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excellent

作文模板

Argument结尾模板

模板一
In conclusion, this argument is unconvincing. To strengthen the argument, the author would have to show that .
Moreover, . To better evaluate this argument, we would also have to know .

模板二
Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his idea should not be adopted. If he wishes his idea to be of any value, he has to take the following condition into consideration: .

模板三
In conclusion, the author provides an incomplete analysis of the problem and, as a result, provides a questionable solution. To better the argument, the author would have to show that . To better evaluate this argument, we should .

模板四
With some essential information still in absence, there is no ground to support the conclusion. Therefore, it is questionable whether .

模板五
In conclusion, the persuasiveness of the argument made by the author is undermined by the lack of fairness in the reasoning that .


模板五
In an attempt to , the article claims that . The evidence cited is that . Additionally, the author points out that . This argument is unconvincing because several questionable assumptions must be made for the stated evidence to support the author’s conclusion.

模板六
The survey that indicates lead the author to predict that . Moreover, the author argues that .
This argument is problematic in three important respects.

模板七
The conclusion of this argument is that .The author employs several lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion. In the first, the author reasons that . In the second, the author points out that . This argument is problematic for a couple of reasons.

模板八
The speaker proposes that . Two reasons are offered in support of this argument. First, . Second,
. The argument is unfounded because the speaker oversimplifies the problem and its solutions.

模板九
Based upon a correlation between A and B , the author argues that . The author further argues that .
The author’s reasoning is unconvincing, since it suffers from two critical problems.


模板十
According to this newspaper article, .
The author supports this claim by pointing out that . Furthermore, the author reasons that . Despite these impressive statistics, I am unconvinced by this argument for two reasons.

概括性陈述题模板：

一： 反对

The speaker here asserts/maintain/consider that . However, I disagree with the speaker for some obvious reasons.

One of the reason why I have such a view is (原因一 ) .To illustrate this point, there is an example that is very persuasive: （举例）.

Secondly, from a practical point of view,
(原因二). We can see that .（举例）

Admittedly, 作者的观点也有什么优点. However, its disadvantages certainly outweigh its advantages.

In conclusion, from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that .


二： 同意

The discussion of the issue among individuals and in society as a whole has come into vogue during the speaker and there are many instances supporting my view.

To begin with, . There is a good example to show that .

Further support can be found in the case that . If you see that , you can understand it more deeply.

The third and very important reason is that . For instance, .
In conclusion, it must be explained that these three reasons sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive than any one of them. So, any thinking person must believe that .


三： 反对

Contrary to the speaker’s statement, my view is that . My position well supported by common sense and by observation.

Regarding the first reason, .

There is a good example to show it: . Furthermore, .

As for the second reason, .
For instance, .

Moreover, . Admittedly, .

Based on the above analysis, I disagree with the opinion that .

补充:写作用词
支持:
support
bolster
endorse
uphold
fortify
concord
corroborate
countenance
reinforce
strengthen
enhance
sustain
反对:
disapprove
dissent
oppose
condemn
dispute
resist
impugn
counter
controvert
antagonistic
combat
gainsay



两者比较题模板：

一：
Which is better: A or B ? Different people have different answers due to their respective point of view. However, I shall agree that B is better than A, for the reasons addressed below.

To begin with, . In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example: .

Second, . For example, .

Third, . The reason for this is that .

In conclusion, due to the above-mentioned reasons, I believe that .

模板二：

This controversy describes the dilemma faced by many people in this era. As far as I am concerned, I support B, because there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages not to support it.

There are numerous reasons why I support B. And I will in here explain a few of the most import ones. The main reason is that . For example, .

A further reason why I support B is that . There is a good example to show that .

A on the other hand, also has some benefits, such as . But its advantages are no more than its disadvantages. We can see this clearly in a case that .

From the above discussion, we see that even though the dilemma still exits, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that .

模板三：
The issue of whether to choose A or choose B is a complex one, since it involves a conflict between . The choice, nevertheless, is not easy to make. In my view, the final judgment should depend on a case-by-case analysis of the two situations.

A is very important under some circumstance, for example, .
On the other hand, .

B is sometimes important as well. We can see that . On the other hand, .

In sum, decision should be made an a case-by-case basis, .


是否选择题模板

一：
Whether AAA should or should not be done is a hot debated problem in that it affects everybody in his daily lives. Careful consideration leads me to believe that .

First of all, I believe that .
A small example could give some light to this point. It is said that .

Secondly, I believe that .
Sometimes, for example, .

Last but not least, .
As we know, .

In conclusion, it is my opinion that .

二：
Determining whether AAA should or should not be done could be weighed in many aspects. On balance, my view is that AAA should not be done in modern society.

First, it goes without saying that .
In order to see this point clearly, let us see an example: .

Second, . A case in point is that .

Finally, . For example, .

So, based on the above discussion, it is not difficult to get the conclusion: .


因果关系题模板：

一：
To begin with, the author’s line of reasoning is that A was the cause of B. However, although A coincided with B, it does not establish a general causal relationship between A and B. For example, it is quite possible that . Thus, .(结论错误)

二：(它因)
This article concludes that . Very likely and but not necessarily, other factors such as (其他因素) are ignored as possible causes for B. The argument can be sustained only if these and other possible factors can be completely ruled out as contributing to B.

三：（两事根本没因果关系）
The argument commits the fallacy of assuming that just because one event follows another, the second event has been caused by the first. The mere fact that A occurs before B does not necessarily establish a causal relationship between A and B.

另一种表述：
To begin with, this argument is a classic instance of “after this, therefore because of this” reasoning. The mere fact that A preceded B is insufficient to conclude that A was the cause of B. Many other factors could bring about these same results. For example, （一个他因）. In addition, (另一个他因).


无证明的假设：

一：
Second, the author assumes that B was caused by A. However, no evidence has been given to substantiate this assumption. It is also possible that other factors might contribute to the B. For instance, . So, the author’s failure to consider and rule out other possible factors that might influence the result renders this argument suspects.

二：
To begin with, the argument depends on the assumption that . however, the author provides no evidence that this is the case. It is possible that .

类比关系：

if it works for A, it will work for B.

In the first place, the argument depends upon a misleading comparison between A and B. A .（A的情况） On the other hand, B .(B的情况)

另一种表述：
These two businesses are too dissimilar for meaningful comparison.
The author assumes that what is true of A will likewise be true of B. But there are all kinds of important differences between A and B. We cannot safely assume that .

时间上的前后 两年前，两年后
时间的跨度 一个星期够不够长

整体和局部：整体会增加，不一定每部分增加



孙远《写作宝典》：GMAT写作黄金句型

逻辑问题分析论证句式：

1. The fact that…does not necessarily imply that…

2. Factors such as…all have some bearing on…

3. Economy, as we know, is influenced by the combination of a host of factors, local, national and international, political, social, and technological.

4. But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented…

5. But the problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.

6. According to…, but there is no evidence whatsoever to show…

7. The argument provides no direct information as to the degree to which…

8. There is no evidence whatsoever to indicate that…

9. But any conclusion at this stage is premature in absence of a 　comprehensive examination of…

10. For a couple of reasons, this argument is not very convincing.

11. The arguer employs two lines of reasoning to reach this conclusion.

12. To support this claim, the editorial cites statistics indicating that…

13. As it stands, this argument suffers from three critical flaws.

14. In this argument, the planning department of an investment firm reaches the conclusion that…

15. The basis for this recommendation is the expectation that…

16. While this argument has some merit, there are a few assumptions that deserve attention.

17. The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from…is representative of …

18. To begin with, this argument depends on the assumption that…

19. Not only does the arguer fail to…, he also fails to…

20. However, while the poll establishes a correlation between…and…, and also indicates a correlation, though less significantly, between…and…, it does not establish a general causal relationship between…

1. To join two independent clauses, use a comma followed by a conjunction, a semicolon alone, or a semicolon followed by a sentence modifier.


11 Rules of Writing Created by Junket Studies

RULE 1 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

The delivery boy knew he carried strange cargo, but still ventured off unafraid.
The delivery boy knew he carried strange cargo, but he still ventured off unafraid.

My math teacher doesn't know how to lecture, she should have remained a student.
My math teacher doesn't know how to lecture; she should have remained a student.


Gregor has not changed physically; but has given himself an excuse to separate himself from the pain of previous experiences.
Gregor has not changed physically; however, he has given himself an excuse to hide from the pain of previous experiences.


2. Use commas to enclose nonrestrictive phrases, which are not essential to the sentence's meaning.

RULE 2 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

The bus driver with her ears tuned to the roar decided to take the grumbling bus on a detour across the football field.
The bus driver, her ears tuned to the roar, decided to take the grumbling bus on a detour across the football field.

My window as dirty as it is reveals the beauty of nature on a snowy morning.
My window, as dirty as it is, reveals the beauty of nature on a snowy morning.

King and Lucille, his customized black Gibsons have electrified audiences all over the world.
King and Lucille, his customized black Gibsons, have electrified audiences all over the world.


3. Do not use commas to bracket phrases that are essential to a sentence's meaning.

RULE 3 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

The man, who has too many ties, has too few necks.
The man who has too many ties has too few necks.

The cats, with six toes, are a unique attraction of the tour of Hemingway's house.
The cats with six toes are a unique attraction of the tour of Hemingway's house.


