GMAT阅读笔记——XDF资料

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出题规律：

文章：文章改写，风格固定，套路统一

题目：题型固定，解题有章

一．GMAT阅读文章分类

1．按题材分三类：社会科学类（美国历史、弱势群体、少数民族、印第安人、黑人、妇女）、经济管理类、自然科学类，前两类占90％

2．按写作手法分两类：presentation, argumentation

重点是presentation, 即论述一个理论的文章。

例1：presentation的结构

① Recently, the extinction of the dinosaur has been a mysterious phenomenon that puzzles scientists.

② Rosen’s three major findings have contributed much to the progress of explaining the dinosaur’s extinction.

a. sedimentation
b. fossil remains, skeleton
c. isotope, chronology

③ Therefore……

例2：argumentation的结构（作者观点：喜新厌旧、标新立异）

① Traditionally, most scientists believed that the extinction of the dinosaur was caused by the impact on Earth of massive meteorites.

② However, no sign of the impact, such as a huge pit, has been discovered. On the other hand, Smith found two things that had been overlooked by his predecessors.

③ Thus……

3．长文章按具体分类，分四种：新老观点对比型、现象解释型、问题解决型、结论解释型。特别套路；

短文章：可套用长文章套路的、罗嗦语言、无明显套路

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二．做题四原则 （文时间：题时间＝4：6）
1．至少三遍原则――作业要过三遍
① 不看译文，不管时间的准确率
② 查出关键生词，弄通长难句句法
③ 课后复习，通读上课所讲思路
2. “头脑空白”原则：不带任何客观知识和主观好恶，文章说什么我们才知道什么，文章说什么就相信什么。
3．顺序原则：先文后题，先套路后细节
4．总结原则：每读完一个段落以及一篇文章后要做如下六方面总结： KSGMAT
① 关键词（Key Word）→细节题
② 文章结构（Structure）→写法性主题题
③ 本文的目的（Goal）→目的性主题题
④ 主要思想（Main Idea）→内容性主题题
⑤ 作者对某个主体所持的态度或评价（Attitude）→大正、大负、混合评价（大正小负、大负小正、纯粹混合评价）
⑥ 文章的主题句（Topic Sentence）→主题题

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三．做标记
（一）机考做笔记（一般是两短两长，或者三长一短，共4篇。长文章每篇4－5题，短文章3题左右。OG和补充材料10行/分钟。题目一分钟一题）
1．主题句 TS
2．每段关键词 KW
3．强对比和重要的强转折
强对比有两类：unlike, in contrast to, on the other hand, on the contray;
时间状语（until recently, prior to 1970’s, now）

PS: 阅读方法：
1．记笔记
文：套路类型，段意，KW，TS
题：题型，解题方法，题干KW，文中定位，定位依据，排除理由
逻辑简图，亮点总结
2．预习，复习
3．做记号

（二）必须引起高度重视的强调性语言！！！
1．强转折
两个“虽然”：(al)though, while
三个“但是”：but, yet, however
五对同义词：(in fact, actually) (nevertheless, nonetheless) (despite, in spite of) (rather, instead) (virtually, practically)
注意：极端转折（以转折后为主），多重转折（以最后一个转折为主）
2．强因果
两个“家族”：conclude, conclusion, conclusive; consequent(ly), consequence
三个“所以”：thus, hence, therefore
四个“短语”：result in, result from, lead to, lie in
五个“因为”：because(of), since, for, due to, 冒号或分号
3．标点符号：引号，括号（新名词解释一定要看）
4．重要语言：
最高级：请注意顺序最高级 first，频率最高级 always never，程度最高级 foremost uttermost
PS：文中出现最高级，给予关注；选项中出现最高级，大多为错
唯一性：only, sole(ly), unique(ly), exclusive(ly), alone
比较句：注意more/less…….than的另一种特殊意义（与其说。。。。不如说），注意相等比较as…….as, the same as, similar to
5．专有名词：人名，物种，化学物质（首字母提炼法）
6．判断句 （出现在文首，可能为TS）
系动词：be， remain
情态动词：can, cannot, may, might
自由褒贬词：adj. adv.
例3：His view shapes my philosophy
his view successfully shapes my philosophy. +
his view curiously shapes my philosophy. －
his brazen view shapes my philosophy. －
his penetrating view shapes my philosophy. +

