GMAT考试 - 作文提纲2003版

Malaysia

“A powerful business leader has far more opportunity to influence the course of a community or a nation than does any government official.”
1, business leader more powerful influence in modem society by their powerful influence market economy. e.g.   GDP is a measure of a countries overall economic output, say the good and services consumed within a time period, and it  is also an indicator of national standard of living. To a large extent, it is the industry or, more specifically, the powerful leader, who influence the GDP of a nation, rather than the government official.  Although government may setup some regulations, but business leaders still play the key role in this issue.
2.while, industrial and technological eras have further increase the influence brought by powerful business , eg: Bill Gates, who by the nature of their industries and their business, not by force of the law, have transformed our economy. Also the introduction of digital technology has spawned great advance in medicine and physics, helping us to better understand the world, to enhance our health, and to prolong our lives, all this appreciated advantage should give credit to the  powerful business, not the government.
3. One argument against my contention may assert that in some traditional official-centered societies, government leaders still monopolized the power to influence the whole society and greatly interfere with the economy , in that case, the government officials will have far more opportunities to show influence or even curb the community or nation. But you may find the trend that nations worldwide are developing towards the more democratic oriented. As a result, the power and chance that a government official possesses is increasingly impaired.  
In sum, Modern business leaders, by virtue far-reaching impact of their industries, have supplanted lawmakers as the great opportunities of the world and prime movers of society

Malaysia

“As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.”
Individual has primary responsibility for learning new skills, and finding work
Education is aim to equipped the student with a broader base of practical and theoretical coursework that affords students the flexibility to move from one career to another,
Industry should bear some the responsibility too, industries determins the particular directions of technological process, and subsequent social changes. Help displaced workers to adjust through training,or stipends for further education
Government should help , because it can help. Help in record and observin the trends in worker displacement and in job opportunities, by providing this information to individuals so that they can make wise decisions about their own further education and job searches.

Malaysia

“Schools should be responsible only for teaching academic skills and not for teaching ethical and social values.”
The first purpose of education is to cultivate students’ minds, helping them to grow up to become good citizens and happy persons.
B. For this purpose, schools should stress the teaching of humanities.
C. Another purpose of education is to train students to be productive workers.
D. For this purpose, schools should also include occupational training courses in the curriculum.
personal enrichment比job preparation对人的发展和培养更重要
help students think independently, have a clear goal in life , be able to appreciate and respect other people's viewpoints, cooperate, comprimise
2、personal enrichment促进道德培养，更好地使用技能知识；
liberal studies help students develop thoughtful and consistent value system, ethical standards

The list should go further- to include caring, campassion and willingness to help one other
foster correct world outlook, views on life and values, the course will help to develop of students' virtue and set up positive views of life and value. More important than academic skills, Moral corruption 道德败坏， 如何成功
respect and tolerance， respect  for individual persons is a basic ethical value that requires us to acknowledge the fundamental equality of all people. And tolerance of difference among individuals and their viewpoints is required to actualize many of our basic constitutional rights- include life, liberty pursuit of happiness, and freedom of speech and religion.

instruction on issue of clear spiritual or religious implications is best left to parents and churches. But the parents with limited capability,  Only a parent can truly know the unique needs of a child—including what educational choices are best suited for the child.  the good and bad are intermingled良莠不齐 指望count on 引导 guide values 社会价值观念Parents are not necessarily best equipped to know what is best for their children when it comes to education.
Parents are too subjective to always know what is truly best for their children. They may try to overcome their own shortcomings and failed self-expectations through their children's accomplishments and other decision detrimental to children's development.

不能确定家长，但是能确定老师的相对水平。
不能灌输具体的moral，individual 是distinctive的

Malaysia

“Location has traditionally been one of the most important determinants of a business’s success. The importance of location is not likely to change, no matter how advanced the development of computer communications and others kinds of technology becomes.”
In retail, or storefront business, location is still a key ingredient of business success. The extent to which this will continue to be true , given the inexorable growth of internet commerce, will vary among industries
Someone may argue that, We can obtain everything from airline tickets to a language course and holiday wardrobe via the internet, in the convenience of our own homes. But it oversimplify or overlook the services and enjoyable shopping experience
In more traditional retail sectors, such as clothing, home improvement, an in-person visit to a retail store is often necessary, to try on clothes for fit, compare among a full selection of texture, colors and styles. And the business location must be carefully chosen to meet the needs of the defined target group. Say if a spa shop located them in a middle of industry district will not be so profit as it in the residential area.  Also, shopping cost for large items such as furniture, and appliance render the home shopping impracticable. Thus rapidly development technologies pose no serious threatens to main street, a location will continue to play a pivotal role in the fate of many retail business
Nevertheless, technology related industries are sure to move away from physical storefront to virtual ones. Book and magazines , software applications are more efficiently distributed electronically, computer companies such as Dell, which does not distribute through retail stores. Actually, few people really care about the location of the business when then consume such product.
In conclusion, consumer demand for convenient location will continue with respect to certain tangible products. While for other products alternative distribution system will gradually replace the storefront, rendering location to be a obsolete issue

