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GWD-8-Q3:
In the late 1980’s, the population of sea otters in the North Pacific Ocean began to decline. Of the two plausible explanations for the decline—increased predation by killer whales or disease—disease is the more likely. After all, a concurrent sharp decline in the populations of seals and sea lions was almost certainly caused by a pollution-related disease, which could have spread to sea otters, whereas the population of killer whales did not change noticeably.
不是killer whales而是disease减少了Sea Otters的数量。
因为其他动物减少也是因为disease然后传给SO
Killer whale数量不变。
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the reasoning?
像这样的说一件事情可以有两种情况导致。文章中说是A而不是B导致。削弱可以提供原因说是B导致，或者提供其他同类事情证明是B导致，或者提供其他同类事情证明不是A导致（同音异果削弱）
A. Killer whales in the North Pacific usually prey on seals and sea lions but will, when this food source is scarce, seek out other prey.（因为海狮海豹受污染引起的疾病影响大量死去，所以killer whale就来捕食海獭造成其数量减少。）
B. There is no indication that substantial numbers of sea otters migrated to other locations from the North Pacific in the 1980’s.假设
C. Along the Pacific coast of North America in the 1980’s, sea otters were absent from many locations where they had been relatively common in former times. 证明事实正确
D. Following the decline in the population of the sea otters, there was an increase in the population of sea urchins, which are sea otters’ main food source. 无关
E. The North Pacific populations of seals and sea lions cover a wider geographic area than does the population of sea otters.[A]无关

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GWD-9-Q8:
Many large department stores in Montalia now provide shopping carts for their customers. Since customers using shopping carts tend to buy more than those without shopping carts, most of these stores are experiencing strong sales growth, while most other department stores are not. Therefore, in order to boost sales, managers of Jerrod’s, Montalia’s premier department store, are planning to purchase shopping carts and make them available to the store’s customers next month.
普遍现象：Cart多与消费者买得多同时发生，
M效仿为获得更多销售
Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt whether the managers’ plan, if implemented, will achieve its goal? 措施有效性。削弱，就是M迈Carts不能增加销售

A. Since most customers associate shopping carts with low-quality discount stores, Jerrod’s high-quality image would likely suffer if shopping carts were introduced.
B. Because the unemployment rate has declined to very low levels, Jerrod’s now has to pay significantly higher wages in order to retain its staff.
C. A number of department stores that did not make shopping carts available to their customers have had to close recently due to falling profits.无关
D. Shopping carts are not very expensive, but they generally need to be replaced every few years.
E. Stores that make shopping carts available to their customers usually have to hire people to retrieve the carts from parking areas.[A]
DE与文中的strong sales growth不符。Strong说明这些Sales Growth能弥补因多购买carts带来的成本。
理解答案A，关键透彻理解A的两层意思：1.J原来给人的印象是HIGH-QUALITY。2.SHOPPING CART给人的印象是low-quality.这两者的矛盾让人合理的想到引进shopping cart会使J的顾客去J的购买欲望受损，从而影响sales，即WEAKEN结论
E错在它只影响利润，结论讲的是SALE。无关

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GWD-9-Q28**:
Editorial in Krenlandian Newspaper:

Krenland’s steelmakers are losing domestic sales because of lower-priced imports, in many cases because foreign governments subsidize their steel industries in ways that are banned by international treaties. But whatever the cause, the cost is ultimately going to be jobs in Krenland’s steel industry. Therefore, it would protect not only steel companies but also industrial employment in Krenland if our government took measures to reduce cheap steel imports.
减少廉价钢材进口----保护钢材公司以及行业就业。
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial’s argument?

A. Because steel from Krenland is rarely competitive in international markets, only a very small portion of Krenlandian steelmakers’ revenue comes from exports.（无关）
B. The international treaties that some governments are violating by giving subsidies tosteelmakers do not specify any penalties for such violations.（无关）
C. For many Krenlandian manufacturers who face severe international competition in both domestic and export markets, steel constitutes a significant part of their raw material costs.（产业链成本控制：因为进口的钢材廉价，如果禁止，原料成本上升，加剧K国生产商面临的竞争）排除法也可
D. Because of advances in order-taking, shipping, and inventory systems, the cost of shipping steel from foreign producers to Krenland has fallen considerably in recent years. （无关）
E. Wages paid to workers in the steel industry in Krenland differ significantly from wages paid to workers in many of the countries that export steel to Krenland.[C] （无关）
原文推理：因为低价的进口钢原材挤掉了K地钢原材生产商的市场，使K地钢铁业失业增多。所以如果政府减少低价钢原材进口，就可减少失业。
C说K地钢原材价格构成了钢材加工品价格的主要部分。在这情况下，如果限制低价钢原材进口，就等于提高钢加工品价格，使钢材加工品竞争力减少，导致更多的失业。从而WEAKEN结论。

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GWD-10-Q40:
Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increases in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and begin raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?