4. When beginning a sentence with an introductory phrase or an introductory (dependent) clause, include a comma.

RULE 4 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

After buying the five pound jar of marshmallow spread he set off in search of a bulk portion of peanut butter.
After buying the five pound jar of marshmallow spread, he set off in search of a bulk portion of peanut butter.

With this he bestows the responsibility of his own happiness on his mother and father.
With this, he bestows the responsibility of his own happiness on his mother and father.

As she begins to gain independence it is natural for Grete to regard the idea of dependency as repugnant.
As she begins to gain independence, it is natural for Grete to regard the idea of dependency as repugnant.


5. To indicate possession, end a singular noun with an apostrophe followed by an "s". Otherwise, the noun's form seems plural.

RULE 5 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

Though the lobsters claws were bound, the creature made a threatening gesture as they dropped it in the pot.
Though the lobster's claws were bound, the creature made a threatening gesture as they dropped it in the pot.

In a democracy, anyones vote counts as much as mine.
In a democracy, anyone's vote counts as much as mine.

There is a vast age difference between Victors mother and father.
There is a vast age difference between Victor's mother and father.


6. Use proper punctuation to integrate a quotation into a sentence. If the introductory material is an independent clause, add the quotation after a colon. If the introductory material ends in "thinks," "saying," or some other verb indicating expression, use a comma.

RULE 6 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

Tumbling down the hill, Jack yelled: "Gosh, I'm sick of this."
Tumbling down the hill, Jack yelled, "Gosh, I'm sick of this."

Her letter spoke to him in harsh tones, "You never fail to repulse me."
Her letter spoke to him in harsh tones: "You never fail to repulse me."

He views the problem as a slight delay or a sickness that will eventually disappear, "I will go back to sleep for a few minutes and forget all this nonsense."
He views the problem as a slight delay or a sickness that will eventually disappear: "I will go back to sleep for a few minutes and forget all this nonsense."


7. Make the subject and verb agree with each other, not with a word that comes between them.

RULE 7 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

The Thanksgiving dinner, right down to the beautiful centerpiece, were devoured by the escaped grizzly.
The Thanksgiving dinner, right down to the beautiful centerpiece, was devoured by the escaped grizzly.

The cart, as well as its contents, were gone.
The cart, as well as its contents, was gone.

The girl, along with her classmates, like the new teacher.
The girl, along with her classmates, likes the new teacher.


8. Be sure that a pronoun, a participial phrase, or an appositive refers clearly to the proper subject.

RULE 8 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

Its hump decorated in strings of flowers, the programmer rode the camel through the food court.
The programmer rode the camel, its hump decorated in strings of flowers, through the food court.

Filled with bad gas, he drove his car to Tucson despite the knocking.
Although it was filled with bad gas, he drove his car to Tucson despite the knocking.


9. Use parallel construction to make a strong point and create a smooth flow.

RULE 9 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

I was glad to be departing for Australia but I was nervous when I left my apartment.
I was glad to be departing for Australia but nervous to be leaving my apartment.

The system excels at tasks such as communicating with other computers, processing records, and mathematical calculations.
The system excels at tasks such as communicating with other computers, processing records, and calculating mathematical equations.


10. Use the active voice unless you specifically need to use the passive.

RULE 10 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

A refund was given to him by the hair regeneration company.
The hair regeneration company gave him a refund.

A good score was achieved by the team.
The team achieved a good score.

A box of chocolates and a dozen roses were presented to the girl by her boyfriend.
The boyfriend presented a box of chocolates and a dozen roses to the girl.


11. Omit unnecessary words.

RULE 11 -- EXAMPLES
Incorrect -- Correct

I would like to assert that the author should be considered to be a buffoon.
The author is a buffoon.

It would be safe to say that Gregor Samsa is not the only character in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis to undergo drastic changes.
Gregor Samsa is not the only character in Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis to undergo drastic change.

Before going to the supermarket, we made a list of the groceries we needed in order to make the food that we intended to eat for dinner.
Before going to the supermarket, we made a list of groceries that we needed to prepare dinner.

第一宗罪：无因果联系
Model 1
a) First of all, the author commits the “After Of This, Therefore, Because Of This” fallacy.
b) The author assumes that A caused B.
c) The line of the reasoning is that because A before B, the former event caused the latter.
d) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out.
e) For example, perhaps A1 is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by A2.
Model 2
a) First, the argument relies on the assumption that A has caused B.
b) The author uses the statistical relationship//positive correlation between A and B to establish causality.
c) However, a statistical relationship//positive correlation does not mean causality.
//The fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.
d) There may be other factors that could have caused B/contributed to B.
e) Such as A1, A2, and A3.

Model 3
a) First, the author fails to establish a causal relationship between the fact A and the claim B.
b) The fact that A coincide with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.
c) This argument is unacceptable if there is no compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events.

A) This argument is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of---// the author oversimplifies the cause of---.
B) This argument is based on hasty generalization // suffers from a fallacy of overgeneralization.

第二宗罪 Insufficient-sample
Model 1
a) In the first place, the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it.
b) ONE EXAMPLE is rarely sufficient to establish a GENERAL conclusion.
c) Unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.
d) In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
Model 2
a) First, the mere fact that ---is insufficient evidence to conclude that----.
b) The statistics from ONLY A FEW RESENT YEARS are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends.
c) It is possible that---.
Model 3
a) Finally, the argument is unwarranted for the flaw of “Insufficient sample” fallacy.
b) Based on a specific example of A1 and only three courses, it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all A .
c) It is possible that --- caused --- in three specific course in a certain school, but the arguer has never provided any evidence to indicate A2 will similar to A1.
Model 4
a) In the first place, the author provide no evidence to support the claim that A1 the population as a whole is aging and that A2 the hotel occupancy rate in general is deciding,
b) The example cited, while suggestive of these trends, is insufficient to warrant their truth because there is no reason to believe the data drawn from the special region is representative of the entire country.
c) For example, if the region from which the data was gathered was Florid, it would clearly be unrepresentative. The reason for this is obvious---.

第三宗罪: 错误类比 (based on a false analogy )
Model 1
a) In the first place, the argument is based on a false analogy.
b) Analogies draw between A and B are highly suspect because there are many serious differences.
c) While A ----, B----.// For example, A----, however, B----.
d) Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do---.
Model 2
a) To begin with, the reason/argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to/similar to B in all respects (other than the ones listed)
b) This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there are many dissimilarities as well.
c) For example, A----, however, B----.

第四宗罪 all things are equal
Model 1
a) The author also commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”.
b) The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that ---.
c) The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations.
d) However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at A are the same as they used to be two years ago.
e) Thus it is impossible to conclude that ---.
第五宗罪 Either-Or choice
Model 1
a) the author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives.
b) However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either/or choice.
c) Adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.
Model 2
a) The author unfairly assumed that – -must make an either/or choice between the two--.
b) This assumption present a false dilemma, since the two –are not necessarily mutually-exclusive alternatives.
c) Common sense tells us that --- can succeed by doing in both--.
第六宗罪 survey/poll is doubtful
Model 1
a) To begin with, the validity of the survey is doubtful.
b) Lacking information about the number of employees surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results.
c) For example, if 200 employees were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that --- would be highly suspect.
d) Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out these interpretations, the results of the survey are insufficient to support the conclusion.
Model 2
a) Finally, the poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative//reliable.
b) The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or how the poll was conducted.
c) Until these question are answered, the results are worthless as evidence for ---.
Model 3
A) the arguer fails to provide necessary information concerning the sample and the procedure of the survey.
B) The arguer fails to provide information regarding when, where and how the research is conducted.
第七宗罪 gratuitous assumption
Model 1
a) First, the author unfairly assumes that --- will---,/A is necessary to B.
b) This is not necessarily the case./no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption.
c) It is possible that ----./Perhaps ---.
Model 2
a) To begin with, the author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that 作者的错误前提。
b) However, the author does not provide facts to support this argument.
c) For example, it is most likely that 相反例子。
d) Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.

几种句型：
A） Given that ---has---, it is unlikely that---would---.
B） Even if it is granted that ---, another assumption must be made before we can conclude that--.
C） By concluding that---, the author assumes that--.
D） The author fails to consider and rule out other factors that might account for--.

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[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 15:47:13编辑过]

excellent

Final Fantasy VI--作文废话魔版及例子集

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The issue of whether... is a complex and controversial one. One the one hand, many people may feel that..; on the other hand, others may think that…
However, in the final analysis, I conclude that …. In the following discussion, I would like to present evidences favouring the former one and refuting the latter one/to support my point of view.

--- In the first place, the most important reason for my view is that 。For example/History has it that 例子 There is no better example than this to illustrate the strength /weakness of 某方.
--- In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement/consider this statement to be wrong. The reason is not far to seek:原因2。For instance, 例子2。
--- Of course, it may be true that自己观点对立方的某些长处 in some conditions . However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to 对立方的观点。,When the advantage and disadvantage of X and Y are carefully compared, the most striking conclusion is obvious.

Given the reasons discussed above, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole and thus become more persuasive, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that XXX

Success

When Bill Gates made his decision to drop out from Harvard, he did not care too much of the result. Gates entered Harvard in 1973, and dropped out two years later when he and Allen started the engine of Microsoft. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems, such as MS-DOS and Windows. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.

We can learn from the experience of the great inventor Thomas Alva Edison that sometimes a series of apparent failures is really a precursor to success. The voluminous personal papers of Edison reveal that his inventions typically did not spring to life in a flash of inspiration but evolved slowly from previous woks.

Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India, thus gaining her the name "Saint of the Gutters." The devotion towards the poor won her respect throughout the world and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She founded an order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India dedicated to serving the poor. Almost 50 years later, the Missionaries of Charity have grown from 12 sisters in India to over 3,000 in 517 missions throughout 100 countries worldwide.
Lady Diana Spencer, Princess of Whales, is remembered and respected by people all over the world more for her beauty, kindness, humanity and charitable activities than for her technical skills.

Mandela

Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality.

Beethoven, the German Composer, began to lose his hearing in 1801 and was entirely deaf by 1819. However, this obstacle could not keep him from becoming one of the most famous and prolific composers in art history. His music, including 9 symphonies, 5 piano concertos, several senates and so on, formes a transition from classical to romantic composition.

Individual, Companies,Leadership and Internal control

Mr. Lesson was accused of losing 1.3 billon dollars as a result of a risky derivative investment with the potential of a 27-billon gain. The collapse of Barings Bank in 1995 has been one of the most spectacular events in the banking world in recent years. Banks solvency and liquidity can be significantly threatened if speculative trading in financial derivatives is guided by a lack of adequate internal and external controls. There is evidence that such reasons are responsible for the failure of Barings in February 1995.

Recently, many multi-national companies, such as Cisco and Yahoo, stimulate the employees’ morale by offering stock options to their employees. Stock option provides a chance for employees to become the shareholders of the company. As the result, the interest and profit of the company is tightly connected with the employees’ interest and income.

Many firms adopt “Profit-Related-Pay” contracts (PRP contracts) and pay wages at levels that vary with firms’ profits. Many studies suggest that firms adopting PRP contracts show productivity per worker higher than that of their competitors who used more traditional contracts. The reason behind is that PRP contracts greatly change individual workers’ relationships to the firm, connecting their interest with firms’ interest.

The greater the division of labor in an economy, the greater the need for communication and coordination. This is because increased division of labor entails a larger number of specialized producers, which results in a greater number of disruptions of supply and production.

An employer looking for long-term employees may be better served by hiring applicants with broad background. By way of their more general education, these applicants have acquired a variety of general and transferable skills. They may be more suitable than their business-background colleagues to solve general management problems, deal with business associates from different cultures and view issues at a variety of aspects. In general, the employees with broad background can accustom to changes more quickly than their business-majored colleagues.

Daimler Chrysler, one of the most successful automobile companies in the world, contributes significantly to the local employment of Stuttgart, Germany.

Philip Morris, the largest tobacco company in the world, has been sued by government and many other groups for producing products that are harmful to health. The fines and legal fees that have resulted from the legal attacks against the company have costed the company substantial amounts of money.

Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the company.

Mitsubishi Motors had concealed significant defects in the break system of Pajero, one of the company’s major products, before apologized to public. Hundreds of car accidents were directly caused by the break error. Thus, the company suffered a great goods return, losing not only the market share but also the confidence of consumers.

Henry Ford’s factory was so efficient that by 1926 a new “model-T” cost only $310, one-third the price of the original 1908 model.

Discriminating services may cause misunderstanding and unpleasant result. The best example is Toshiba, one of the largest Japanese companies. In 2000, the Company announced that among notebook computers it produced, one model had serious defect. Users in North America could choose either replacements with an upgraded model or full refund. However, no such offer for users in China. Chinese users were outrage at the company’s discrimination and refused to use any of Toshiba’s notebook computers. What the company lost is not only the temporary revenue but also the consumer’s confidence, which contribute to the long-term success of the company.

Compared with government officers, private corporation managers must pay more attention to efficiency and effectiveness of their decisions. Normally, maximizing profitability is not the primary goal of government owned enterprises and governmental planning, so that many unrealistic decisions may be resulted. It is the hidden reason that many government owned enterprises become profitable after the privatisations.

Traditionally, the first firm to commercialise a new technology has benefited from unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution. For example, SEGA, producer of Saturn, was the first company to develop home video game machine commercially, but Sony Entertainment INC., producer of Play Station, proved to be more successful at forming strategic alliance with other producers and distributors to manufacture and market its hardware and software. Because consumers had more choices on Play Station’s games, they seldom bought SEGA Saturn. By the end of the 1990’s, Play Station dominated the home video game market while SEGA Saturn was no longer in production.

The financial crash of October 1987 and the Asia Economic Crisis in 1998 demonstrate that the world’s capital markets are more closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village—almost instantaneously.

The fact that in many corporations employees are being replaced by automated equipment in order to save money does not mean our lives are becoming worse. After all, it is the automation that boosts the industrial revolution, which in turn, creates thousands of hundreds more positions than in the past. If the corporations cannot improve its profitability, many more people will lost their jobs ultimately.

As the economic role of multinational, global corporations expands, the international economic environment will be shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions, but by the interaction between governments and global corporations.

Traditionally, people think that companies are set up for making profit, not for saving our planet. Today, however, more and more multinational companies adopt the Corporate Social Responsibility Policy (CSR policy). These companies pay more attention to the social problems, from employee minimum wage to environment issues. On the one hand, these companies do not want people to protest in front of the office buildings; on the other hand, a good public image does help the companies promote their products to consumers.

The interview is an essential part of a successful firing program because with it, job applicants who have personalities that are unsuited to the requirements of the job will be eliminated from consideration.

Architecture

The Potala Palace is Tibet’s cardinal landmark and a structure that deserves a place as one of the wonders of eastern architecture. The Potala palace was built by Songtsen Gampo, the first king of Tibet, in the 7th century. The roof and many other parts of the Palace were decorated by pure gold, which was contributed by the Buddhist in Tibet. Since its construction, the Potala Palace has been the home of each successive Dalai Lamas, the religious leader of Tibet. This building dedicates not only to religious belief but also to the accommodation place—over a thousand Lamas live in it today. Shaped by the people of Tibet, the Potala Palace has a far-reaching influence on the Tibetan’s religion as well as every day lives.

Besides religious impact, buildings represent our intellectual and business behavior. Take Bank of China Tower as an example. It is located at No. 1 Garden Road, central Hong Kong. The tower itself is 315 meters high, and the unique style and spectacular appearance has made it one of the most distinguished buildings in the world. The BOC tower is a masterpiece of the world famous American-Chinese architect Mr. I.M.Pei. The inspiration of the design is derived from the elegant poise of bamboo. Now, the BOC tower is a symbolic of strength, vitality and growth, representing also the Bank’s commitment to the rapid development of Hong Kong and to servicing the community. The BOC tower has not only recorded a glorious page in the construction history of Hong Kong but also highlighted the new phases of expansion in Hong Kong.

Constructed in the Victory Age, the Big Bell is now the biggest bell in the world and is still one of the important parts of the English lives.

Energy

OPEC is one of the best examples. OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is an international organization of eleven developing countries that are heavily reliant on oil revenues as their main source of income. Since oil revenues are so vital for the economic development of these nations, they aim to bring stability and harmony to the oil market by adjusting their oil output to help ensure a balance between supply and demand. In the long run, the stabilized out-put help to cease the problem of over-refining and over utilization of oil energy.

Nowadays, developed countries already masters the technology of using more efficiency and economical energy resources, such as water and solar energy, while the traditional and wasted energy still dominates in the developing countries. International cooperation enables the technology transfer between developed countries and developing countries and devotes to the benefit of entire human beings. A worldwide leader can speed up the decision-making progress and enhance the solidarity among the member countries.

Children

The immaturity of young children may deter them from making moral discrimination about harmful actions committed against or others. Many scientific research prove that young children do not take into account the intentions of a person committing accidental or deliberate harm and that it is difficult for young children to differentiate between unforeseeable and foreseeable, and thus preventable harm.

Television programs and movies that depict violence among teenagers are extremely popular. Given how influential these media are, we have good reason to believe that these depictions cause young people to engage in violent behavior. Hence, depictions of violence among teenagers should be prohibited from movies and television programs, if only in those programs and movies promoted to young audiences.

Others

It took Columbus, the Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth is round, over 3 months to sail from Europe to America. However, we can do so by air within one day.

Rabbi Meir, a second-century scholar, admonished his disciples to look not at the pitcher but as its contents because, he stated “Many a new pitcher has been found to be full of old wine.” This was his way of emphasizing the importance of the distinction between form and idea, and of stressing that the integrity of an idea is more important than the form of its expression.

Old sayings

Get new insights through reviewing old materials---Confucius

Get twice the result with half the effort

Kill two birds with one stone.

Tough time does not last long, but tough people do.