Malaysia

All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants

Mandatory,  individual liability
What’s more, the most important thing we pursue in the volunteer social work—the love for people and the realization of one’s social value—will be lost if a mandatory system is set up. People always bring a heart full of love to help others when they do these things voluntarily. But when they are forced to do certain services, people’s attitude may change greatly. They will do these things for pressure rather than for love. And they can no longer feel that they are realizing their special value in the world because everyone is doing the same. Therefore, such policy is quite possible to lead to a result that citizens’ passion for social services disappear in the last.
First we should never forget that, it is the local government, rather than individuals, should take full responsibilities of the public service. A very important role the government should play in public affairs is maintaining the public service. To achieve this, the government should employ some skilled workers to perform such public service, instead asking individual citizen to do such job. why it should not be a requirement for individual to carry out public service is that the citizens, by means of taxes, have already paid for that service.
Admittedly, Mandatory  service may help to mitigate the Free rider, problem where those who do not contribute benefit from who do. And it will help to solve pressing social problems--- such as education, public health, and safety and environment .
And instead, the government should install in participants a sense of civic duty, community and individual responsibility,

Malaysia

“With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation, people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens of a particular country.”
Although it is true that people should understand more about the importance of being citizens of the world, hardly can I agree that the role as world citizens necessarily transcend the role as national citizens. However, I believe as responsible world citizens, people should indeed broaden their horizon and make sensible decisions that benefit their own country in the long run.
Above all, the role of a responsible world citizen does not necessarily conflict with that of a national citizen. In fact, every nation's actions are likely to give some effect to other nations because the world are becoming more and more closely integrated, the well-being of any country might exert significant influence on other economies. Therefore, a citizen who contributes to the economic success of his or her own country is at the same time implementing the responsibility of a world citizen.
For example, the greenhouse effect are influencing all nations. Therefore, all people in the world need to combine their efforts together to solve this problem. In such situation, it is partially indisputable that people's role as citizens of the world is quite crucial.
Much in the same way, if people in every country commit themselves to solving national issues such as human rights and environmental protection, the world as a whole will benefit.
However, a qualified world citizen must also assume additional responsibilities and make wise decisions when national interests and international interests seem to conflict. Moreover, a world citizen has to understand more about other cultures in this world to achieve mutual understandings and avoid unnecessary conflicts. The idea of an increasingly integrated world suggests a pluralistic ethos whereby people of diverse histories and backgrounds maintain their cultural identities while at the same time coexist with other cultural representatives in a spirit of tolerance and mutual respect. Although people are naturally proud of their own national cultures, a narrow consciousness may retard the development of a harmonious international society.
On the other hand, not all of people in the world have some many connections with others. For instance, some of Mori people who live in New Zealand hardly contact with other people. They still live in a relative isolated area and keep the traditional style of life. Because few outside events can interfere their lives, Mori people are indifferent to the world occupied by modern cultures. It is clearly that the trend of globalization has reached every corner of the world and thus focusing on the outside world is not very important to some people such as those live in isolated areas. Considering from this aspect, it is too extremely to say that all people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizen of a particular country.
In conclusion, although people need to put increasing emphasis on their role as world citizens, they should not abandon their national interests. The prosperity of an individual nation contributes the overall development of the world. Meanwhile, people have to enlarge their perspectives so that they can make responsible decisions as a world citizen.

Malaysia

“Constant innovation and change within an organization are as likely to damage the organization as they are to improve it.”


Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your position with reasons and/or examples from your experience, observations, or reading.

When it comes to whether continuous innovation and change with an organization are more likely to worsen the organization than to improve it, different people have different opinions due to their respective angles. Weighing the merits and demerits arising from the innovation and change, I should say that I am a proponent of the existence of constant innovation and change within an organization.

