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（4）同一句话中相同代词必须指代相同的事物  （they, them, their算相同代词）
36－243－12 Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
　　(A) Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.
　　(B) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses.

　　(C) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big businesses.
　　(D) Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.
　　(E) New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

37－297－36 The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.  (A) The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.  (B) Because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse, the rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than the rules are less stringent in local elections than the rules are in national elections.  (C) The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.  (D) Because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse than national elections, the rules that govern local political contributions are less stringent than national contributions.  (E) The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.

  （5）代词不能指代一句话，只能指代特定的主体
38－313－97 More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, but it went unnoticed in the West.
(A) but it went
(B) but it was
(C) although it was
(D) but the discovery went
(E) although the discovery was

39－315－105 Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it was a major cause of the failure of their invasion of Russia.

(A) Under Napoleon the French were not able to organize an adequate supply system, and it

(B) The French being unable to organize an adequate supply system under Napoleon

(C) For the French under Napoleon, to be unable to organize an adequate supply system

(D) The inability of the French under Napoleon to organize an adequate supply system

(E) The French inability under Napoleon of organizing an adequate supply system.

  （6）虽然代词不能指代一句话，但有例外：it作形式主语或形式宾语时，it可指代to do不定式或that引导的从句。用还原法
40－291－10 It is as difficult to prevent crimes against property as those that are against a person.

(A) those that are against a

(B) those against a

(C) it is against a

(D) preventing those against a

(E) it is to prevent those against a
41－294－21 During the 1980s it became clear that soliciting private funds was far more efficient for environmentalists who sought financial aid than to go to stateorfederal agencies.
(A) that soliciting private funds was far more efficient for environmentalists who sought financial aid
(B) that for environmentalists who sought financial aid， it was far more efficient to solicit private funds
(C) that for environmentalists seeking financial aid， private organizations were far more efficient to go to
(D) for environmentalists seeking financial aid， going to private organizations was far more efficient
(E) for environmentalists who sought financial aid， private organizations were far more efficient
42－319－123 The lack of complete historical records from the mid-to-late 1800's have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators.
(A) have made some Black inventions difficult to trace to their originators
(B) have made for difficulties in tracing some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(C) have made it difficult to trace some inventions by Blacks to their originators
(D) has made it difficult to trace some inventions to their Black originators
(E) has made it difficult in tracing some Black inventions to their originators

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（7）代词只能指代中心词，不能指代修饰语
           A’s B , it指代B   |    A of B  代词都能指代
43－250－38 Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings.
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity.
(D) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area.
(E) Sediments from the Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
44－259－73 The British Admiralty and the War Office met in March 1892 to consider a possible Russian attempt to seize Constantinople and how they would have to act militarily to deal with them.
(A) how they would have to act militarily to deal with them
(B) how to deal with them if military action would be necessary
(C) what would be necessary militarily for dealing with such an event
(D) what military action would be necessary in order to deal with such an event
(E) the necessity of what kind of military action in order to take for dealing with it

45－310－84 Even though Bela Bartok’s music has proved less popular than Igor Stravinsky’s and less influential than Arnold Schonberg’s, it is no less important.

(A) Stravinsky’s and less influential than Arnold Schonberg’s, it

(B) Stravinsky's and less influential than Arnold Schonberg's, he

(C) Stravinsky's is and less influential than Arnold Schonberg's is, it

(D) Stravinsky and not as influential as Arnold Schonberg, he

(E) Stravinsky and not as influential as Arnold Schonberg, it

  （8）代词优先指代句子主语
46－295－24 As researchers continue to probe the highly expressive vocal and postural language of wolves, their close resemblance to dogs has become ever more striking.
(A) their close resemblance to dogs has become

(B) the closeness of their resemblance to dogs has become

(C) the close resemblance between them and dogs has become

(D) the close resemblance between wolves and dogs becomes            
(E) the close resemblance of wolves with dogs becomes

47－300－45 Although the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, control of them is necessary only in the South.

(A) the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, control of them is

(B) widely distributed, measures to control the lesser cornstalk borer are

(C) widely distributed, lesser cornstalk borer control is

(D) the lesser cornstalk borer is widely distributed, measures to control it are

(E) it is widely distributed, control of the lesser cornstalk borer is

48－315－104 Although just inside the orbit of Jupiter, amateur astronomers with good telescopes should be able to see the comet within the next few weeks.   (A) Although just inside the orbit of   (B) Although it is just inside the orbit of   (C) Just inside the orbit of   (D) Orbiting just inside   (E) Having orbited just inside

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（9）特指优于泛指
49－256－61 The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks.
(A) that a bank disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(B) a bank to disclose to their customers how long they will delay access to funds from a deposited check
(C) that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks
(D) a bank that it should disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from a depos-ited check
(E) that banks disclose to customers how long access to funds from their deposited check is to be delayed

50－262－86 Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War. Horace Pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left

(A)  Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War

(B)   In spite of his right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War

(C)  Because there had been a sniper's bullet during the First World War that crippled his right hand and arm

(D)  The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War

(E)   His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War

   ＊＊代词的宏观解题原则：把代词改为n. 正确答案的标准
51－279－151 Because the Earth’s crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West.  (A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West  (B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States instead of the West  (C) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern United States than one of the comparable magnitude occurring in the West  (D) in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West  (E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West

52－192－13 When a ton of wheat was being moved from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100, but when the canal was used, it took less than eight days and cost less than $6.