Don’t part with your illusions. When they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live.Mark Twain 不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。
Man errs so long as strives.Johann Wolfgang Goethe,German poet and dramatist 人只要奋斗就会犯错误。
Where there is a will, there is a way.Thomas Edison 有志者，事竟成。
Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired, and success achieved.Helen Keller 要使性格有所发展并非简单之事，只有通过艰难和困苦的磨练才能使心灵强化，视野开阔，雄心振奋，从而达到成功的目的。
Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful.William Shakespeare 美德是勇敢的，善良从来无所畏惧。
Histories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.Francis Bacon 历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密；自然哲学使人深邃；伦理使人庄重；逻辑修辞学使人善辩。
Never too old to learn.Thomas Middleton, British writer 活到老学到老。
The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant.Rene Descartes, French philosopher/mathematician 学，然后知不足。
All happy families are like one another; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.Leo Tolstoy, Russian writer 所有幸福的家庭都十分相似；而每个不幸的家庭各有自不幸。
Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.Charles BernardFrench philosopher 经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。
Knowledge is power.Francis Bacon 知识就是力量。
Experience is not what happens to a man; it is what a man does with what happens to him.Aldous Leonard HuxleyAmerican writer 经验不会从天降；经验只有通过实践才能获得。
I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.Voltaire, French writer 我不同意你说的话，但是我愿意誓死捍卫你说话的权利。
Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth.Aristotle, Ancient Greek philosopher 吾爱吾师，吾更爱真理。
Imagination is more important than knowledge.Albert Einstein 想象力比知识更为重要。
Do not, for one repulse, give up the purpose that you resolved to effect.William Shakespeare 不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。
I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man. I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world.Thomas Edison 我想揭示大自然的秘密，用来造福人类。认为，在我们的短暂一生中，最好的贡献莫过于此了。
It is at our mother’s knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest ideals, but there is seldom any money in them.Mark Twain 就是在我们母亲的膝上，我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想，但是里面很少有任何金钱。
The ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully have been kindness, beauty and truth.Albert Einstein 有些理想曾为我引过道路，并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生，那些理想就是—真、善、美。
The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today.Franklin Roosevelt 实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。
If you have great talents, industry will improve them; if you have but moderate abilities, industry will supply their deficiency.Joshuas Reynolds, American female essayist 如果你很有天赋，勤勉会使其更加完善；如果你能力一般，勤勉会补足其缺陷。
My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.John Kennedy 美国同胞们，不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。全世界的公民们，不要问美国将为你们做些什么，而要问我们共同能为人类的自由做些什么。
Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.Thomas Edison 有所成就是人生唯一的真正的乐趣。
Success covers a multitude of blunders.George Bernard Shaw 成功由大量的失误铸成。
You have to believe in yourself. That’s the secret of success.Charles Chaplin 人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。
A light heart lives long.William Shakespeare 豁达者长寿。
Bitter pills may have blessed effects.Anonymous 良药苦口利于病。
Diseases of the soul are more dangerous than those of the body. M.T. Cicero,Ancient Roman orator and statesman 心灵上的疾病比身体上的疾病更危险。
The first wealth is health.Ralph Waldo Emerson, American thinker 健康是人生第一财富。
All the splendor in the world is not worth a good friend.Voltaire, French thinker 人世间所有的荣华富贵不如一个好朋友。
Beggars do not envy millionaires, though of course they will envy other beggars who are more successful.Bertrand Russell 乞丐并不羡慕百万富翁，尽管他们一定会羡慕比他们乞讨得多的乞丐。
It is good to have money to buy things that money can buy, but it is better not to lose things money cannot buy.George H Lorimer, American journalist 有钱去买能买得到的东西当然不错，但是不丢失用金钱买不到的东西更好。
Money is a good servant and a bad master.Francis Bacon 金钱是善仆，也是恶主。
No country, however rich, can afford the waste of its human resources.Frankin Roosevelt 任何一个国家，不管它多么富裕，都浪费不起人力资源。
A contented mind is the greatest blessing a man enjoy in this world.Joseph Addison, American writer 知足是人生在世最大的幸事。
The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.Vitor Hugo 生活中最大的幸福是坚信有人爱我们。
Do you love life? Then do not squander time; for that’s the stuff life is made of.Benjamin Franklin 你热爱生命吗？那么，别浪费时间，因为生命是由时间组成的。
Never leave that until tomorrow, which you can do today. Benjamin Franklin 今天的事不要拖到明天。
The time of life is short, to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long.William Shakespeare 人生苦短，若虚度年华，则短暂的人生就太长了。
To choose time is to save time. Francis Bacon 合理安排时间是节约时间。
Liberty is the only thing you cannot have unless you give it to others.William A. White, American journalist 自由就是这样的东西，不给予别人，你自己也无法得到。
Liberty, when it begins to take root, is a plant of rapid growth. George Washington 自由一旦生根，便是株迅猛生长的植物。
Smokers and nonsmokers cannot be equally free in the same railway carriage.George Bernard Shaw 吸烟者和不吸烟者在同一节车厢里无法享受同样的自由。
A good laugh is sunshine in a house.William Makepeace Thackeray,British novelist 令人愉快的欢笑是房间里的阳光。
He that travels far knows much.John Ray, British scientist 远行者见闻多。
I never consider ease and joyfulness as the purpose of life itself.Albert Einstein 我从来不认为安逸和欢乐就是生活本身的目的。
In almost every face and every person, they may discover fine feathers and defects, good and bad qualities. Benjamin Franklin 人各有其面，有优缺点，有长短处。
The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft. Flaubert 人生在世首要大事是保持灵魂的高尚。
Cultivation to the mind is as necessary as food for the body.Cicero, Ancient Roman statesman and orator 学习对于头脑，如同食物对于身体一样不可缺少。
My philosophy of life is work.Thomas Alva Edison 我的人生哲学就是工作。
Work banishes those three great evils: boredom, vice, and poverty.Voltaire, French philosopher 工作撵跑三个魔鬼：无聊，堕落和贫穷。
A friend is, as it were, a second self.Cicero 可以说，朋友是另一个自我。
Friendship is an essential ingredient in the making of a healthful, rewarding life. Ralph Waldo EmersonAmerican thinker 友谊是使人的一生健康而有意义所不可缺少的组成部分。
Friendship is both a source of pleasure and a component of good health.Ralph Waldo Emerson 友谊既是快乐之源泉，又是健康之要素。
Mistakes are an essential part of education.Bertrand Russell, British philosopher 从错误中吸取教训是教育极为重要的一部分。
Initiative is doing the right thing without being told.Elbert Hubbard, American writer 主动性是指在没有人告诉你的情况下去做合适的事情。
Strong reasons make strong actions.William Shakespeare 强有力的理由产生强有力的行动。
There is no time like the present.Tobias George SmallettBritish novelist 时不待我，没有比现在更宝贵的了。
Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it.Hellen Keller, American writer 虽然世界多苦难，但是苦难总是能战胜的。
To be proud of learning is the greatest ignorance.Jereny Taylor, American composer 以学识自傲是最大的无知。
A friendship founded on business is better than business founded on friendship.John D. Rockerfeller, American businessman 建立在商务基础上的友谊胜过建立在友谊基础上的商务。
No society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law.Thomas Jefferson, American president 没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法，甚至一条永远适用的法律。
A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. H. B. Adams, American historian 教师的影响是永恒的；无法估计他的影响会有多深远。
Education is a progressive discovery of our ignorance. Durant, American historian 教育是一个逐步发现自己无知的过程。
Example is always more efficacious than precept.Samuel Johnson British writer and critic 身教胜于言教。

[em10][em10][em10][em10][em10]

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 15:55:30编辑过]

excellent

考试时如何写Argument

偶的建议：
1.读题后，在草稿纸上，写下你发现的逻辑错误
2.按照你所写的逻辑错误，在电脑中讲观点一一写出，即先搭个框架（所谓的八股结构）
3.往每段里填内容

一面之词，仅供参考！

Issue写作之“五段五句”
＊第一段
第一句话为作者的结论；第二句话，错误论点A；第三句话，错误论点B；第四句话，错误论点C；第五句话，自己观点（承上启下的作用）。
通常，错误的论点会有很多，但是考试时选二、三个错误论点写就可以了。对于作者结论、
错误论点的描述，偶建议可以直接抄写原文的（特别是没有把握改写正确时，最好不要改写）

＊第二段、第三段、第四段
第一句话，论点之所以错误的原因（如强加因果关系）；分析之所以错误的原因，最好列举些反例（如可能有其他原因导致结果，要把他因一一列举）；本段小结。
唯一要注意的是，每段的顺序要与第一段中指出的错误论点的顺序相一致，即第一段写A，第二段写B，第三段写C。

＊第五段
第一句，承上启下；第二句、第三句、第四句，分别针对上述2～4段的分析，提出建议；第五句，总结。
唯一要注意的也是对应性。

[em10][em10][em10][em10][em10]

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:04:23编辑过]

excellent

希望对大家有帮助!

Argument
1st paragraph
In this argument, the arguer concludes/recommends that ______.To support this conclusion, the arguer pointed out/provides evidence that ____.In addition, he reasons/asserts/infers that _______.Furthermore/moreover, he also indicates that ____. At first glance, the author's arguments appears to be somehow appealing/convincing, but further reflection reveals that it suffers from several logical flaws. /that it is based on some doubtful /questionable /problematic /unwarranted assumption.
The editorial recommends that___ /According to the article in the magazine ____.

Last paragraph
1. To sum up, the author's conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more/specific information concerning____ /that ____. The arguer should also demonstrate that_______ to make this argument logically acceptable.

2.Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his conclusion should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if the author could convince us that _____.Additionally, the author should consider _______.

中间段
1. 错误类比 (false analogy)
In the first place, the apparent fallacy is that the argument suffers from a reasoning that is based on a false analogy./he arguments is based on a false analogy. The fact that A____/the example the arguer cites that A___ has nothing to do with B___./ The assertion that "the same principle applies to do with B" is too presumptuous to be accepted. It may be true that certain similar aspects do exist, but the striking differences between A and B should be the first focus as far as this issue is concerned. For example, A___, however, B___. Clearly /therefore, the argument is unwarranted.