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四．各套路文章总结

1．新老观点对比型文章总结：
A．判定标志
a. 首段出现老观点 traditionally/frequently, assumed, most historians, for many years,many scientists, universally accepted, widely accepted, once believe, common belief, believ        ed
b. 一段中或者二段开头可能出现强转折
B．TS是新观点提出处
a. 经常位于一段中或者二段开头
b. 阅读策略：首段（观点，时间）→一段中二段头（强对比，强转折）
C．行文套路及阅读重点
a. 老观点 略   b. 新观点 详  c. 继续论述新观点 详
蓝 P1－9   GMAT     P312  P317  P318  P395  P338  P273  P219  GRE
2．现象解释型文章总结：
A．判定标志
a. 首段出现一个社会或者自然现象，下文解释
b. 套路词汇：phenomenon
中部出现 explain, interpret  后半部出现 explanation, interpretation
B. TS是正确的解释
C．行文套路及阅读重点
Phenomenon(略) → explanation (KW)（略）→ attitude（详）
P209  P242  P246  P262  P264  GRE
3．问题解决型文章总结：
A．判定标志
a. 首段出现设问句"?"
b．二段首句出现不定式to do sth
c．套路词汇：problem, question,task,puzzle,difficulty, criteria, challenge, requirement
B. TS是正评价的解决方案或问题得到解决处
C．行文套路及阅读重点
Problem (question)→solution (answer) (KW)→ attitude
P321  P320  P332  P226  P314  P344  GRE
4.结论解释型文章总结
A.首段或第二段 首句出现判断句
B.TS通常为首句（第一段为理论背景除外）
C.行文模式，总分除外
D.判断句： 情态动词，系表结构。自由褒贬词，实义动词，态度评价。
P215 305 307 311 GRE
5．特别套路型文章总结：
A．        判定标志
a.        开头出现人名，大写，书名，斜体
b.        开头出现 人名＋study，work，analysis
c.        各段首句重复同一人名
B．        TS不明显
C．        行文套路
a.        一般会与前人比较，说出异同 like, unlike, but
b.        对作品的评价以正评价为主
D．        阅读重点
作者对作品的态度评价：自由褒贬，实义动词
188  191  210  370  GRE

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五．客观题 （题型固定，解题有章）
学习重点：题型判定→解题方法
（一）基本题型：
1．直接事实题 （对文中有明确叙述的内容进行正面提问的题目）
典型问法：According to the passage (auther)……
          The author states that…..
          The author mentions which of the following as……
做法：同义变换 （找原文的语言重现）的两种情况：变换同义词，变换句型，变换同根词词性
例4：The historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism.
换为：The historians have expanded the traditional view of nineteen-century feminism.
例5：The case histories revealed how the authorities administered justice.
换为：The case histories indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice.
例6：The minority groups lace access to the sizable orders that are generated by large companies.
换为：The minority groups do not nave sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.
例7：This dichotomy has its uses, but it can cause problems if taken too literally.
换为：This dichotomy is useful, but only if its limitations are recognized.
2．取非题/取反题
① 对比题：由强对比语气出的题。A与B相对立，文中只有A的特征，问B的特征，则对A取非即可。
例8： Unlike the large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, therefore, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses.
题：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to
A.        experience frustration but not serious financial harm
B.        face potentially crippling fixed expenses
C.        have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
D.        increase its spending with minority subcontractors
E.        revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontacts
答案：A
② 改善题：正改善题和负改善题
a. 正改善题：虚拟语气＋表示正改善的说法＝正改善题。做法是“回原文中找缺点，然后取非”。正改善的说法有：better, improve, more illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful.
例9：However, these patterns cannot be viewed as an adaptation to wind pollination because the spiral arrangement occurs in a number of non-wind-pollinated plants.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that the claim that the spiral arrangements is an adaptation to wind pollination would be more convincing if which of the following were true?
A.        Such an arrangement occurred only in wind-pollinated plants
B.        Such an arrangement occurred in vascular plants as a whole
C.        Such an arrangement could be shown to be beneficial to pollen release
D.        The number of bracts could be shown to have increased over time
E.        The airflow patterns over the cone’s surfaces could be shown to be produced by such arrangements.
例10：Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazers control could have improved their data would have been to
A.        Emphasize the effects of temperature, rather than of light, on phytoplankton
B.        Disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers
C.        Collect phytoplankton of all size before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration
D.        Recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collencted in a net
E.        Understand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton
答案：C
b. 负改善题：虚拟语气＋表示负改善的说法＝负改善题。做法是“回文中找优点，然后取非“。负改善的说法有：less illuminating/ enlightening/ convincing/ useful. (改善题的变体)
例11：As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First…… Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.
题：It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
A.        It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
B.        It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land
C.        It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years
D.        It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water
E.        It stretched back fro only a million years
答案：B
取非题选项特点：1。正确选项可能含有极端词汇 2。干扰选项，未取非
3．(in order) to/ 举例作用题
问法：in order to 或 to
做题技巧：先观察以“illustrate”或者“give an example of”开头的选项。
标准做法分以下三种情况：
a.        先结论后举例：for example, for instance, such as, like
b.        先举例后结论：hence, therefore, thus, in short
c.        无任何语言现象：以第一种情况“先结论后举例”居多
排除选项：1。含有例子词汇  2。含有结论中未涉及信息
例12：One argument against my contention asserts that, by nature, textbooks are culturally biased and that I am simply underestimating children’s ability to see through these biases. Some researchers even claim that by the time students are in high school, they cannot take textbooks literally. Yet substantial evidence exists to the contrary. (two researchers, for example, have conducted studies that suggest that children’s attitudes about particular cultures are strongly influenced by the textbooks used in schools)
题：The author mentions two researchers’ studies most likely in order to
A.        suggest that children’s political attitudes are formed primarily through textbooks
B.        counter the claim that children are able to see through stereotypes in textbooks
C.        suggest that younger children tend to interpret the message in textbooks more literally than do older children
D.        demonstrate that textbooks carry political messages meant to influence their readers
E.        prove that textbooks are not biased in terms of their political presentations
答案：B

