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17商标
版本1 JFYung提供，分数不详
一个阅读是关于trademark的 长文章
第一段说商标
第二段说关于一个法案叫TPDA 这个法案对于商标的保护哪能哪能
第三段说这个法案不好其实 又需要一个新的法案DPTA来保护trademark，这个新的D可以帮助解决很多T解决不了的问题
最后说到法官的的偏好，法官喜欢用新的D法案
18 地震
版本1 yujiiangreen提供，成绩710
有一篇讲地震的，老观点认为地震都发生在地下40公里以上，因为深层温度高，压力大，如何如何
新观点说发现有好多地震发生在两百公里以下，提出两个解释，前面一个被否定了(感觉似曾相识的题啊）
后面的实在记不起来了～
● ●考古
版本1
讲 对地震的预测。文章脉络很清晰。第一段说以前科学家对地震的预测更关注其短期的异常，比如在地震之前会有哪些异常现象。这种预测方法确实取得了一些成功， 但后来发现这些所谓的地震前兆有时并不necessarily followed by great shakes。（反正就是这种方法其实有缺陷。）
第二段说另一些科学家后来侧重用长期周期性的规律来预测地震，他们通过对一个旧金山断层（fault）的研究发现，其实地震有规律可寻，XX年一次。（文中 给了个数字，大概是二十几年）而且他们还根据这个规律预测某某年会发生地震。但是，这个地震并没有发生。（这一段就是说其实这个方法也有问题）
第三段是和第二段有关的演伸性内容，说 a third group of 科学家研究了过去更长时间的地震发生的资料，发现周期其实是平均132年发生一次，但方差却很大。
版本2
关于地震预测的研究(个人印象,若网友找到相关机经,还请帮忙补充)
第一段:有人利用实验室里的rock与stress之间关系进行地震预测的研究
第二段:虽然上述的预测有时候灵验,但有几次地震前却测不到stress,并无法准确有效地预测地震
第三段:之后又出现一个学者,他认为区域性的地震应该有其周期性,所以就在XXX断层进行地震预测的研究,并预测该断层应该每隔A年就会发生一次地震,但事实证明他的预测是错误的
第四段:虽然上述学者的研究失败了,但却启发了一个研究方向,并促成研究地震预测的P学派产生,P学派的学者认为区域性的地震的确是有周期性但这周期性是long-term,因此主张XXX断层应该在B年的期间内会发生十次地震
感想:文章偏长,有不少地球科学字汇,但文意不会太绕,题目难度中等,耐心不慌张,应可顺利答题
参考题目1GWD-24-Q30 ~ 37 GWD24-passage four深层地震的成因探析
In most earthquakes the Earth’s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at a depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earth’s mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?
That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a time difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds, the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus, or initial rupture point. For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter; the point on the surface where shaking is strongest. For a few events, however, the delay was long even at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more (45) common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and deep events, with focus several hundred kilometers down.
The question remained: how can such quakes occur, given that mantle rock at a depth of more than 50 kilometers is too ductile to store enough stress to fracture? Wadati’s work suggested that deep events occur in areas (now called Wadati-Benioff zones), where one crustal plate is forced under another and descends into the mantle. The descending rock is substantially cooler than the surrounding mantle and hence is less ductile and much more liable to fracture.
本文体会通篇的对比。
在大多数地震里，地壳瓷般碎裂。压力聚集，直到破裂在数公里深处形成，地壳滑动以释放压力。但是有些地震在数百公里深的地幔发生，虽然在那里压力巨大，岩石变得柔软，浮动而不破裂。这种地震如何发生？<, BR>深层地震到了1927年才被接受为事实。前人通常比较不同地点震波的到达时间，而KW则比较P波和S波到达时间的差别。因为P波和S波以不同的连续速度行进，它们到达的间隔随震源距离成比例增长。KW发现，在震中（地表摇得最厉害的地方）附近的间隔较短，但是某些情况下，即使在震中附近间隔也很长。振动密度数据也呈类似结果。大多数地震有一个密集振动的范围，振动随震中距离加大而迅速减少，但是另外一种地震的特点是更广范围更低峰值的强度。P-S间隔和强度类型都暗示了两种地震：更常见的浅层地震，震源在震中下面；还有深层地震，震源在数百公里深处。
问题持续：什么导致了深层地震，既然地幔软得不足以存储压力？KW的实验显示，深层地震出现在一块地壳板块被另一块挤向下方地幔之处。下降的岩石比周围地幔冷一些，所以不那么软，更容易碎裂。
24-30 The author’s explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?
A) Deep events are far less common than shallow events.
B) Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.
C) Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.
D) The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously thought.
E) Below 650 kilometers earthquakes cease to occur.
24-31 Information presented in the passage suggests that, copared with seismic activity at the epicenter of a shallow event, seismic activity at the epicenter of a deep event is characterized by
A) shorter P-S intervals and higher peak intensity
B) shorter P-S intervals and lower peak intensity
C) longer P-S intervals and similar peak intensity
D) longer P-S intervals and higher peak intensity
E) longer P-S intervals and lower peak intensity
24-32 The passage supports which of the following statements about the relationship between the epicenter and the focus of an earthquake?
A) P waves originate at the focus and S waves originate at the epicenter.
B) In deep events the epicenter and the focus are reversed.
C) In shallow events the epicenter and the focus coincide
D) In both deep and shallow events the focus lies beneath the epicenter
E) The epicenter is in the crust, whereas the focus is in the mantle.
24-33 The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?
I. Stress must build up
II. Cool rock must descend into the mantle.
III. A fracture must occur.
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and III only
E) I, II and III
参考答案：BEDD | 