2. 无因果联系 (Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc/ After This and Therefore Because of This")
The argument suffers/commits a logic fallacy of "After This and Therefore Because of This". The author has never established any casual relationship between A and B. The mere fact that A coincide with B does not necessarily prove the author's assumption that A caused B./is insufficient to conclude that A was the case of B. Many other factors, (such as _____)could bring about these same results. (for example____).In addition, it may be only a coincidence that _____. Unless the author can provide sound evidence to demonstrate that it was A that solely account for B, the conclusion is problematic.

The author has never established any casual relationship between A and B. A, just one element of the whole operation, is neither sufficient or essential in accounting for B. Based only on this phenomenon that B follows A, the author arbitrarily concludes that A causes B.

In no case can the mere fact that ___ be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a casual-effect relationship between A and B. In fact, it is an unwarranted assumption. The author has obviously neglected the possibility that other alternative facts such as ___, _____, or _____may contribute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that ______. Because the author has never eliminate these possibilities, the assumption in question can not be accepted.

加强:
The author must provide detailed information about other factors besides A that may exert impacts, negative or beneficial on profits.

It must be established that A was the principal cause of B.

To strengthen this argument, the author should rule out the factors that contribute to B.

3. Insufficient-sample
In the first place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.

The argument has also committed insufficient-sample fallacy. The conclusion that _____must be based on assumption that what is true of A will likewise be true of most other business. But there must have a colossal differences may have significant implication to how A works. In this case, it is unconvincing to conclude that all business will ________.

加强
the author has to offer information about the difference between A and other business.


4. All things are equal
The author also commits the fallacy of "all things are equal". The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that ___.
The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different location. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at A are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus It is impossible to conclude that ____.

The author claims that____ because ____.This is an unwarranted assumption because things rarely remain the same from place to place/over extended periods of time. Even ____,but there are all kinds of difference between A and B, such as ___. We cannot safely assumes that _____.

5. Survey/poll is doubtful

The conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll/study while the validity of the survey is doubtful./the poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative /reliable. The claims does not indicate who/wen/how/by whom the survey is conducted/what can the survey shows/what is the sample size/are the samples randomly taken or with bias. Until these question are answered, the results are worthless as evidence for _____.

6. Eithor-Or choice

The author assumes that____ and ____ are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author has never offered any reason or evidence for imposing an either/or choice. Adjusting both A and B might produce better results/common sense tells us that ___ can succeed by doning in both.

7. gratuitous assumption
The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that ____./The author unfairly assumes that ____. However, the author does not provide facts to support this argument./there is no necessary case/no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. It is possible that___(反例).Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.

8. Inconsistent fallacy
The major problem with the view expressed in the article is that inconsistent recommendations are endorsed in the argument. On the hand, _____. On the other hand, ____. Obviously,_____ cannot be expected to adhere to both of these recommendations.

9. Suggestion建议措施不可行
在命题的第一部分利用类比,调查,假性因果作为陈述的论证,然后提出建议.建议总是为了解决某一问题,改善某种不利状况,避免某种损失而提出,但是在提出任何建议措施之前,必须对问题作出全面透彻的分析.但是在ARGUMENT中
-绝对不分析产生不利的原因,而是直接提出建议.
-绝对不去分析所提出的措施一旦实施,将产生什么后果.
-建议超出问题范围.

[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:07:54编辑过]

excellent

最近的Issue题目及其提纲

130. “When judging the qualifications of potential employees, business employers should rely solely on objective information, such as a candidate’s resume and education.  Personal interviews are much too subjective and are therefore not a valid basis on which to judge a person’s qualifications for a job.”

Position:  Experienced employers would base their judgment on both the candidates’ objective information and their personal performance in interviews.
1.    No one can deny the importance of objective information when evaluating the qualifications of potential employees.
2.    However, it would be naïve overlook the advantages of personal interviews in helping interviewers know more directly the personality and ability of potential employees.
3.    A wise boss would combine both ways when deciding whether to hire a potential employee.

9. “ Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from the workplace.”

Position: While I agree that employees should not allow their personal lives to interfere with their jobs, the arguer fails to see the positive effects of integrating personal life with work.
1.    Arranging for occasional social activities that involve the management and the employees in personal communication can foster a dynamic work environment that promotes collegiality and cooperation.
2.    Meanwhile, employees should guard against allowing their personal life to impinge upon their job performance or intrude on coworkers.

12. “ Education has become the main provider of individual opportunity in our society.  Just as property and money once were the keys to success, education has now become the element that most ensures success in life.”

Position: I am in favor of the idea that in the age of knowledge economy nothing is more important to a person’s success than education.
1.    In a democratic society everybody is supposed to have the same opportunity to move upward in the society through his or her own ability.
2.    One’s ability, the most important element that ensures success in this information age, is mainly acquired through education.
3.    Meanwhile, we should heed the reality that not everybody is equally accessible to education.

13. “ Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, not to government.”

Position: Although individual’s voluntary actions are necessary for environment preservation, I insist that governmental participation plays a more important role in this campaign.
1.    Individuals or private companies tend to pursue their short-term private interests, which has been the direct causes of the environmental crisis.
2.    Government possesses the authority and resources necessary to address the environmental problems.

16. “ Public buildings reveal much about the attitudes and values of the society that builds them.  Today’s new schools, courthouses, airports, and libraries, for example, reflect the attitudes and values of today’s society.”

Position: As an integrating element of a culture, public buildings reflect the values of a society.
1.    On the one hand, public buildings vary in style from culture to culture, representing the different aesthetic values of respective cultures.
2.    On the other hand, the different functions that public buildings serve in different societies directly reveal the different ideals and ways of life in those societies.

18. “ If the primary duty and concern of a corporation is to make money, then conflict is inevitable when the corporation must also acknowledge a duty to serve society.”

Position: In my view, a corporation’s duty to maximize profits and its duty to serve the society will at times coincide and at times conflict.
1.    In most cases, serving the society in various ways can bring a company good reputation, contributing to its long-term as well as short-term interests.
2.    There are times when a company’s pursuit of profits conflict with its social responsibility, in which case the social interests should take precedence.

21. “ Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service.  Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”

Position: While I agree that salary increases and job security are powerful incentives to high achievement and should generally go to those who do the best work, I maintain that companies must also reward tenured employees with cost-of-living raises – though not with job security.
1.    Companies should adjust their pay schedules so that the largest salaries go to the most productive employees.
2.    Meanwhile, tenured employees who perform their job satisfactorily should be given regular, though small, service-based pay increases.

25. “ The best strategy for managing a business, or any enterprise, is to find the most capable people and give them as much authority as possible.”

Position: Generally speaking, I agree that searching for the most capable people and offering them the biggest authority is the best strategy for the success of a business although there are many other effective managing strategies such as teamworking and reducing layers of management.
1.    The fact that we are living in a knowledge economy should make us realize the increasing importance of human resources.
2.    If capable employees are entrusted with the necessary authority, they will be able to make full use of their potential, making great contributions to the success of the company.
3.    Admittedly, simply putting the most capable people together and giving them every authority will not necessarily bring out the expected result; therefore, this strategy must be supported with an organizational structure that brings all individual efforts together as an organic whole.

31. “ Financial gain should be the most important factor in choosing a career.”

Position: The role that financial gain should play in career choice depends on the priorities, goals, and values of the particular person making the choice.
1.    First of all, people eat to live, not live to eat.
2.    Second, people consider a whole lot factors other than money in selecting a career.
3.    Finally, money has different implications to different people.

32. “ You can tell the ideas of a nation by its advertisements.”

Position: In a sense, advertisements do reflect a nation’s ideas.
1.    Indisputably, advertisements inform us of a nation’s values, attitudes, and priorities – what activities are worthwhile, what the future holds, and what is fashionable and attractive.
2.    Moreover, public-interest advertisements do present the ideas held by the mainstream of the society.
3.    However, a nation’s ideas are far more complex than what the consumption-oriented commercials can present.

33. “ People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”

Position: People are more likely to accept the leadership of those who have shown that they can perform the same task that they require of others.
1.    It is difficult for people to fully respect a leader who cannot, or will not, do what he or she asks of others.
2.    It is likewise difficult to trust leaders who do not have the experience in the areas under their leadership.
3.    Admittedly, in a highly hierarchical, technology-intensive and massive-scale company, we should expect the president to be able to perform every specific task of the company.

34. “ All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service.  Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”

Position: On balance, the costs of a mandatory system to a nation and to the participants would probably exceed the benefits.
1.    A mandatory system in modern society would open the floodgate to incompetence and inexperience, resulting in inefficient public administration.
2.    In a simpler and small-scale society such as the ancient Greek city-states, mandatory public service would function well.
3.    The theoretical appeal of mandatory public service is rather misleading.


36. “ Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team.  Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.”

Position: The problem of overemphasizing teamwork varies from different institutions and cultures.
1.    First of all, overemphasizing teamwork can be counterproductive, stifling healthy competition and individual initiative.
2.    Likewise, overemphasizing individual autonomy may undermine cooperation among employees, harming the organization’s overall goal.
3.    It is possible to combine individual commitment and teamwork.

37. “ Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.”

Position: In modern society dominated by technology, the study of arts and humanities is probably more important than ever.
1.    Studying the arts and humanities can foster students’ imagination and creativity.
2.    In addition, technology should be understood only as a means to serve the large goal of human beings, for which the arts and humanities can play an important role.
3.    Therefore, it is essential to combine technology education and liberal education.