例13：Theoretically, this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.
题：The author refers to a “conveyor belt” in order to
A.        illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
B.        show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
C.        demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
D.        describe the complicated motions made possible by back coupling
E.        account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
答案：A

例14：To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. “In general” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomotions.”
题：The author quotes Snyder et al most probably in order to
A.        reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory
B.        summarize a major finding of their experiments
C.        point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse
D.        indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations
E.        refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory
答案：B

4．EXCEPT题/排除题：由四项小列举出的题和罗马数字题（渐少）
做题方法：定位于文中的大（小）列举。
例15：The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problems, formulating options, likelihood’s of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision.
题：According to the passage, the classical models of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT
A.        evaluation of a problem
B.        creation of possible solutions to a problem
C.        establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision
D.        action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem
E.        comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem
答案：D
例16：For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family ( a family in which members were untied by explicit bonds of love rather than duty ) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth…… Yet expulsion of children from the cash nexus was also part of a cultural process of sacralization of children’s lives; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.
题：Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in
A.        the mortality rate
B.        the nature of industry
C.        the nature of the family
D.        attitudes toward reform movements
E.        attitudes toward the marketplace
答案：D

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5．逻辑题
① 支持题
1）        搭桥法：把缺的条件补上 （support，strengthen ）,缺的条件是指推理过程中出现的逻辑断层。
断桥识别：推理过程中出现两次以上的关键词汇
例17：In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researcher’s hypothesis that anteaters use electro receptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live.
题：Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in the passage?
A.        Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal
B.        Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.
C.        Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants
D.        Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants
E.        Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey
答案：B
2）具体事例法：举文章没有说过的例子为正面论据
例18：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuring loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen, that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.
题：Which of the following, if known, is likely to have been the kind of evidence used to support the view described in the first paragraph?
A.        wind speeds need not be very low for wind-pollinated plants to fail to release pollen.
B.        The female reproductive organs of plants often have a sticky surface that allows them to trap airborne pollen systematically.
C.        Grasses, as well as conifers, generate specific aerodynamic environments within the immediate vicinity of their reproductive organs.
D.        Rain showers often wash airborne pollen out of the air before it ever reaches as appropriate plant.
E.        The density and size of an airborne pollen grain are of equal importance in determining whether a plant will capture that grain.
答案：D
例19：Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupation by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding.
题：It can inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women’s work?
A.        Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions
B.        Interview with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks
C.        Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one
D.        Census results showing that working women’s wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of working men
E.        Enrollment figures from universities demonstrating that increasing numbers of young women are choosing to continue their education beyond the undergraduate level
答案：D
② 反对题
1）        釜底抽薪：反对原因
2）        欲擒故纵：反证法
3）        抬杠法：反对原文的结论