A.    When a ton of wheat was being moved from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100, but when the canal was used, it

B.    Moving a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New York City before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, it took three weeks and cost $100; using the canal, it

C.    Before the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, moving a ton of wheat from Buffalo to New York City took three weeks and cost $100; on the canal the move

D.    In 1825, before opening the Erie Canal, to move a ton of wheat took three weeks from Buffalo to New York City, which cost $100; moving it on the canal

E.     To move a ton of wheat in 1825 from Buffalo to New York City took three weeks before the opening of the Erie Canal, costing $100, but in using the canal, the move

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4.        固定搭配

(1)        require sb. to do
     require that + 虚拟语气 （省略should）
     require of sb. that + 虚拟语气 （省略should）

(2) help (to) do
      help sb. (to) do
      helpful in doing

(3)        begin, depict, regard, perceive, represent, be acclaimed, be prized, think of, see, view 后要加as
      -consider AB

(4)        in that = because      aid in doing

(5)        at pole, at equate, at point,    aim at doing

(6)        try to do 对，  try doing 对，  try and do 错, try that 错

(7)        distinguish A from B    /    distinguish between A and B

(8)        compare A with B 比较－同类事物
     compare A to B 比喻 － 不同类事物 ， 但也可作比较来讲

(9)        believe sth to be       /       believe that + 宾从

(10)         something                some one
        anything                    any one                    adj后置
        nothing                      no one
        things                        ones

(11)                  besides  包括在内
         同类 except     排除在外
     不同类 except for

(12)        encourage sb to do sth     /     encourage sth
       -encourage sth to be done错     －encourage doing错

(13)        食物过敏   food allergies 泛指
                         an allergy to some food 特指

(14)        according to 根据什么
       in accordance with  与...一致／与...吻合

(15)        be estimated to be
       it is estimated that    据估计，两个一样的，可以互换

(16)        control              keep sth. under control
                                be in control of

(17)         prohibit sb. from doing            prohibit sth                      prohibit that     错
        forbid sb. to do                         forbid sth                        forbid that        错

(18)        make sth. sth       /     make sth adj      对
        make sth done  错

(19)              sb to do
         order   sth to be done      对                     order sth 错
                    that + 虚拟语气

(20)         credit sb. with doing
         be credited with doing

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5.        对称性

  （1）形式上的对称    n对n，v对v
           现在分词和过去分词可以对称。doing表主动，done表被动
53－247－25 The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and excited enormous interest whenever they were put on show.
(A) excited (B) it excited (C) exciting (D) would excite (E) it had excited

54－282－162 Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

(A) extending
(B) extends
(C) extended
(D) it extended
(E) is extending

          a－省略：前后两分句都时不定式时，后半个分句的to可以省略
                           to do A rather than do B
                           前后两分句都有be时，后半个分句的be可以省略
                           （一般把to，be省略的都时正确答案）
55－255－55 A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance.
(A) had elected early retirement rather than face
(B) had elected early retirement instead of facing
(C) have elected retiring early instead of facing
(D) have elected to retire early rather than facing
(E) have elected to retire early rather than face
56－275－138 Judge Bonham denied a motion to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to a hotel.
(A) to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of to confine them to
(B) that would have allowed members of the jury to go home at the end of each day instead of confined to
(C) under which members of the jury are allowed to go home at the end of each day instead of confining them in
(D) that would allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than confinement in
(E) to allow members of the jury to go home at the end of each day rather than be confined to

57－284－170 Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be published. the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be  (A) the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches to be measured and that the results be  
(B) that seawater at popular beaches should be measured for their levels of bacteria, with the results being
(C) the measure of levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches and the results to be
(D) seawater measured at popular beaches for levels of bacteria, with their results
(E) that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results

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b－平行对称，分句1，分句2，分句3，and分句4。
            －肯定句用and，选择或否定（有且只有no，not）用or
58－303－55 The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word “natural” to foods that do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or nothing that has been synthesized.