39. “ It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”

Position: In our increasingly competitive society, it is more and more difficult to achieve both professional success and personal fulfillment.
1.    Undeniably, today’s professions must work long hours to keep their heads above water, let alone to get ahead in life financially.
2.    In addition, professionals have to work under great pressure to survive the severe competition, to say nothing of achieving professional success.
3.    The encouraging news is that more and more people have come to see the interdependence of a fulfilled personal life and a successful career.

40. “ With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation, people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens of a particular country.”

Position: Our roles as national citizens are not necessarily incompatible with our roles as world citizens.
1.    People are naturally more concerned with their national interests.
2.    It is true that conflicts often arise between our commitment to national interests and that to international welfare.
3.    However, we should see both the need for and the possibility of realizing and consciously coordinating our national citizenship and our international citizenship.

45. “ The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is to follow the highest standards of ethics.”

Position: While a company’s long-term success has much to do with its ethical conduct, I believe that there are several other factors that are just as important as, if not more important than it.
1.    In many ways behaving ethically can benefit a business.
2.    However, taking the most ethical course of action may reduce profits in the short-run or even drive a company to bankruptcy.
3.    Several other factors should be taken into consideration when we seek to maximize profits.

57. “ Everywhere, it seems, there are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more respectful of one another’s differences.”

Position: Generally speaking, people are becoming more respectful of one another’s difference.
1.    In the realm of politics, the world is becoming more tolerant of differences.
2.    In the realm of culture, diversity has become more or less the norm.
3.    However, racial or religious differences still cause riots or even wars in some parts of the world.

60. “ Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’ health or other aspects of their personal lives without the employees’ permission.”

Position: Employees should not be granted the right to obtain personal information irrelevant to employment.
1.    First, allowing free access to personal information about employees might open the floodgates to discriminatory promotions and salary adjustment.
2.    Second, access to personal information without consent raises serious privacy concerns.
3.    Finally, employees have the opportunity to know about their employees through interviews and resumes as well as their workplace performance.

65 “ The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity.  Because people everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, regional differences are rapidly disappearing.”

Position: Multinational corporations provide people of every continent with the same service.
1.    First of all, more and more mass-produced standardized products are available in every corner of the world.
2.    Second, multinational corporations provide people of every continent with the same service.
3.    Admittedly, other factors such as mass media and traveling have also contributed to the trend of globalization.

75. “ There are essentially two forces that motivate people: self-interest and fear.”

Position: The arguer oversimplifies human nature, ignoring other important motivating forces.
1.    I admit that most of our actions result in large part of self-interest.
2.    Furthermore, fear can also explain many of human behaviors.
3.    However, to assert that all of our actions are essentially motivated by self-interest and fear is to ignore the fact that other factors such as praise or altruism can also motivate people.

78. “ Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society’s past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes.”

Position: The best alternative is to modernize the city while preserving as much as possible its symbols of the past.
1.    First, historic capitals or culture centers, which were carefully designed and meticulously constructed, should be preserved as wholesomely as possible, because they represent history pinnacles of cultural and artistic sophistication.
2.    Second, rare old buildings of lasting historic value that represent some bygone era are worth preserving.
3.    Finally, with advanced building technologies, city planers can even move the sporadic old buildings and put them together in a specially designated location.

107. “ The most effective way for managers to assign work is to divide complex tasks into their simpler component parts.  This way, each worker completes a small portion of the task but contributes to the whole.”

Position: In a company, the broader goals of profitability, sales, market share, and service should be broken into objectives for each division, factory, department, work group, and employee.
1.    In the first place, the subdivision of work activities allows individuals to specialize in certain jobs and thus become efficient in them
2.    In the second place, employees should know how not only what is expected on their specific job, but also how their work contributes to larger organizational objectives.

109. “ Employees should not have full access to their own personal files.  If, for example, employees were allowed to see certain confidential materials, the people supplying that information would not be likely to express their opinions candidly.”

Position: I would argue that companies should allow their employees to know about their performance evaluating so that they can improve their performance to better meet their companies expectations.
1.    When personal files are kept away from employees, these files mean no more than waste paper for the employees.
2.    On the contrary, personnel files can be used as effective incentives to motivate employees to improve their performance.
3.    Admittedly, there is no need to keep the names of information supplies on the personnel files.

111. “ The most effective business leaders are those who maintain the highest ethical standards.”

Position: In the long run, successful business leaders are those who behave ethically.
1.    In the first place, the long-term success of the business depends, in part, on its public image.
2.    In the second place, ethical management creates an internal atmosphere that motivates workers to make their utmost contributions to their company.
3.    Admittedly, following the highest ethical standards may sometimes interfere with a firm’s short-term pursuit of profits.

112. “ Because of recent advancements in business and technology, the overall quality of life in most societies has never been better than at the present time.”

Position: Generally speaking, the overall quality of life in most countries of the world has greatly improved due to business and technology progress.
1.    On the one hand, mass production has make more and more products and services available to people of almost every social stratum, contributing to the quality of their material life.
2.    On the other hand, mass media and telecommunication have greatly enriched the cultural life of people in most societies.
3.    However, the gap between rich and poor countries and that between upper and lower classes within individual societies are also widening, threatening the stability of individual nations as well as the world community.

129. “ Instead of relying on the advice of outside experts, organizations should place greater value on the advice that can come only from their own highly experienced employees.”

Position: Generally speaking, I agree that organizations should rely more on their own experts for advice and decision-making.
1.    In the first place, highly experienced employees may know better the real problems of their company and hence can offer valuable advice on management issues.
2.    In the second place, respecting employees’ opinions and suggestions can generate enthusiasm, initiative and a sense of responsibility among them.
3.    Yet, outside experts, in some cases, can provide solutions to a company’s problems from fresh perspectives.

131. “ We can learn more about a society by observing how its people spend their leisure time than by observing them at work.”

Position: How people spend their leisure time reveals much about their culture and tradition.
1.    When people spend their leisure time, they engage in various cultural activities through which we can learn a lot about the values, customs and character of a society.
2.    On the contrary, when people work in standardized factories and offices, they behave more or less in the same way everywhere in the world.

132. “ Governments should not be responsible for regulating businesses and other organizations.  Instead, society would benefit if the organizations themselves assumed most of the responsibility for establishing and enforcing their own standards and regulations.”

Position: I strong hold that government should play an active role in regulating the social life as well as business competition.
1.    Business and other organizations, like individuals, tend to pursue their private interests regardless of the public good of society.
2.    The growing interdependence and conflicts between various businesses and organizations in modern society necessitate the government’s regulation on behalf of the benefits of the public.
3.    Government has the necessary resources and authority to maintain order and justice in society.

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[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:15:27编辑过]

excellent

归纳!AWA

I.awa issue catagories I summarized.
II. zhuangzi argument and issue. You can also find them in the website of neworiental.
III. Idioms
IV.other useful link

I. issue categories
A. C. Art and Society (51)
Education (14)
12. Education as the key to success
102.advanced degree and the formal education are rarely relevant to one's success
125. Life-long education
119. those who have strong technology skills need not go to college

23. should our schools teach valuess
28. should schools teach consumerism
37. education-science vs. art and humanities
62. education-teaching about the human community
122. school should not teach specialized IT, instead, it should teach more general
94. teaching self-discipline or self-esteem to kids
135. in business course, professors should teach only factual information and skills, not ethnics

98. conventional learning and long-distance learning
99. maintaining a competitive educational system
139. which is better for students: structured environment or free atmosphere

Effect of technology (7)
8. monetary system: technology
20. importance of machine
101. automobile: beneficial or harmful
53. user-unfriendly systems in today's society
107. the goal of IT industry is to help people to learn how to obtain information
111. the overall quality of life has never been better than present due to technology
114.technology separates and alienates people

Art, lifestyle reflect social values (7)
16. public architecture as a reflection of society
78. the historic values of older buildings
83. how buildings shape us
32. advertisements as reflections of a nation's ideas
96. museums indicate social valuess
104. nation's values: scientific and artistic achievements vs. business
130. we can learn more about a society by how people spend their leisure time than how they work

Environment conservation (5)
2.Energy sources and international effort
13. responsibility of government for preserving the natural environment
41. penalties for damaging the natural environment
47. responsibility of government for preventing environmental damage
137. restriction on access should be made to protect national parks and historical sites

Effect of globalization (4)
40. our role: citizens of the world or the nation
65. Multinational corporations and global homogeneity
105. Remaining treasures in their original countries
113. All nations should investment in space station

Advertisement (3)
44. investing in high-quality advertising to gain benefits
85. Advertising as influential art
86.advertising-appealing to emotion vs. reason

Macromedia and society (3)
54. Commercial success of films and TV programs: violence and obscenity
134. Macromedia have the right to contact potential customers
138. do macromedia stifle intellectual curiosity

The importance of history (2)
43. the importance of studying history
89. studying history: a waste of time?

