服务和产品---这是不正确的，

   2.1 在某些行业，确实存在着标准化服务和生产(standarized service and manufacturing)，但更多的公司选择了本土化和多样化(localization and diversity)；例如，四大、GE、IBM KFC在中国推出了老北京鸡肉卷 (Traditional Beijing Chicken Roll)（我饿了...汗！）...来讨好中国人的胃please 。ETC.、

manafacturing也可以用product...和service比较呼应，不过无所谓
use strategies of localization of both the management and the staff.
   2.2 从人的心理分析来说，同样标准的生产和服务固然可以保证质量，但有差别的特殊服务和特殊设计更能满足人们的独占心理(不知怎么翻)。千篇一律(不知怎么翻)的产品和服务不能产生高利润，相反，量身定做的产品更受欢迎，可以举DELL的例子啊...(我孤陋寡闻,能否具体描绘一下这个例子）

the desire of exclusionism

all-same/sameness/uniformity/homogeneity...还有一系列homo-开头的词

DELL之所以著名，就因为1、直销的营销手段；2、量身定做，客户可以根据需要自己指定电脑的配置。

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3、地区差异依然存在...非洲人还有很多穿着草鞋，美国人也依然吃不惯臭豆腐，地区差异随着全球一体化进程而有所减少，但并没有消失，更谈不上迅速消失...
Thesis sentence:
View1: the development of multinational corporations does enhance global unity by bringing the same methods of business administration as well as products and services throughout the world.
Evidence: western fast food bring by global chain express such us McDonald’sand KFC have change our diet habits a lot
View2: however, the effect of multinational corporations is far from eliminating regional deference. The corporations itself is blend in the regional features.
Evidence: Lay’s, one of the most successful multinational food manufacturers, add some flavor of traditional Asian dishes to its potato chips in order to attract foreign customers.  
The phenomenon that blue jeans or some other fashions have become international indicates the trend towards world culture homogeneity.

“The most effective business leaders are those who maintain the highest ethical standards.”
a leader should possess a high level of ethnical and moral standards, yet not the highest

首先，高尚的道德和伦理标准可以使领导者赢得人民的信任和对手的尊重。其次，moral regulations in his mind 防止leaders abuse their authorities and also the corruptions.

a leader is not a moralist, 他也有人性的一面，他的行为未必是完美的，但是这并不代表他不能成为一个成功的领导者。（Clinton's sex scandal &the marital discretions of President Kennedy)
4 一个成功的领导者还应该具备其它方面的特征（special knowledge, insight, management ability, creativity and so forth可以举Bill Gates 创造微软神话的例子）

bigcrab

When asked about what qualities constitute an effective business leader, different people may give different opinions. Initiative, vision, resolution, and courage can all be considered characters essential for a good leader. However, whether business leaders should maintain the highest ethical standards has always been a controversial issue. While I agree that business leaders should keep a proper ethical level, I believe that maintaining the highest ethical standards is not a prerequisite for successful leadership.
First of all, there is technically no uniform standard of ethics for the business leader to follow. In fact, usually leaders are willing to sustain an ethical image in order to win trust of employees and to establish reputation for the company. Unfortunately, ethical standard is such an intricate issue that it seems too hard to find a consistent and widely received one. In a vegetarian's view, eating animal meat is unethical; in the eyes of a Chinese customer, living separately from one's parents can also be ethical. Does that mean that a business leader should abstain from eating meat and move into his or her parents' house so that he or she can conform to the highest standards? Since an ocean of cultural perspectives exist in this highly diversified world, just paying attention to these requirements can seriously distract a leader from real work, not to mention practicing them.  
Meanwhile, even a business leader fails to keep to the highest moral standards, whether in personal life or at work, he or she can still be a good leader who provides exhilarating reports for shareholders, satisfactory paychecks for employees, as well as high-quality products for customers. To be an effective leader, as we known, one should possess wisdom, competence, enlightenment, tolerance, shrewd, prowess, resolution and so on. so violations of certain moral standards in personal life may not prevent a business leader from making effective business decisions. Generally speaking, one’s private life rarely interferes with work. While in business, leaders sometimes even have to consciously act against the highest ethical standards in order to benefit the company. For example,

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（special knowledge, insight, management ability, creativity and so forth可以举Bill Gates 创造微软神话的例子）
Admittedly, however, companies that maintain a high standard of ethic values and perform ethically can find it advantagerous to do so. By being responsible for the good of their customers, actively participating in the comunity, and making generous donations to those in need, companies can establish a good image in the society and therefore attact loyal customers. Nevertheless, keeping an appropriate level of ethics is far different from maintaining the highest standards.

The most experienced candidate is usually the best candidate for the leadership position

Is the candidates with most experience the best candidates for the position of leadership? Differenct people hold different view due to their respective angles. On the one hand, as is well known and has always been advocated that the more experience the candidate has, the better leadership skill he may possess. On the other hand, others insist that leadership is not totally based on experience. In my view, whether a candidate is a best candidate for the position of leadership does not rely on the experience he has.