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6．信息题
典型问法：
① Which of the following is (not) true?
② The author of the passage agrees (does not agree) with which of the following?
③ The information in the passage answers (does not answer) which of the following questions?
④ It can be inferred from the passage that…
⑤ The author (passage) implies (suggests) that…
信息题分成可定位的（of, about, concerning, regarding）和不可定位的
做法：回文中定位并且用“友好语言的同义变换”验证
7．类比题
问法：Which of the following is most similar to the situation in…?
similar to , analogous to, parallel, consistent with
做法：抓住本质特征
例20：…Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers.
题：Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?
A.        A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence
B.        A stockbroker refused to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock’s value
C.        A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar
D.        A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert
E.        A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.
答案：C
（二）做题注意：
1．四种错误选项：混偏反无
2．慎重对待含有强调性语言（最高级，唯一性和比较级）的选项
3．长选项竖读法：纵向比较所有选项，尤其是开头。找到相同的语言部分。如果某几个选项中相同语言对这个题有用，那么先看这几个选项：否则，先看其他选项或者这几个选项的差异部分。
4．选项词汇和题干词汇处于原文同一位置。（文字对应）
例21：In the early 1970’s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system
题：According to the author, what is the result of the Soviet Union’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s?
A.        Soviet firms show greater profit.
B.        Soviet firms have less control over the free market.
C.        Soviet firms are able to adjust to technological advances
D.        Soviet firms have some authority to fix price.
E.        Soviet firms are more responsive to the free market.
答案：D
例22：Wages in the South, however, were low and Black workers were aware, ……urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.
题：According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?
A.        They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
B.        They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
C.        They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
D.        They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.
E.        They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
答案：A
（三）文字定位法
1．一般做法：文（主体词）→题干（主体词）→文（主体词） （四六原则）
2．排除法不到万不得已不用，将主要时间花再提炼题干上。
3．两种特殊情况：如果题干主体词在文中多次出现，那么先定位在其首次出现之处；如果题干主体词与主题有关，那么先定位在主题句。

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五．主观题
（一）主题题
1．内容性主题题
① 如果文章有明确的主题句，则对其做同义变换。
a. 长文章：四种套路
新老观点对比型：新观点为主题句
现象解释型：    正确解释为主题句
问题解决型：    正确的解决方法为主题句
结论解释型：    开头的结论 （判断句）为主题句
b. 短文章：三种情况
可套用长文章套路的：按长文章处理
有罗索语言的：说的最多的那个意思为主题句
无明显套路的：也无罗嗦语言的：一般首句为主题句
② 如果文章无明确的主题句，则使用三出现原则。
文章KW必须出现，细节不能出现，新内容不能出现
③ 某些主题题可能包含态度，则态度要和文章保持一致。
2．写法性主题题：套路清晰
注意：1。Organization  2。一种特别套路
3．目的性主题题（is primarily concerned with, primary purpose, primary focus.）
注意：新老观点对比型文章的目的性主题题的特殊处理（又破又立）：
选一个以立为主的选项。
两个原则 ①从前不从后：延伸性内容（文末或段末出现的与文章主题不一致或升华文章主题的内容） ② 从大不从小
附1：主题题套路总结
1．新老观点对比型
① 先看文章长短，长文章读9分钟，短文章读4－5分钟
② 读首句
1）        看有无反复出现的单词 (文章KW)
2）        看有无大写字母、时间 （定位依据）
3）        看有无套路词汇 But （强烈的新老观点对比）
showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation
a recently proposed explanation of a way in which wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste
correct an erroneous belief by describing its origins
describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it recommending a different approach
provide evidence to dispute an accepted theory about the evolution of galaxies
correct misconceptions
对新观点出except题，答案可能是老观点，反之亦然。
Although 句首表让步，直奔逗号往下看
2．现象解释型
Ⅰ 现象  Ⅱ 解释  Ⅲ 评价
A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected
A problem (从意思上说是问题，从套路上说是现象) is presented and reasoned for its existence are supplied.
Discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters.
目的性主题题六大标志性答案提示：challenge, criticize, comment, dispute, refuse, question
3．问题解决型
suggesting an answer to a theoretical question
identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem
discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it
a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archeological profession
A problem is described and then reasons why various proposed solutions succeeded or failed are discussed.
4．结论解释型 (总分结构)
A general opinion is expressed and then supportive illustrations are advanced.
Stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it
An evaluation is made, and aspects of the evaluation are expanded on with supporting evidence.
An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.
5．特别套路：评述某人观点/著作    人名，书名，斜体字
evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism
indicated the importance of Jean Wagner’s analysis of Afro-American poetry
reviewing a historical study of the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth-century
summarizing the findings of an investigation
discussing an important work in Black American literature
an appraisal of a biography by A.N.Wilson
present the central thesis of a recent book
summarizing and assessing a study
an evaluation of a scholarly study
analyzing a scholarly study and pointing out a central weakness
（二）态度题（正评价，负评价，大负小正，大正小负）
1．判断依据
① 判断句：系动词，情态动词，自由褒贬词
例：a) …and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct
b) Although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War
c) …is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book.
② 引号  
引号的作用：强调、引用某人原话、负评价
例：all in the name of “protecting” the health of the women.
③ 某些表示评价的实义动词，用于研究类文章
（1）负评价：fail to, ignore, overlook, neglect, overestimate, underestimate, exaggerate, misinterpret, misrepresent
例：a) Scholars often fail to see that…
b) In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship
（2）正评价：show, prove, demonstrate, find, discover, determine, confirm, indicate
例：a) I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for…
b) Henri Bonnet discovered that…
④ 让步
让步的三种写法：
前半句：1） （although, while）it is correct/ it is true/ of course
2) no doubt/ without doubt/ undoubtedly
3) do/ may/ seem/ appear
4) however+adj.=no matter how+adj.
5) adj.+as it may be
后半句：强转折
以后半句为主评价
例：1）This view may be correct it has the advantage that… on the other hand, this theory is implausible because… (前半句正评价，而后半句负评价，总评价为大正小负)
2） The use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mantle lives of the nonelite.
大负小正
⑤ 从大不从小
文章开头和主题句中的评价为大评价，其他是小评价（转折和让步除外。单句，让步是小评价，转折是大评价）
2．做题的注意事项
① 顺序：先在文中找评价，再看选项
② 混合评价的表示方法（大负小正，大正小负，纯粹的混合评价）
a) but 或 and 连接的评价词
correct and limited 纯粹混合评价
   正         负
is useful but can cause some problem 大负小正
b) 修饰词所限定的评价词
partially correct, qualified approval, enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation, guarded criticism, tentative acceptance, reluctant acceptance
③ 避免极端选项
态度题的极端选项
1．过于中庸，无态度
indifference, ambivalence, resigned, light-hearted, jocular
2．人身攻击
condemnation, indignant, envious, offensive, insincere, callous, defiance, derision, scornful, cynical, spiteful
3．过于热情，甚至谄媚
fervent, fanatical, adulatory
4．程度过强，不留余地
complete(ly), entire(ly), total(ly), absolute(ly), unrestrained, unmitigated, unchecked