Sensitive social problems (6)
15. children and internet adult material
95. employing young children is harmful

82. meeting women's needs in the workplace
97. sex discrimination in business

88. accepting blame for hateful actions and words

38. Endangered everyday courtesy 礼貌

B. Business (51)
Recruit, incentive and rewarding: (10)
19. recruitment: business courses vs. broad background
21. rewarding employees
27. employees' job satisfaction and security
48. assessing personality traits in hiring employees
72. effects of employee incentives
123. company should make employees make long-time commitment
92. following order: employees' real loyalty?
127. most valuable employees are those concerning efficiency rather than quality
129. objective information is more informative than subjective interviews
128. organizations should rely on inside advice

Business and society (7)
66. products should be made safe
35. short-sighted as a business disease
90. products that don't last waste resources
117. society depends more on the success of small business rather than that of larger one
58. the final objective of business: make more time for people
59. business's social duty regarding juvenile crime
84. informing customers about products and services

Profit vs. ethnics (6)
18. making money vs. serving society
64. goal of business: profit vs. public warfare
42. reacting to changing environmental standards
45. ethical business conduct and maximizing profits
70. ethical constraints in creating and marketing products
110. the most effective business leaders should maintain the highest ethical standard

Teamwork vs. individual ability (6)
5. decision-making in an organization
25. hiring capable people as a key business strategy
36. teamwork vs. individual commitment
69. the ability to work well other employees
106. efficient way to assign task to employees is divide
115. all employees should help plan to use profit


Performance evaluation (5)
50. responding to employee performance
60. assess to personal information about employees
108. employees should not have full access to their own personnel files
109. all personnel evaluation should be multidirectional.
133. employees should not evaluate their supervisors' performance

Leadership (4)
32. earning respect as a leader
76.decision-making and effective leadership
124. effective leaders can solve complex question in a simple way
132. leadership is more valuable for a manager than expertise and experience

Freedom vs. restriction in workplace (4)
68. workplace design and employee input
93. freedom and restriction
120. formality in dress should be addressed
136. companies should allow employees express their feelings through internal email

Personal life and work (4)
9. personal lives of employees
17. time management and flexibility
30. should employees take work home
67. how work affects our personal lives

Key for success (3)
26. location: still the key to business success
51. is competition good for a business
56. the secret of business: know more things

Organizational behavior (2)
3. flat or pyramid organization
14. an organization of a clear hierarchy


C. Government (17)
Governments' responsibilities:
1.radio and TV censorship;
91. establishing regulations to ensure public health

13. responsibility of government for preserving the natural environment
47. responsibility of government for preventing environmental damage

22. responsibility of government for arts
116. government should provide funding for the art, but only for those reflecting the majority's values

24. power and influence-business vs. government
46. bureaucracy's impact in business and government
63. bureaucracy of government alienates citizen
61. government as a necessary burden on business
71. imposing limits on commercialism
131 self-regulating will be better for businesses than government regulating
87. workers are responsible for unemployment: technology and adjusting to job obsolescence

34. mandatory public service
100. legislative action is more effective than consumer action
118. people loyalty to political parties hind forming their own opinions
126. to stop more serious crimes, law should enforced to penalty minor crimes


D. Personal Life (22)
Success of individual (9)
6. the definition of success
11. personal failing of great achievers
39. professional success and personal sacrifices
49. hard work as the key to success
52. achieving success by setting goals
74. rule-breakers: the most memorable people
75. the motivating forces of self-interest and fear
77. the test for true genius
81. success and non-conformists


Individual viewpoint (13)
10.process vs. product
29. focusing on the task rather than the result
103.life process and life goal

7.giving advice to other people
55. never tell people how to do things

4. power of restraint
73. following one's instincts
79. social skills as purchasable commodities
80. our saving and borrowing habits
121. the way an idea is presented is more important than itself to impact on people
31. financial gain as a factor in choosing a career
57. respecting one another's differences
112. people soon tire of the status quo: shifting theoretical position




analysis of issues

1. 媒体审查：政府或其他团体
2. 能源保护：国际领导和世界合作
3. 公司运作：取消基于经验技能的工资和级别差
4. 权利节制：给人印象深刻
5. 公司运作：群体责任制的团队 / 个体集权责任制
6. 个人成功：按照自己的方式生活
7. 建议忠告：最佳模式 知人所需，并助之获得
8. 货币体系改革：电子信贷记账 / 纸币
9. 管理：员工私生活和工作场地的分离
10. 企业运作的过程比最终产品重要
11. 成功人氏的成就比个人缺点过失重要
12. 教育 / 财富与金钱：生活成功的最有力保证要素
13. 自然环境保护： 个人 / 政府
14. 公司结构：层级制和分工 / 违背人性结构
15. 国际合作：限制儿童进入成年人网络信息
16. 公共建筑物反映社会态度和价值
17. 时间管理：日计划和长期计划 / 弹性
18. 公司与社会：赢利目的 / 社会义务 的冲突不可避免
19. 招募毕业生雇员：商学课程 / 历史文学哲学
20. 机器和人：人类成为机器的从属 / 机器改善生活
21. 管理：雇员工资和工作安全感 员工表现 / 服务年限
22. 政府对艺术支持的责任，但不应该对有价值艺术限制
23. 学校教育：学术技能 / 伦理和社会价值的传播
24. 强力企业领导比任何政府官员更对社区和国家影响
25. 企业管理最佳策略：知人善用，授之以权
26. 企业运作：场地的重要不随技术进步而变化
27. 公司长期成功以来员工工作安全感和满足感
28. 学校教育：广泛购物前决策训练 / 高质广告低劣产品
29. 成功关键：具体任务的处理 / 结果的担忧
30. 雇员加班不好
31. 财政收入是择业最重要因素
32. 国家理念和广告
33. 领导品质：具备处理他人处理问题的能力被接受
34. 市民参与公共服务利己利国
35. 企业短期行为
36. 企业过渡强调团队重要，精力充沛有重任个体作用
37. 学校教育：科技 / 艺术和人文
38. 礼仪在日常交往中迅速丧失，人们礼仪不良
39. 职业成功和个人生活重要方面的牺牲
40. 世界公民和具体国家公民意识
41. 环境保护：刑法
42. 企业公司潜在环境危害与产品和工艺调整
43. 学习历史：解决当今社会问题的线索/ 优化社会和人
44. 广告：大量投资
45. 企业利润最大化最佳模式：伦理标准
46. 企业官僚对害处大于政府官僚
47. 环境保护责任：政府 / 个人或私营机构
48. 员工招募：前工作经验，教育背景 / 人品，工作习惯
49. 成功关键： 艰苦工作
50. 监工对员工的批评：恶言 威吓？
51. 竞争对手对企业总有好处？
52. 成功人士的下一个目标：
53. 友善界面：服务，体系 友善 / 不友善
54. 商业利益影响娱乐：浅薄，猥亵， 暴力影视原因
55. 不要告诉别人如何做，只告诉做什么
56. 企业秘诀：知人所不知
57. 人们越来越尊重个体差异
58. 企业最终目标：使生活机械，省时，做其它事
59. 企业帮助阻止青少年犯罪
60. 雇员私人信息，雇主未经同意不得获得
61. 政府是企业的必要负担
62. 教育忽视人类群体同性，关注国家间独特差异
63. 政府官僚加剧，人们愈加疏远政府
64. 企业目的：利润 / 社会福祗
65. 跨国公司兴起导致全球同化
66. 产品责任：制造商对一切产品伤害赋有法律，财政责任
67. 工作影响个人生活：兴趣，闲暇，及业余装束
68. 工作环境影响生产力和士气，雇员有权决定工作场地设计
69. 雇员品质：与人相处 / 专业技能
70. 不违法的产品促销是否合乎伦理标准？
71. 商业渗入学校圣地，国家应加限制
72. 公司对员工激励措施利弊
73. 我行我素：遵循本能和自然
74. 违归的人最易被人记忆
75. 两种刺激：兴趣和恐惧
76. 领导决策能力最重要最难
77. 天才品质之一：超越传统
78. 建筑问题：古建筑的占地的现代用途的冲突
79. 如糖和咖啡等商品可被购买，与人相处能力容易获得，但比世间任何其它商品更有价值。
80. 借钱和存钱
81. 企业运作：遵循传统思维做法不能长久成功 或 致富
82. 女权问题：企业和政府尽力满足女性工作需求，实现目标
83. 建筑问题：建筑与人
84. 企业：没有责任提供顾客完全产品信息，顾客自己负责
85. 广告：二十世纪最有影响力，最重要的艺术成就
86. 广告：诉诸感情而非理性最有效
87. 失业：技术和服务变化导致，工人而非政府企业负责
88. 伦理：恶言恶行，无人反对，人人受责
89. 历史：浪费时间，不能集中当今挑战
90. 产品：不耐久产品浪费自然和人力资源
91. 广告：侵犯人权，政府限制 / 企业接触潜在顾客权利
92. 环境：政府规定降低消除无完全科学根据的潜在环境危害
93. 员工：支持经理和公司政策无论对错
94. 员工：企业信任员工并授予自由，限制性奖惩制度不利士气和企业成功
95. 儿童：自律 / 自尊
96. 童工：企业雇佣童工错误，即使家庭受益
97. 博物陈列与社会崇尚
98. 女权

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[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:19:06编辑过]

excellent

The GMAT Essay Section


     The Analytical Writing Assessment (AWA) is how business schools evaluate your writing skills. The AWA section has two 30-minute essay questions. One essay is the "Analysis of Issue," in which you state your opinion on an issue. The second is the "Analysis of Argument," in which you analyze the reasoning in an argument. The two essays require completely different strategies.


How the E-rater Is Used

     Before February 1999, two human graders would grade your essays. If they disagreed, it went to a third grader. Under the new system, a human and the E-rater will grade your essay. If the human and E-rater agree on a score, that's the grade your essay will receive. If they disagree, a second human will grade the essay to resolve any differences.
     The computerized grading system pressures human graders to follow the E-rater's strict standards. Human graders are aware that there is a computer double-checking their work, and they are more likely to follow the E-rater's strict grading parameters.