(A) or nothing that has been

(B) or that has been

(C) and nothing that is

(D) or anything that has been

(E) and anything

                两个程度不同的词只能用or连接。
59－249－32  Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were constructed in violation of the city’s building code.
(A) Some buildings that were destroyed and heavily damaged in the earthquake last year were
(B) Some buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earthquake last year had been
(C) Some buildings that the earthquake destroyed and heavily damaged last year have been
(D) Last year the earthquake destroyed or heavily damaged some buildings that have been
(E) Last year some of the buildings that were destroyed or heavily damaged in the earth quake had been

            － 省略结构
                to do A, to do B, and to do C.  ----->   to do A, do B, and do C.
                can do A, can do B and can do C. ----->  can do A, do B, and do C
60－277－143 Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account requirements in writing, provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts to carry minimal fees and require minimal initial deposits.
(A) provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts to carry
(B) provide free cashing of government checks, and creating basic savings accounts carrying
(C) to provide free cashing of government checks, and creating basic savings accounts that carry
(D) to provide free cashing of government checks, creating basic savings accounts to carry
(E) to provide free cashing of government checks, and to create basic savings accounts that carry

61－112－18 It is an oversimplified view of cattle raising to say that all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to drive them to market when the time is ripe.

(A) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and to

(B) all one has to do with cattle is to leave them alone to feed themselves, to corral them, and

(C) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves and then corral them and
(D) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and  (E) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is to leave them alone while they feed themselves, to corral them, and

            －反着考，句1，句2，and句3 错    句1，and句2，and句3  对
62－290－5 Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography and in a style that varies from woman to woman and house to house.
(A) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography and in a style that varies from woman to woman and house to house
(B) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and their style is varying among women and houses
(C) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and they are in styles that vary from woman to woman and house to house
(D) with murals brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography, and their style varies among women and houses
(E) with murals that are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography, and their styles vary among women and houses

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（2）含义上的对称
           动作性的n，对应动作性的n
63－221－20 The economic forces which may affect the new public offering of stock include sudden downturns in the market ,hedging and other investor strategies for preventing losses,loosening the interest rates in Washington,and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized.
A  loosening the interest rates in Washington,and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized.
B  loosening the interest rates in Washington,and a fear of the company still being undercapitalized
C  a loosening of the interest rates in Washington ,and fearing that the company may still be undercapitalized
D  a loosening of the interest rates in Washton ,and a fear of the still undercapitalized company
E  a loosening of the interest rates in Washington ,and a fear that the company may still be undercaplized
64－265－99 New theories propose that  catastrophic impacts of asteroids and comets may have caused reversals in the Earth’s magnetic field, the onset of ice ages, splitting apart continents 80 million years ago, and great volcanic eruptions.
　　A splitting apart continents  　　B the splitting apart of continents  　　C split apart continents  　　D continents split apart  　　E continents that were split apart

65－280－153 One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a weakening of the dollar.
(A)              lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation,
(B)              a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,
(C)             a lowering of interest rates, along with fears about inflation,
(D)             interest rates being lowered, along with fears about inflation,
(E)              interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered, with
66－312－95 Studies of the human “sleep-wake cycle” have practical relevance for matters ranging from duty assignments in nuclear submarines and air-traffic control towers to the staff of shifts in 24-hour factories.

(A) to the staff of

(B) to those who staff

(C) to the staffing of

(D) and staffing

(E) and the staff of

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6.        虽然违反了effectiveness，但gmat会把它当作correctness理解

（1）严重违反原文的意思
          a－极端性修饰词位置发生改变，only, first, last
          b－强烈语气表达的添加或丢失
                any, not unlike,    however  =  no matter how
                                            whenever=  no matter when
                                            whatever =  no matter what
          c－句子强调重心发生彻底改变，把主干变从属，把从属变主干
67－252－44 Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(A) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, fetal heart-beats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

(B) Fetal heartbeats can be detected by the twelfth week of pregnancy, using a Doppler ultrasound device.

(C) Detecting fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy, a physician can use a Doppler ultrasound device.

(D) By the twelfth week of pregnancy, fetal heartbeats can be detected using a Doppler ultrasound device by a physician.

(E) Using a Doppler ultrasound device, a physician can detect fetal heartbeats by the twelfth week of pregnancy.

68－231－15 Seldom more that 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo, providing the port of New York City with a direct water link to the heartland of the North American continent.