革新不只是
To begin with, innovation and appropriate change can make an organization, in most cases, a better one. Not only innovation defined as the introduction of new ideas and methods is playing a decisive role in operations of organizations, but also small basic improvements, which in themselves might seem insignificant,but when taken together can effect a revolution in the way a business operate. 革新带来竞争，imporvement，There is a good example to describe that a shopping mall that tends to increase its sales extends its business hours to adjust customers’ changing behavior due to the switch of seasons. Any organization cannot avoid changing exclusively, while all the other organizations are changing. For example, nowadays most of companies establish an electronic system of finance and accounting. It is the standard that all individuals in this circumference should conform. Hence, under this condition, not the convenience of trading with other companies matters, but the fact that without such a standard system, the business cannot go on.

To be specific, when it concerns to such organizations as high-tech organizations and design and creativity organizations, innovation is the key factor that will make a decisive effect on the life and duration of the organization, which means constant change and innovation within the organization will bolster the members’ morale and raise the ability of creativity, thereby advancing their final product, design or their technology and technique into a high level. Another case in point is such organization as government department or offices, where there are strict hierarchy regulations and construction, has no necessity of a lot of and frequent changes and innovation; otherwise, the strict government system will be defeated and as a consequence, the effectiveness of the government will be challenged and the purpose of service will have to face the new challenge and regulations. And meanwhile, in such organizations, lack of experience of innovation, it is entirely possible that the constant innovation will bring the organization into a wrong direction.
In sum, to maximally harness innovation and to fully prepare for the change of circumference, it is wise to take a positive attitude to constant innovation and change within the organization. Furthermore, the implementation of introduce innovation and change is a net of variables so that we should take a careful consideration into the real reason when the organization suffers problem.
because the world is changing and there is so much competition out there
constant innovation and chang means 大量的投入，时间和金钱。可能入不敷出。。
admittedly,需要变化，但是是appropriate ,practical and acceptable....

Malaysia

people should disobey the laws that they think unjust
First, the law requires equal treatment, regardless of race, religion or any excuse. This means every citizen has the duty to obey the law no matter whether they think the law is just or unjust.
For example, in order to protect environment, Governments enacted environmental legislation, which seems unjust to these factories and their workers. By making efforts to reach the laws requirement, these factories should spend a large part of profits to buy advanced equipment to eliminate the concentration of contamination in the waste water. In the short run, the profit will be declined and the salaries of workers will be diminished. However, for the people who live in the nearby area, the laws playing an important role in helping them have a nice environment to live. Therefore, people do not ought to use unjustness of laws as an reason to disobey the laws. Such behavior might result in seriously bad consequence.
Fairness, a subjective judgment, can never be the standard of a law because everyone has a distinctive measure.

每个人都有value system，priorities. murderer, abortion

不可能gratify每个人, emotional, radical, chaos

涉及到法律的原则性问题bills are voted by the majority and after their pass, everyone is equal, which is the base of any democratic society.

Yet it is more important for individuals to resist unjust laws, for doing so will help improve the legal system of a nation.不合作主义civil disobedience

Malaysia

Physical activity and sports is as important in a student's academic s education
In schools across the United States, physical education has been substantially reduced—and in some cases completely eliminated—in response to budget concerns and pressures to improve academic test scores. Yet the available evidence shows that children who are physically active and fit tend to perform better in the classroom, and that daily physical education does not adversely affect academic performance. Schools can provide outstanding learning environments while improving children’s health through physical education.

Schools serve as an excellent venue to provide students with the opportunity for daily physical activity, to teach the importance of regular physical activity for health, and to build skills that support active lifestyles.
Unfortunately, most children get little to no regular physical activity while in school

Regular physical activity breaks during the school day may enhance academic performance. Introducing physical activity has been shown to improve cognitive performance and promote on-task classroom behaviour

Malaysia

In today’s fast-paced world, employers benefit more from the energy and new ideas of younger employees than from the experience and wisdom of older employees

Younger employee
learning from elders precedes intellectual innovations  empirical evidence，

新人适应新的社会， 带来新的idea， innovation

History helps us learn the appropriateness of addressing certain issue. Help avoid repeating mistake,

随着社会的发展， 今天和过去的问题可能不同， 但是人类的发展是consecutive的 我们可以从历史和现实中找到一定的联系和类比

87T "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." 87． 在调查咨询领域，新手比专家更可能有重大发现
①        Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, while experienced experts tend to be more conservative. Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame。如：DNA螺旋结构的发现者Watson, Crick. Figure out the structure of DNA American biologist who with Francis Crick proposed a spiral model, the double helix, for the molecular structure of DNA. He shared a 1962 Nobel Prize for advances in the study of genetics.
②        特殊问题上，若与大众意见不一致时，新手更有可能站出来。A-day-old puppy doesn't know to be afraid of the tiger。
③        老手有更多经验。如：对隐私(intimate)、敏感(sensitive)问题的处理。