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[语法资料] 整理的白勇语法的全面知识点

语法规则整理

一、
语法规则grammar

(一)句子结构... 2

(二)主谓一致:... 4

(三)动词形式... 5

(四)比较结构... 6

(五)平行结构... 6

(六)修饰语... 7

二、
词的使用choice of word

(一)标准书面用语准则... 7

(二)习惯搭配... 8

(三)词组补充... 9

(四)避免词与词的语义重复... 10

三、
逻辑表达 sentence construction

(一)表达的简洁性... 10

(二)逻辑表达的合理性与单一性... 10


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句子结构


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标点符号的正确使用:可以帮助初步判断排除错误项。

例如:主谓间无任何插入语时不可用逗号隔开。(分辨选项有帮助)

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句子结构完整性:

What从句不能缺少谓语:What X does/is sth 是一个完整结构

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副词不能代替连词:

Then, also, therefore, however等副词不能代替and起连词作用。

错误:……., also…….


……..,then…….

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宾语从句:

介词后接what, who等疑问词,不接that引导的宾语从句,但有例外:but that, except that(=but that) ,in that(=because)

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表语从句:

The reason is………….(不能用reason is because……!)

The reasons for sth are X1, X2 and X3.

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特殊结构:

两个强调结构
If any:
插入成分,强调名词短语Many………, if not more so,

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倒装结构:

So too +倒装句;

Never, no longer, rarely, hardly, few, little ,not until +部分倒装

注意 倒装结构中如

There be A and B ,就近原则:A 决定be动词单复数;

全倒装中:谓语后面的名词是主语,单复数与其一致;

--thing,--one,--body(all things, something, anyone, nobody):形容词放在后,倒装

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As结构:

1.
GMAT
中出现最多的形式是表示动作相似性。与主句谓语相同时,as从句的谓语用do代替;句型结构有Just as……,+主句;just as….., so+主句; just as….., so too+倒装;

2.
As when: as
代替简单主句


(
主句)......, as when ……..

3.
Inasmuch as:
既然,因为,由于

Insofar as= to the degree that ….的范围,引导状语从句

She is really brilliant, insofar as everyone is praising her.

4.
so…as
:只用于否定,不用于肯定。

5.
such…as to/ so…as to:
一般不接被动语态

☆☆☆☆☆As/just as likesuch as的区别:

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As/just as+句子”表比较: 像某件事一样 强调动作的相似性 as+名词:作为…..

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Like作为介词(不能加句子!)+名词/名词短语”表比较不表示举例:像什么东西一样,强调事物相似,一般放在句首或主语后与主语进行比较(放在句尾不符合语法习惯),作状语

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Such as +n./名词短语的省略形式/-ing形式 表示举例,比如…..;可以写成…allergy, such as to milk….,中间省略an allergy

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同位结构:

同位结构不影响主谓一致,判断主谓一致时可略去不看。

同位结构中名词的数可与其修饰对象不一致(即同位语的单复数可以与其解释对象不一致)。

……………..agents, an agent that…… , ……..

内容具体化同位结构:

Theory/evidence/belief/principle +that……,注意that强调整体含义内容,of强调从属关系。但请注意importance通常没有这种同位结构.(importance that…是错的)

特殊的To what 同位语:

a return to ownership of land, to what has been a pre-Columbia form of ownership.

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省略结构:

总原则:省略结构必须能够还原。

必须省略:

第一个句子有be动词或者become,第二句中的重复的be动词或者become和重复的名词形容词必须省略,连词甚至都可以省略。(典型:that X1 be done and X2 done

并列结构中相同助动词必省:have done and done; is doing and doing; will do and do.

绝不能省略:

动词型宾语从句中引导词that不可省。

同位语从句连词that不可省。

助动词is 不能承接谓语动词is 省略。例如: A is B and is done by C 中的两个is不同,第二个不可省。

状语从句的省略形式:(注意逻辑主语是否一致)

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连接词(表转折、时间、条件)+adj./分词短语,

when feeling down, I will watch TV;

when happy, she sings.

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错误用法:连接词+介词/名词短语,如while in homewhile adolescence

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特殊情况whatever/once+n. 是正确的

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逻辑主语:在句首——主句主语;在句尾——它修饰的动词的逻辑主语

比较省略:

最根本的原则是:无歧义就能省就省;有歧义则该补就补

1)I am taller than he (is). 要省略(主句无宾语,主语比较很明确)

2)China has more people than Canada has. 一定要补has,以明确 Canada 不是与 people 比,否则从语法上说Canada既可以与China比较,又可以和people比较

3)a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city .

括号部分作定语修饰 a civilization

定语从句结构为 a civilization was a thousand years more ancient than the city --情况同 1

4)….rise,making the construction industrys economic health much more robust than it was five years ago 是伴随状语,结构是 a large rise makes the economic health more robust than it was five years ago. more robust 是宾补,加上it was更明确表明比较对象是 economic health 而不是a rise.

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否定结构:

意义上的否定:in the absence of, no more …than…(与……同样 不……), no amount of(怎么……也不……),

名词的否定形式:not A but B ; not A, but rather B ; A, rather than B ; A, not B ;

(错误用法:A, but not B




Not….but rather…
not…but…语气强烈。

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独立主格结构:(一共有三种)

一般独立主格结构

With型独立主格结构:

作状语有就近修饰原则。

Each引导的强调型独立主格结构:

句子以复数名词结尾,each+prep/adj/-ing/-ed; all, every one 都不能用作独立主格结构

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主谓一致:


核心词原则:the A of B A 是核心词,谓词与A一致。

句子结构涉及到的主谓一致:

1 倒装结构:There be A and B ,就近原则:A 决定be动词单复数;

全倒装:谓语后面的名词是主语,单复数与其一致;

2 主语从句:

一般用单数。注意!what,who开头的主语从句如含有复数意思,谓语用复数。

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谓语一定是单数:

谓语一定是复数

单复数看情况

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Each of 复数 +v.