(A) Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected

(B) Seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected

(C) It was seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, and ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, but the Erie Canal, connecting

(D) The Erie Canal was seldom more than 40 feet wide or 12 feet deep and it ran 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, which connected

(E) The Erie Canal, seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep, but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, connecting

         d－把倒装句改为正常语序

（2）简洁原则：语义重复 永远错
                            from...to  不能加 up / down     X
                            double  <>  increase    X
                            opposition <>  againest   X
                            orbit  <>  around    X
                            gain   <>   achieve    X
                            superiority    <>     over     X
                            with     <>     include    X
                            with, by, use     X
                            rise, raise, increase, soar, grow     X

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二，EFFECTIVENESS 有效性错误

（1）轻微违反原文意思
          a－弱语气词表达的添加或丢失，just, even
                eg. As he  is , I am a student.
                      Like him, I am a student.
                      Just as he is, I am a student.
          b－句子的强调重心发生轻微的改变
                －主动改被动
                －状语的位置发生变化
69－251－41 Under a provision of the Constitution that was never applied. Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it by the legislatures of two-thirds of the states.
(A)    was never applied, Congress has been required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do it
(B)    was never applied, there has been a requirement that Congress call a convention for consideration of possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally
(C)    was never applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention for considering possible amendments to the document when asked to do it formally
(D)    has never been applied, whereby Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so
(E)    has never been applied. Congress is required to call a convention to consider possible amendments to the document when formally asked to do so

70－297－33 In a period of time when women typically have had a narrow range of choices, Mary Baker Eddy became a distinguished writer and the founder, architect, and builder of a growing church.

(A) In a period of time when women typically have

(B) During a time in which typically women have typically

(C) Typically, during a time when women typically

(D) At a time when women typically

(E) Typically in a time in which women

          c－时态发生变化
               一般现在时   改为    现在进行时             X典型错误
               一般过去式   改为    过去完成时             X典型错误
             除非，原文有明确信息提示，句子时态应该发生变化：
                        since 现完，becoming进行时，original 过去时

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（2）简洁原则

          万能定律                V > adj > 抽n > 分词，动名词 > 从句
         
          a－V > adj, 做谓语用v词
71－273－130 In the last few years, the number of convicted criminals given community service sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have risen dramatically.

(A) sentences, which allow the criminals to remain unconfined while they perform specific jobs benefiting the public, have

(B) sentences, performing specific jobs that benefit the public while being allowed to remain unconfined, have

(C) sentences, performing specific jobs beneficial to the public while they are allowed to remain unconfined, have

(D) sentences which allow them to remain unconfined in their performing of specific jobs beneficial to the public has

(E) sentences allowing them to remain unconfined while performing specific jobs that benefit the public has

72－279－152 Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place: one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(B) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals.
(C) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals.
(D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective.
(E) The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place.
73－283－165 The Federalist papers，a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents the handiwork of three different authors．
(A)and important as a body of work in political science as well，represents
(B)as well as an important body of work in political science，represent
(C)and also a body of work of importance in political science is representing
(D)an important body of work in political science and has been representative of
(E)and as political science an important body of work too, represent      
         b－adj > 抽n.    so + adj  >  such +  抽n
74－245－20 An array of tax incentives has led to a boom in the construction of new office buildings; so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that investors regularly scour the country for areas in which to build.      (A) so abundant has capital been for commercial real estate that      (B) capital has been so abundant for commercial real estate, so that      (C) the abundance of capital for commercial real estate has been such,      (D) such has the abundance of capital been for commercial real estate that      (E) such has been an abundance of capital for commercial real estate,

75－302－51 Roy Wilkins was among the last of a generation of civil rights activists who let the nation through decades of change so profound that many young Americans can not imagine , much less remember, what segregation was like.  
A . so profound that many young  Americans can not imagine , much less remember  
B. so profound that many young Americans can not imangine, let alone remember  
C.  so profound that many young Americans can not imangine, even less can they remember   D. so profound that many young Americans can not imangine , nor can they remember

E. of such profundity that many young Americans are not able to imagine, much less to remember

        c－V>抽n.  aim, base, lost, force, rise, result 既是动词也是名词，用动词形式
76－270－119 Executives and federal officials say that the use of crack and cocaine is growing rapidly among workers, significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of more than $100 billion a year.
A. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already are a cost to business of
B. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, which already cost business  
C. significantly compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, already with business costs of
D. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costing business
E. significant in compounding the effects of drug and alcohol abuse, and already costs business

77－273－131 During the early years of European settlement on a continent that was viewed as “wilderness” by the newcomers, Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of many Pilgrims and pioneers from hardship, or even death.  (A) Native Americans, intimately knowing the ecology of the land, were a help in the rescuing of  (B) Native Americans knew the ecology and the land intimately and this enabled them to help in the rescue of  (C) Native Americans, with their intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land, helped to rescue  (D) having intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped the rescue of  (E) knowing intimately the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped to rescue

78－302－53 Slips of the tongue do not necessarily reveal concealed beliefs or intentions but rather are the result from the competition between various processing mechanisms in the brain.
　　（A） but rather are the result from
　　（B） and instead are the result from
　　（C） being rather the result of
　　（D） and rather result from
　　（E） but rather result from