GMAT考试资料-语法菜鸟总结

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比较的诡异用法
OG19
请大家分析以下比较在ETS看的含义
Rice has protein of higher quality than wheta does.(主语比较，Rice 与wheat比）
意义：米有高质蛋白质，麦没有。
Rice has protein of higher quality than of lower quality(介宾比较，of higher 与 of lower比）
意义：米有高质蛋白质而非低质蛋白质
Rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat(宾语比较，protein 与protein(that指代)比
Rice has protein of higher quality than sugur.（宾语比较，protein 与sugar比）
意义：米中的蛋白质比麦中蛋白质质量高
意义：米中的高质蛋白质比糖多。
Rice has protein of higher quality than usual/everbfore/1000 years ago/people expected(状语比较）
意义：米比通常/经往/多年前/人们预测/的蛋白质质量要高。
下面我们谈比较之庖丁解牛

对主谓宾全的句型
主语比较：  A do sth  than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
状语比较A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）
ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。

按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。

AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较）
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,）
Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）
ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法（不受上述限制，如下）
AS poor as they are, they can ont afford a car.
They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
(注意以上都是用逗号隔开的句子，AS在这里的作用更类似连词，连接一个主句和一个从句）

注意AS有时不表比较的如as you word hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。

There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型

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OG89
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American  four time as many as  DVD player(宾语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as  for school teachers.(介宾比交)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as  in china(介宾比较)

以上的钢领代入EST的OG几乎都成立，在我这次实战中也成立，但GWD中有一题是例外的，也就是说并没有放之四海而皆准的真理，清楚，简洁，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。

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Over+时间短语 时态用法总结
WORD CHOICE: since, for, during, over
Use since to say that something started at a point in time in the past, and is still continuing : He has been living in Leeds since 1998. | We've known about it since May.
Since is usually followed by a time expression ('last year', 'this morning', '4 o'clock' etc) or by the simple past tense. Use the present perfect or the past perfect in the other clause : I have loved movies since I first went to the cinema. |He had been seriously ill since Christmas.
!! Speakers of British English usually say it is a long time/two weeks etc since ..., and speakers of American English it has been a long time/two weeks etc since ..., but both uses are correct : It's weeks (BrE)/It's been weeks (AmE) since I saw Grandma.
Use for when you state the length of time that something has been happening : We have known each other for ten years (NOT since ten years). | I had been waiting for hours (NOT since hours). |I haven't seen him for ages (NOT since ages).
During and over are used when you state the period of time in which something happens or changes : During her first year at college, she had several boyfriends. | Over the last six months, crime has doubled.

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“over the past/last +时间短语“修饰句子谓语，表示during/through用现在完成时
新prep--188. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

新PREP--224. (GWD-12-Q13) Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.

旧PREP—138 According to scientists at the University of Alaska, while the surface temperature of the globe has risen over the last century by about one degree Fahrenheit, the surface temperature in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased over the last thirty years by about five degrees.

大全409         In the last ten years, the dropout rate among Black high school students has fallen substantially, while the number of Blacks attending college has more than doubled

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大全986   Turkey’s economy has grown prodigiously over the past ten years, with an average annual increase of about eight percent—one of the highest growth rates in the world.

特例：新prep--220. (GWD-24-8) The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling over the last two years.  

新PREP--257. (GWD6-Q30) Though subject to the same wild-animal control efforts that killed off almost all the wolves in North America over the past century, the coyote, because of its amazing ability to adapt to the presence of humans, has been able to expand its range into Alaska and Central America.

大全142 As U.S. nuclear attack submarines prowl their familiar haunts deep within the oceans of the world these days, they increasingly are engaged in missions far different from the tasks for which they were built and for which their crews were trained over the last forty years.

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“over the past/last +时间短语“修饰句子宾语，不影响动词的时态
旧PREP2--119.        After determining the levels of calcium carbonate and the types of fossilized algae present in core samples taken from the bottom of Lake Titicaca in the Andes, a group of scientists was able to reconstruct the history （of precipitation in tropical South America） over the past 25,000 years. 这个句子，over the past 25,000 years修饰的是the history，自然与reconstruct这个动作无关了。

大全775 The main reasons for the phenomenal growth （of agribusiness over the last fifteen years） are elevated land prices, retail marketing networks based on produce imported from other states, and decreased competition from developers. 这个也一样，over the last fifteen years 修饰的是growth，不影响后面的动词形态。

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Over the next+时间短语 要用将来时，will/could/would
大全726 The delinquency rates on mortgages for office buildings, hotels, shopping malls, and other commercial properties held by the nation’s insurance companies have increased sharply in recent months, leading to predictions that foreclosures on these types of loans could double over the next three years

大全023 Tiny quantities of more than thirty rare gases, most of them industrial by-products, threaten to warm the Earth’s atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon dioxide will

大全976 Seeking to spur science education, the National Science Foundation will spend $25 million over the next ten years to promote science in elementary and secondary schools

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大全976 Seeking to spur science education, the National Science Foundation will spend $25 million over the next ten years to promote science in elementary and secondary schools

大全726 The delinquency rates on mortgages for office buildings, hotels, shopping malls, and other commercial properties held by the nation’s insurance companies have increased sharply in recent months, leading to predictions that foreclosures on these types of loans could double over the next three years

大全886 Tiny quantities of more than thirty rare gases, most of them industrial by-products, threaten to warm the Earth’s atmosphere even more rapidly over the next fifty years than carbon dioxide will

旧PREP1—164 One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.

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Over +时间短语 过去时
新PREP--210. (GWD-12-Q31) Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber her letters to anyone else.

旧PREP1—167 It is possible that, like the Volkswagen, whose unchanging exterior over decades concealed many changes in its internal machinery, many prehistoric microbes evolved without significant modification of their sheaths.

新prep--208. (GWD-11-40) Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich lode was produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks.（that从句修饰microbes，over修饰concentrated）

（特例）旧PREP2--72.        Several educational research groups are denouncing the mayor's proposal of a system by which individual teachers would be given raises or bonuses if test scores show that their students' mastery of reading skills has improved over a nine-month period.（表during）