First, the important reason of my view is that experience cannot guarantee the leadership skill. A good example can be found in the case of Bain Company, during the recent recruitment for the position of a team leader, two candidates were remained in the final round of interview. One was graduated from college two years ago with good academic background and good interpersonal skill. Another candidate has 7 years working experience but has got little achievement in the field of his work. Obviously, the Bain company recruited the former one who is of greater potential, although the latter one may have greater experience.2 N  f, A; u! R- M

In addition, there is another reason for me to choose the claim that candidate with most experience is the best candidates for the position of leadership to be wrong. The reason is not far to seek. For instance, Colgate Company would like to recruit a leader in the marketing department, the requirement is that the candidate should not have any previous working experience. Because each company has its own culture, the Colgate would like to cultivate a future leader without any previous experience which might influence his future work. There is no better example than this to illustrate that in some circumstance, the candidate with most experience is not suitable for the position of leadership.

Admittedly, experienced candidate may more skilful and have more practical experience. Consequently, they appear to be calmer when facing challenge situations. However, this alone cannot constitute a support that the candidates with most experience is the best candidates for the position of leadership. When the strength and weakness of the two candidates carefully compared, the conclusion is obvious.

In conclusion, I advocate that the candidates with most experience is not the best candidates for the position of leadership. Because different company has different criteria for its talent and experience cannot guarantee good leadership skill. Due to the above-mentioned reasons, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive, we may safely come to the conclusion that the candidates with most experience is not certainly the best candidates for the position of leadership

bigcrab

“Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, not to government.”
Introduce the conflict between political and economic interest, for this reason, also because serious environmental problems are generally large in scale, government participation is need to ensure environmental preservation,
The chief reason has to do with the nature of the individuals, who, left to their own device, will act according to their own short-time motivates and self- interest.Overconsumption by industry , they know the resources to be finite when alternative are at hand, demonstrate that self-interest extend to the use of environmental resource as well, only government holds the regulatory and enforcement power to impose the necessary standards and to ensure we achieve such goals.
Performance achieved by a sole individual is , to a large degree, limited to its ability,  
environment protection, like energy conservation and Internet regulation, is in its nature a national or even a global issue, for one’s behavior influences not only his or her own utility, but also utilities of other people.
Admittedly, no one can deny individual’s indispensible role in environment preservation. The speaker, however, offers an either-or choice between government and individual responsibility in protecting environment; and he prefers the second choice, and fails to rule out possibility that adjusting these two choices in a middle ground might produce better results.

bigcrab

“People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”since people tend to respect and trust a leader who is able to do tasks he or she ask others to perform.
Despite the above merit, however, I cannot agree with the author as the claim that ability to perform specific task as the only criterion of leadership. While hard skills such as experience and professional ability are important, soft skills such as communication and smart insight also play a vital part in leading a business.

The prerequisite of becoming a good leader is to gain followers' trust. By displaying the ability to carry out his or her followers' tasks is the most effective way to achieve that goal. Furthermore, in the process, the leader can gain a new prospective of strength and weakness of his team and therefore, help him make better decisions in the future.
In the first place, the reason why I agree with the opinion is that trust between a leader and his followers is vital to the success of the overall operation. Without trust, a leader's vision and commands are unlikely to be carried out. Hence, a failure in leadership resulted from lacking hands-on experience can create a disastrous consequence. For instance, the result outing of Michael Brown, the director of FEMA serves as a good example. Michael Brown, a career lawyer and politician, lacks the fundamental administrative and coordinative skills that are required during emergency relief operations. In the aftermath of Katrina Hurricane, Michael Brown was simply unable to organize effective and responsive relief efforts. His incompetence sent a wrong message to his fellow admistrators. Not believing Michael Brown can oversee the relief campaign, his followers lost trust in him and refused to follow his commands. Hence, the situation in New Orleans became worse a few days after hurricane landed. Given the example above, it is obvious that a leader must earn his followers' trust by demonstrating he is at par in their skills.
In the second place, much evidence has shown that carrying out the same task as followers do, a leader will have a better understanding of the human resources he has in hands. Thus, the future plan can be tailored based on the strength of these resources. One of the counter examples is to have someone who does not have any engineering background to lead an engineering team. This case is more often proven to be a catastrophe than success. Imagine a leader who does not understand the pros and cons of engineering. Therefore, he does not have an accurate view of his team's strength and leads the team in the direction based on his assumption and belief not on the pragmatism. He is doubtful to deliver the promised service in time. Hence, another equally important aspect is that performing the same jobs as people to gain practical experience.

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“Because of recent advancements in business and technology, the overall quality of life in most societies has never been better than at the present time.” Digital technology has spawned great advances in medicine and physics, help us to better understand the world, to enhance our health, and to prolong our lives. Perhaps most important, however, information technology makes possible universal access to information, thereby providing a democratizing influence on our curlture.
I have become connected with quite a number of people via email, including old friends with whom I fallen out of the habit of writing regular letters but with whom I now correspond regularly because of the ease with which email can be sent and delivered. Connect people with common interest
We can even mix a little work into our leisure time by taking our laptops and cell phones on vacation. This way, we can stay one step ahead in project at work, anticipating deadlines and staying in touch with co-workers and important clients. Moreover, leisure time has itself been enhanced by business and technology. Never before have we had so many diversions available, or so many leisure- and entertainment related businesses vying for our attention, we can obtain everything from airline tickets to a language course and holiday wardrobe via the internet, in the convenience of our home.
Some one may argue that internet breeds information overload and steal our time and attentions away from family community , also some machines calculator, make people so lazy, and less skilful to   think by them self, it is true in some case, but with wisely useage , the convenience brought by such automated machine can overweight their disadvantages.