lotusflower

文章：各套路总结，快速阅读(取舍)
题目：题型讲解（主观题&客观题），出题点预测

出题点预测：
1．TS 主题题 注意与主题相关的细节
1）有明确TS→同义变换
2）无明确TS→三出现原则
3）套路清晰→写法性主题题
4）题干KW与主题相关→优先定位于TS
2．混合评价→态度题
1）从大不从小（文章开头TS）
2）让步→小评价，转折→大评价
3）and→纯粹的混合评价
3．强对比→对比题
1）unlike, on the other hand, by contrast, on the contray
2）时间状语
3）实义动词 compared with, distinguish from, contrast with
4）but→大正小负，大负小正
4．强因果
1）直接问因果关系→直接事实题
2）文中说到一个理论或一个事物有缺陷的原因→改善题
5．比较句
1）正面提问→直接事实题
2）反面提问→取非题
6．举例→举例作用题
1）窍门做法：give an example, illustrate
2）标准做法：三种关系（见讲义）
7．列举
1）小列举：四项→except题
2）大列举：罗马数字题
8．延伸性内容→主题题
1）干扰选项
2）判定方法：新老观点对比型、文章最后一段&最后一句话、与主题不一致或升华主题
9．强调性语言，古怪语言
1）传统的强调性语言：最高级、唯一性、比较级
2）古怪语言：新名词及其解释、复合词、引号内容、临近结尾的转折
10．人名＋引言
1）举例作用题
2）信息题 infer, imply, suggest
3）态度题
11．大写字母，时间→定位依据
12．Only 出题点
13．单独出现的数字一般不考，多个数字连续出现，易成为考点

lotusflower

GMAT阅读出题原则：
1．反对：左派与革命思想，尤其是马克思主义
反对词：adaptive, adaptation, selective, convergent evolution(趋势进化论)
2．同情弱者，标新立异，喜新厌旧
3．GMAT作者不会使用极端词汇，不会出现极端评价 qualified, guarded
4．让步转折
5．喜欢考最高级，比较级，喜欢让事物之间发生逻辑关系
6．喜欢考优缺点。优点→负改善题，缺点→正改善题
7．最喜欢强转折。