A. The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several years and is expected to continue to climb. （无关）
B. Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops. 因为开发了价廉高效的农药。棉花的产量会上升，价格就会降低
C. In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and for goods made out of cotton. （无关）
D. Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than they are now paying. （取非不直接支持论点，消费者不一定要付很高价钱才是棉农获很大的利润，而且这里讲的是棉花，原料，而不是棉花制成的产品）
E. The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack soybean plants.（无关）
D错在：目前的COTTON价格已经能让棉农能增加他们的收入，目标已能达到。D表达的是人们不愿付比现在高的价格，对目前的价格并不排斥。所以棉农增加收入的目标还是能达到。WEAKEN不了结论。
B：a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide 可以effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops，削弱了原文的evidence，从而削弱原文的结论。

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GWD-11-Q27:
Mayor:  Migrating shorebirds stop at our beach just to feed on horseshoe-crab eggs, a phenomenon that attracts tourists.  To bring more tourists, the town council plans to undertake a beach reclamation project to double the area available to crabs for nesting.

Birdwatcher:  Without a high density of crabs on a beach, migrating shorebirds will go hungry because shorebirds only eat eggs that a crab happens to uncover when it is digging its own nest.

Which of the following, if true, would provide the mayor with the strongest counter to the birdwatcher’s objection?

A.        Every year a certain percentage of crabs are caught by fishermen as bait for eel traps.
B.        Horseshoe crabs are so prolific that given favorable circumstances也就是说这种蟹只要给够大的空间他就能迅速繁殖。也就不存在Birdwatcher反对前面一个人的假设。 their numbers increase rapidly. 方案可行性
C.        On average, tourists who come to the town in order to watch birds spend more money there than tourists who come for other purposes.
D.        The additional land made available by the reclamation project will give migrating shorebirds more space.
E.        Some of the migrating shorebirds make only one stop during their migration form South America to Canada.

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GWD-11-Q38:
Unprecedented industrial growth in the country of Remo has created serious environmental problems because factories there lack adequate pollution-control systems.  Remo is developing a clean growth plan that includes environmental regulations that will require the installation of such systems.  Since no companies in Remo currently produce pollution-control systems, the plan, if implemented, will create significant opportunities for foreign exporters to market pollution-control systems.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.        The clean growth plan will provide tax incentives for local businesses to develop and manufacture pollution-control devices. 这样一来外国出口商的机会就不那么大了。程度削弱
B.        Foreign exporters would provide factory-trained technicians to maintain the pollution-control systems sold to Remo.
C.        Industrial lobbyists sponsored by local businesses in Remo are trying to prevent the implementation of the government regulations.
D.        The regulations that Remo plans to implement are much less strict than those in neighboring nations.
E.        Pollution in Remo has caused serious health problems for workers, contributing to a significant increase in the number of workdays lost to illness.
A为答案。该题其他易排除，AC易混。C错在原文的结论是建立在 if implemented上，如果还没有 implemented，则不是该结论所要说的。C说的就是没 implemented的事。A说虽然地方没生产这系统的，但税收机制会促使他们去生产，故WEAKEN原文结论的create significant opportunities for foreign exporters 。

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GWD-11-Q41:
Charcoal from a hearth site in Colorado, 2,000 miles south of Alaska, is known to be 11,200 years old.  Researchers reasoned that, since glaciers prevented human migration south from the Alaska-Siberia land bridge between 18,000 and 11,000 years ago, humans must have come to the Americas more than 18,000 years ago.

