GWD-9-Q12:
A mosquito bite can transmit to a person the parasite that causes malaria, and the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds can significantly reduce the incidence of malarial infection for children in areas where malaria is common. Yet public health officials are reluctant to recommend the use of mosquito nets over children’s beds in such areas. Which of the following, if true, would provide the strongest grounds for the public health officials’ reluctance? A. Early exposure to malaria increases the body’s resistance to it and results in a lesser likelihood of severe life-threatening episodes of malaria. B. Mosquito bites can transmit to people diseases other than malaria. C. Mosquito nets provide protection from some insect pests other than mosquitoes. D. Although there are vaccines available for many childhood diseases, no vaccine has been developed that is effective against malaria. E. The pesticides that are most effective against mosquitoes in regions where malaria is common have significant detrimental effects on human health. [A] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently不注意地 introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch. Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect? A. The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey. B. Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the Great Lakes is done during daytime hours. C. Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a highly prized高奖赏的
game fish.供垂钓的鱼
D. The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations there. E. The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe. [C] A的意思为RUFFE不是好猎物。和原文预测无关。C说在G湖的钓鱼的多数人喜欢钓WHITEFISH。又因为RUFFE以WHITEFISH的蛋为食，所以WHITEFISH多的地方RUFFE也一定多，这样钓到RUFFE的可能性就很大，跟踪RUFFE的行踪的目标更易达到，所以支持预测。 ruffe的确有害，但是政府现在的目的不是要灭了它，而是首先要track the ruffe's spread,政府不可能每天派一大笔人在湖边等着ruffe所以最有效的办法就是要人们参与进来积极举报鱼的行踪，所以政府作了很多小卡片让人们来带在身边，一是让人们了解这种鱼是什么样子，二是了解它有什么害处。但是这个计划的一个弱点就是如果人们都不配合，也就是拿了卡片就扔，看到ruffe也不通知政府，这个措施对于track the ruffe's spread的目的，显然是没有效果的！所以c加强说，因为人们有兴趣保护whitefish，那么当他们看到卡片说ruffe会残害whitefish的卡片会比较容易会配合政府来track ruffe。所以这个措施也就比较likely to have its intended effect==>to track the ruffe's spread. BE是削弱，直接看到C的preservation of whitefish就可以选了
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A diet high in saturated fats increases a person’s risk of developing heart disease. Regular consumption of red wine reduces that risk. Per-capita consumption of saturated fats is currently about the same in France as in the United States, but there is less heart disease there than in the United States because consumption of red wine is higher in France. The difference in regular red-wine consumption has been narrowing, but no similar convergence in heart-disease rates has occurred.
convergence n.集中, 收敛
Which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the lack of convergence noted above? A. Consumption of saturated fats is related more strongly to the growth of fatty deposits on artery动脉 walls, which reduce blood flow to the heart, than it is to heart disease directly. B. Over the past 30 years, per-capita consumption of saturated fats has remained essentially unchanged in the United States but has increased somewhat in France.
C. Reports of the health benefits of red wine have led many people in the United States to drink red wine regularly.与原文重复
D. Cigarette smoking, which can also contribute to heart disease, is only slightly more common in France than in the United States.无关
E. Regular consumption of red wine is declining dramatically among young adults in France, and heart disease typically does not manifest itself until middle age. [E]饱和脂肪酸会增加心脏病的危险，但日常饮用红酒会减少这个危险。法国和美国人均对饱和脂肪酸的消费量是一样的，但法国的心脏病发病率低于美国，车为法国人喝更多的红酒。两国红酒的消费差距在减小（即美国赶上来了或法国消费量少了。），但心脏病的发病率还是一样（即美国没有因为多喝红酒而减少心脏病发病率）——即法国年轻人少喝红酒（虽然美国人没有多喝），但病情要到中年才发作，而美国人的消费正常，发病率和原先也一样。
如B所说，即法国的per-capita consumption of saturated fats 增加，则heart disease会增加，合美国的CONVERGENCE就有可能，与结论矛盾，解释不了lack of convergence noted。
原文给两个规律：FAT高HEART DISEASE也高。WINE低HEART DISEASE也低。
过去：法国（FAT一样，WINE高，HEART DISEASE低）
美国（FAT一样，WINE低，HEART DISEASE高）
现在：WINE的差别已缩小，却HEART DISEASE没缩小。
B说美国的FAT没变，法国的FAT增加点，既然法国的FAT增加，HEART DISEASE也应增加，它和美国在HEART DISEASE方面的差距应缩小。但原文要你解释的是没缩小。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Which of the following most logically completes the reasoning? Either food scarcity or excessive hunting can threaten a population of animals. If the group faces food scarcity, individuals in the group will reach reproductive maturity later than otherwise. If the group faces excessive hunting, individuals that reach reproductive maturity earlier will come to predominate. Therefore, it should be possible to determine whether prehistoric mastodons became extinct because of food scarcity or human hunting, since there are fossilized mastodon remains from both before and after mastodon populations declined, and ______. A. there are more fossilized mastodon remains from the period before mastodon populations began to decline than from after that period与原文内容重复，无新信息，更多的化石也是这些信息。
B. the average age at which mastodons from a given period reached reproductive maturity can be established from their fossilized remains
和原文对应，原文讲的都是这两种因素对生育时间的影响。
C. it can be accurately estimated from fossilized remains when mastodons became extinct与灭绝时间无关
D. it is not known when humans first began hunting mastodons与人的狩猎无关
E. climate changes may have gradually reduced the food available to mastodons与气候无关
拉拉理解：和原文对应，原文讲的都是这两种因素对生育时间的影响。AB易混。