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物质/抽象/学科名词

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-s结尾的疾病、国家名称、机构用作单数作主语.

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A body of/ a collection of/an array of/ a series of/a portion of/ a group of+复数.

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The number of +复数(…..的数量)the average of +复数(….的平均量)

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Neither+v.

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To do/ doing +v.

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One in / out of 复数(….之一)

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复数+each+v.

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数词+单位复数+of 不可数/物质名词:several million tons of stone are…

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Statistics 作“统计数据”,economics 作“经济政策”.

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A total of

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A number of/ an average of

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Two/three in / out of +复数

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Some other+复数

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A or B/ not A but B/ A nor B/ not only A but also B/neither A nor B B

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A with B/ A,including B/ A as well as B/ A, along with B/ A, no less than B/ A, more than B/ A, besides B/ A,except B A

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A,…..,+v. A

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No+A, A

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Part of/ most of/ all of/ some of/ X% of/the rest of A, A

One of ….that…..:that 后面用 复数

The one of …that ….:that 后面用单数

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动词形式


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判断时态:

形容词、副词判断法

一般过去式:Originally

一般现在时:The common reasons, the common procedure中的common(注意宾语从句陈述统计数据、科学事实、商业惯例等时优先使用一般现在时,可以与主句时态不同)

过去完成时:Since+句子/名词短语/时间,since+then;during/within/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语

一般将来时:possibility that…/likehood that…注意:主观将来时用be supposed to do…,不常用be going to do,不用 be to be doing, be to be done

完成时:a century of sth 作主语时,考虑用完成时。

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主被动:

被动 By,不可用 according to….

不可被动的词:

Lead, cause, visit, possess, pay attention to, so as to do;

Enable,become,be able to do, be likely to do; Last; Like,enjoy; Notice,watch,look at,listen to; receive,enter,cost,resemble,suit, fit, contain;

主动表被动:

Read like…;read well; prove helpful(被别人证明很有用,如果是I prove myself helpful 我自己证明自己很有用); sell well(but sold for a price); be +adj to do; too+adj.+to do;be worth doing; (sth) require doing

主被动皆可的词:

Change,train,Open,close,end,finish,target, Determine, interest,intend, Issue,aim

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虚拟语气:

It is +adj.+that …..do……:形容词有:natural/important/ essential/necessary/vital/appropriate

/imperative/advisable/obligatory/best/incredible/ironic/preferable….

注意:解释说明 it is directive that 后面不接虚拟语气,但是directive作为官方指令说时,应用that…do…..

Should +倒装,主句可以不用虚拟语气词。如:should anyone call me(if anyone should call me),you can leave me a message here.

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宾语从句:

表建议:advocate/advise/recommend/move that…do…;sb suggest/propose that…do…

表命令:order/decree/mandate/command/demand that…do…

表要求:request/require/insist that…do…;sth. Require of sb that…do..

注意:sth suggest/propose that 后面是陈述 allow/rule that 后面是陈述

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语气强弱:

Only if if

However much however

Should 虚拟句≠ if假设句

Be not unlike be like

If on condition that(补充,on condition that 可用do表虚拟,也可用一般过去/现在时)

Any+n. n.

Just like like

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情态动词:

Maymight能互换,其他均不能。

“能力”与“可能”的区别(要注意):

can/could, cannot/could not强调 可能性

be able to/be unable to, be capable of doing sth强调能力

Will be able to 将来的可能性或者能力

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分词:

1)
逻辑主语:

-ing 在句首,逻辑主语是句子主语;在句尾,优先作为伴随状语,有可能修饰主语的谓语动词,逻辑主语等于主句主语,也有可能就近修饰动词,逻辑主语等于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语

-ed 在句首,逻辑主语是句子主语;在句尾,就近修饰名词作定语

2)
后面加-ing分词作宾语的动词或动词短语

1.acknowlegde; avoid; admit; enjoy; escape; suggest; assure; advocate; forbid; permit; favor; recommend; resist; risk; involve; deny; include.

2. give up; credit to; aim at; contribute to; in contrast to; object to; be opposed to; amount to; be exposed/committed/limited/devoted to; lead to; be educated to;be/become accustomed/used to.

3. aid sb in doing; prevent/keep/prohibit/save sb from doing; accuse sb of doing.

4.be expert at; be good at; criticize…for doing; praise…for doing; be capable of…

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不定式:

用法

1)
作定语 X(n.) to do: way, ability, power, tendency, capacity, reason, chance, time, method, attempt, opportunity, thing, work, property.

2)
作表语 X is to do: aim, ability, goal, duty, work, job, purpose, method, problem, effect, activity, mistake.

3)
作宾语补语 X(v.) to do afford; agree; appear/seem; arrange; choose; claim; come; elect; endeavor; expect; fail; promise; refuse; seek; select; threaten; venture; offer; prefer.

省略to的不定式:

See/watch/notice/spot/hear/observe/perceive/overhear/feel/feel/smell/make/let…do…

Rather than do; all sb do/did is/was do….;might as well do…

Too…to 形式:可以使用 too adj. (for sb) to do;too adj. to be done by sb.

重要的to dothe last/next/2nd/only/best n. to do….. 序数词或形容词最高级 必须用to do

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