Which of the following pieces of new evidence would cast doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

A.        Using new radiocarbon dating techniques, it was determined that the charcoal from the Colorado site was at least 11,400 years old.
B.        Another campsite was found in New Mexico with remains dated at 16,000 years old.
C.        A computer simulation of glacial activity showed that it would already have been impossible for humans to travel south overland from Alaska 18,500 years ago.
D.        Using new radiocarbon dating techniques, it was proved that an ice-free corridor allowed passage south from the Alaska-Siberia land bridge at least 11,400 years ago.
E.        Studies of various other hunting-gathering populations showed convincingly that, once the glaciers allowed passage, humans could have migrated from Alaska to Colorado in about 20 years.
这是WEAKEN题。原文的推理是：木炭是11200年前的（即11200年前由人类活动），而在11000和18000年前之间，冰川在人阻止人类迁到北美。所以人类是在18000年前到达的。其前提是在11000和18000之间，人类无法通过其它途径到达北美。D提出了另外的途径。所以WEAKNE结论。
B错在时间不是campsite的时间，而是REMAINS的时间，这个remains的时间并不代表有人类活动的时间。比如这个remains是什麽更早的古物，是人类从别的地方带来的。所以它的时间不代表人类在北美活动的时间。B错也并不是因为New Mexico无关。B想混淆大家的是：在11000和18000这段时间里，new mexico 也有人住。（因为new mexico 在 colorado的南面，ETS想误导大家16000年时有人通过Alaska-Siberia land bridge）但B并不能weaken原推论。因为即使new mexico 16000有人住，这些人也可能是在18000之前就通过Alaska-Siberia land bridge 搬过来的。
E 人类迁移时间和原文无关。原文只是说11000到18000期间通道都被冰川冰冻，并没说期间有多久解冻，人类可通过

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GWD-12-Q2:简单
Scientists are discussing ways to remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by increasing the amount that is absorbed by plant life.  One plan to accomplish this is to establish giant floating seaweed farms in the oceans.  When the seaweed plants die, they will be disposed of by being burned for fuel.

Which of the following, if true, would indicate the most serious weakness in the plan above?

A.        Some areas of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere do not contain sufficient nutrients to support large seaweed farms.
B.        When a seaweed plant is burned, it releases an amount of carbon dioxide comparable to the amount it has absorbed in its lifetime.
C.        Even if seaweed farms prove effective, some people will be reluctant to switch to this new fuel.
D.        Each year about seven billion tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere but only about five billion tons are absorbed by plant life.
E.        Seaweed farms would make more money by farming seaweed to sell as nutritional supplements than by farming seaweed to sell as fuel.

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GWD-12-Q15:
FastMart, a convenience store chain, is planning to add pancake syrup to the items it sells.  FastMart stores do not have shelf space to stock more than one variety of syrup.  Surveys of FastMart customers indicate that one-fourth of them prefer low-calorie syrup, while three-fourths prefer regular syrup.  Since FastMart’s highest priority is to maximize sales, the obvious strategy for it is to stock regular syrup.
找stock regular syrup不能maximize sales的
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A:        People buying pancake syrup at convenience stores, unlike those buying it at supermarkets, generally buy it only a few times.
B.        People who prefer low-calorie syrup generally use about the same amount of syrup on their pancakes as those who prefer regular syrup.
C.        Regular syrup does not sell for a higher price per unit than low-calorie syrup.
D.        In general, customers who prefer regular syrup will buy low-calorie syrup if regular is unavailable, but those who prefer low-calorie will not buy regular syrup. (在没有自己要的syrup时，喜欢regular的会退而求其次，喜欢low-c的就不买了)
E.        Sales of syrup are not expected to account for a large proportion of total dollar sales at the average FastMart store.
regular syrup=3/4 customer
low calorie syrup= 100% customer

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GWD-12-Q16:
Certain genetically modified strains品种 of maize玉米 produce a natural insecticide that protects against maize-eating insects.  The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen.  Maize pollen is dispersed by the wind and often blows onto milkweed plants that grow near maize fields.  Caterpillars of monarch butterflies feed exclusively on milkweed leaves.  When, in experiments, these caterpillars were fed milkweed leaves dusted with pollen from modified maize plants, they died.  Therefore, use of the modified maize inadvertently imperils monarch butterflies.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
吃milkweed上玉米花粉导致蝴蝶幼虫死亡。
A.        Per unit of volume, the natural insecticide produced by the genetically modified maize plants is less toxic to insects than are many commercial insecticides commonly used on maize plants.
B.        Standard weed-control practices that have been used by farmers for decades have largely eliminated milkweed plants from certain areas where monarch-butterfly caterpillars were once common.
C.        The experiments showed that the caterpillars were not harmed by contact with the pollen from the genetically modified plants unless they ingested it.
D.        The maize-eating insects that the natural insecticide protects against do not feed on the pollen of the maize plant.结论的特殊性这里讨论蝴蝶。
E.        Airborne maize pollen tends to collect on the middle leaves of milkweed plants and monarch caterpillars feed only on the plant’s tender upper leaves.