原文知两个关系：如果FACE FOOD SCARCITY，则慢到reproductive maturity 。如果FACE EXCESSIVE HUNTING，则早到reproductive maturity （早到reproductive maturity 的占大多数）。
所以作者认为有可能确定M是由于FOOD SCARCITY灭绝，还是EXCESSIVE HUNTING灭绝。理由是有M数量减少前后的化石。另外，B说可从化石知道到达reproductive maturity 的平均年龄。因为如果减少前的reproductive maturity 年龄大于减少后的年龄，则原因是EXCCESIVE HUNTING（根据第二个关系）。如果小于，则是FOOD SCARCITY（第一个关系）
原文内容+选项，构成答案
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ GWD-10-Q7:
For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont. C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are. D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates. E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports. [A] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Editorial in Krenlandian Newspaper: Krenland’s steelmakers are losing domestic sales because of lower-priced imports, in many cases because foreign governments subsidize their steel industries in ways that are banned by international treaties. But whatever the cause, the cost is ultimately going to be jobs in Krenland’s steel industry. Therefore, it would protect not only steel companies but also industrial employment in Krenland if our government took measures to reduce cheap steel imports. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial’s argument? A. Because steel from Krenland is rarely competitive in international markets, only a very small portion of Krenlandian steelmakers’ revenue comes from exports.与出口无关
B. The international treaties that some governments are violating by giving subsidies to steelmakers do not specify any penalties for such violations. C. For many Krenlandian manufacturers who face severe international competition in both domestic and export markets, steel constitutes a significant part of their raw material costs. D. Because of advances in order-taking, shipping, and inventory systems, the cost of shipping steel from foreign producers to Krenland has fallen considerably in recent years.说明成本更低，更需要保护，加强。
E. Wages paid to workers in the steel industry in Krenland differ significantly from wages paid to workers in many of the countries that export steel to Krenland. [C]
原文推理：因为低价的进口钢原材挤掉了K地钢原材生产商的市场，使K地钢铁业失业增多。所以如果政府减少低价钢原材进口，就可减少全国的失业。
C说K地钢原材价格构成了钢材加工品价格的主要部分。在这情况下，如果限制低价钢原材进口，就等于提高钢加工品价格，使钢材加工品竞争力减少，导致更多的失业（其它行业的总失业远大于钢铁行业的失业）。从而WEAKEN结论。
有两个GAP，一个是钢铁制造商和全国制造商，另一方面是钢铁行业的失业和全国总失业。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Criminologist: Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime. These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently. What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime. Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes. In the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles? A. The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of that conclusion. B. The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument. C. The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion. D. The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion. E. The first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.
MAIN IDEA就是该段文作者的主要意思，作者支持的。这篇短文的作者是CRIMINOLOGIST。他/她到底要支持什麽，表达什麽，不难看出吧。第一句BOLD可是LEGISTLATORS的意见，是CRIMINOLOGIST要反对的。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? A. Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed. B. Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end. C. Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants. D. Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study. E. The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers. Answer:排除法较明显。原文：调查开始后一个月内吸烟的人更容易忧郁。答案：不是忧郁才导致的吸烟。（A取非即：如果是由于忧郁导致的吸烟，就刚好变成了因果倒置的削弱）
本题答案排除了因果倒置，所以是加强。
要研究吸烟是否会导致忧郁症的实验显然是不可能以忧郁症患者为研究对象的，否则岂不是很容易导致原因和结果的混淆(即分不清到底是吸烟导致了忧郁还是忧郁导致了吸烟)。所以实验对象里面是不大可能有忧郁症患者的。A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ GWD-12-Q21: GWD-13-Q23:
In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started propping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania’s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year. Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania’s claim? A. Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania’s movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year. B. Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales of movie tickets. C. Moviemania’s customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil. D. Total attendance at Moviemania’s movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before. E. The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year. Answer:
首先, the claim是 saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales.要反对这句话,才能符合题目意思. 题目中提出一个原因: That claim is false, however, since according to moviemania’s own sales figures, moviemania sold 5percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year. a答案提供了一个支持,提出是其他的refreshment销量减少了. 这说明moviemania的观点the change has hurt popcorn sales是不对的.A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there. 结论
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced. B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops. C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa. D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are. E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there. Answer: B 取非为There are some plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops 因为即使这样，你不知这些PLANTS domesticated是在rice and yams were introduced into western Africa
之前还是之后，如果之后，则结论仍能成立。即B取非不一定使结论不成立。而A取非是结论一定不成立 |
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