         
How to tackle the Analytical Writing Assessment

    Students tend to under-prepare for the AWA section. This is ironic because it is the one GMAT section where a small amount of preparation can make a huge difference on test day. You don't want your embarrassing AWA grade coming up in a business school interview. To beat the AWA, you must learn how to write in a highly disciplined and concise manner.

Be particularly concerned with structure. Clearly divide your essay into the introductory paragraph, two to three content paragraphs, and a conclusion. Take time out before you start writing to set up an organizational structure. Our Essay Guide includes sample essay templates for the Issue and Argument essays.


Use transitional phrases such as "first," "therefore," and "because" to help the computer identify concepts between and within the paragraphs. Make sure you spell these transition words correctly so that the computer can identify them. The E-rater does not have a spell-checker built in.


Be a conformist. The E-rater is not programmed to appreciate individuality, humor, or poetic inspiration; it will be comparing the style and structure of your essay to that of other high-scoring essays. If your essay looks like the high-scoring essays in the E-rater's memory banks, you will get a high grade; if not, you will get a low grade. Our Essay Guide has 20 sample high score essays to give you a sense of the proper writing style for the AWA.


Clearly state your critique in the Analysis of Argument essay. The Analysis of Argument question will show you an essay loaded with logical fallacies, such as the unwarranted assumption or fallacy of equivocation. These are buzzwords that the E-rater detects to see if you have correctly identified the argument's logical flaws.


Know the essays and how to answer them. The Essay Guide shows you all of the 275 actual GMAT essay questions and 20 selected sample answers to those essay questions. This will give you a feel for the essay questions and how they should be answered.


Write in effective American style. Both the human and the E-rater will detect poor writing style. The E-rater's memory banks have essays written in American grammar/style, which is slightly distinct from the English used outside of the United States.


Practice, Practice, Practice. Try to do the essays in the 30-minute time frame. That is half the challenge. Always practice under timed conditions on a computer or take our practice essays for grading.

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[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:23:23编辑过]

excellent

作文如何写？

issue

开头段：
第一句话(两厢比较型中则是第一组话)：
A.单一观点型(看场合不同选择一个)
1.As is well-known and has often been described, ...
2.It is traditionally a common practice for...
B.两厢比较型
There is much debate over the issue that... Some people believe that... Others, however, maintain that...

第二句话：
A.单一观点（简称单）
1.支持：In my point of view, I agree with the speaker and there are many instances supporting my view.
2.反对：In my point of view, I do not agree with the opinion stated above for some obvious reasons.
B.两厢比较（简称两）
In my point of view, whether one has advantages over the other depends on the specific circumstances.

第二段：
In the first place, the reason why I have such a view is that...
A particular example for this is ...
Under this circumstance, it is obvious that...

第三段：
In the second place, much evidence has shown that ...
Just imagine what would be like if...
Hence, another equally important aspect is that...

第四段：
Finally, to understand the truth of ..., it is also necessary to see...
For example, ...

总结段：
Consequently, due to the above-mentioned reasons, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that...

argument

开头段：
In this argument, the arguer concludes/recommends that...
To support this conclusion, the arguer points out/provides evidence that...
In addition, he reasons/asserts/infers that...
Furthermore, he also indicates that...
But in my point of view, this argument suffers from three(2,4,5都可以啦) critical flaws.

第二段：
In the first place, the arguer rests on the unreasonable / gratuitous/ unconvincing assumption that...
However, the author provides no evidence to support this argument.
It is likely that.... yet the reason is still insufficient.
...

第三段：
In the second place,
1.the arguer fails to establish the causal relationship between ... and ...
2.the arguer commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.
3.the arguer cites the fact/assumes that... This fact(assumption), however, does not seem convincing/reasonable on its face.
(按需要选用3句中的一句)
...

第四段：
Last but not least(字典上是这样说的，但是我考试时写了the last but not the least,不知道是对还是错)，
1.the arguer fails to take into account other facts that contribute to...
2.he statistic evidence on which the argument relies is too vague to be believable.
...

总结段：
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information that...
The arguer should also demonstrate that...to make this argument logically acceptable.

好了，真的是我全部家当，我就是用它们考试的，记住，除了模板，别的字数也要凑够。
另外有时我写了在几个句子中选一个，实际上考试时我是先选了一项写，后来检查时发现这段比较短，不太好看，就再用第二句作为这一段分论点的一个次分论点，然后用一句话的小例子甚至同义反复的方法凑到比较工整。应该也是有用的。
detto教的方法也很好使，就是在考试开始前把模板背诵到草稿纸上，开始写作文时就不用一边回忆一边写了，可以直接做输入。

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[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:26:36编辑过]

excellent

GMAT作文之ISSUE讲义

一、 ISSUE的特点：
1. 题目是有争议的话题，不是简单的yes或no的问题，不是简单的“喜欢哪个”的问题。#87；p.6例文
2. 提倡创造性，有独到视角。高分关键：思想深度/语言完美。低分：模式化、雷同/观点浅薄/语法错误。建议：不要背范文/下苦功夫提高语言水平/选取立场时要注意考虑在哪个观点上有发挥的余地，而不要考虑谁对谁错。
二、 Prep Tips
1. 内容上：
1) 有清晰的立场
2) 有大量的证据，正文部分的分析要用事实（数据、事例、名人名言、故事、亲身经历等）说话。
2. 结构上：
文章开头、正文、结尾清楚
长度比例：正文>开头+结尾
头尾各一段，正文三段，共五段
“让步”的问题
3. 论证上：
策略：
逻辑：避免过于绝对、武断
不用：undoubtedly/always/certainly/I strongly hold/I firmly believe
可用：may/to a large degree
4. 语言上：
1) 承上启下（过渡）
段与段之间/段落内部——用信号词（见教材）
2) 句式变换
3) 词汇多样性
4) 语法错误尽量少（十个以内小错误不会影响拿五分）
5) 标点（见教材）
6) 语言与证据：用好“工具箱”
三、 写作步骤（六步）p.238 限时训练 自查清单
四、 “头脑风暴”
在草稿纸上进行：
☆ 自由联想（练习时）
☆ 定向联想（考试时）
有个定向的立场 #89
寻找突破口：
1. 政治、经济、文化、社会
2. 衣食住行（常识）
3. 物质、精神
4. 个人、社会
5. 古今中外
☆ 快速纪录
☆ 三级结构：立场-->观点-->例子（详见笔记）
五、 Case Study p.63
六、 开头模式：
1. 提问——回答——立场
排比结构
人称问题：正文部分不要过多使用I/You/You see/You can imagine
七、 典型立场
1. 完全赞同Agree #15
#46#47#74#105#106#108#110#119#129
2. 完全反对Disagree #13
#23#28#31#109#117#120
3. 有保留地赞同Agree with Concession #51
#57#107#111#112#114
4. 有保留地反对Disagree with Concession #101
5. 具体问题具体分析Refuse to Take a Side
#44#69#94#104#118
八、 文章结构：
1. 正文三段：support1-support2-support3
p.83例13（#33）
2. 正文三段：support1-support2-concession
或concession-support1-support2
注意过渡：
3. 正文三段：side A support1-side A support2-side B support1
正文四段：
side A support1-side A support2-side B support1-side B support2
正文两段：side A support-side B support
p.79例9（#23）p.88例20（#62）
另：p.220~221练习。
九、 Issue开头模式及写法：(p.211~213)
1. 背景描述+立场申明p.73.#1
p.12.#3
2. 陈述相互冲突的观点+表明立场
p.96-29.(#86)
3. 问句+典型回答（题目中的基本观点）+自己的立场 p.64;p.65
4. 问句+立场
5. 题目观点+做出回答（提出立场）p.90-22.(#70)
p.211-6 p.212-19
6. 申明立场+简要说明理由 p.92-24
7. 格言、谚语或引语+自己立场God helps those who help themselves.
十、 正文部分的论证技巧和基本策略：
1. 例证 p.92-24 (#74)
p.14 #16不太好写
2. 故事、案例、个人经历 p.93-25 (#77)
Topic Sentence+过渡句
数据
3. 权威
4. 类比 p.75-4 (#15)
p.13 #10（较难）
5. 演绎：大前提—小前提—结论 p.12 #5 p.354-15
“善用工具箱”
十一、结尾部分的模式：
1. 重申自己的立场 p.81-10 (#24) p.215
2. 重申立场+总结理由 p.85-15 (#37)
3. 重申立场+引申扩展（强调立场的重要性或建议读者采取什么行动或展望未来）
p.215-3~19（18.19属于第一种结尾模式）
十二、注意（Issue和Argument都适用）：别照搬整篇范文/背诵模式
p.12 #4较难

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[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:29:32编辑过]

excellent

ISSUE题目类型分类

一、 概括性陈述类：
1、 直接表明立场并给出论据进行阐述：94
2, 6-9, 11, 13-17, 20-22, 24-28, 30-34, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 54, 55, 59-61,
63-68, 70-72, 74-76, 81, 84-89, 92-94, 96-104, 106-117, 119-127, 130, 132, 134-136,
2、 对概括性陈述进行解释后，表明立场并给出论据进行阐述：7
4, 32, 56, 58, 77, 79, 83,
3、 对概括性陈述的正确性或有效性进行判断，给出论据进行阐述：7
12, 18, 35, 38, 52, 57, 80,
4、 特殊问法类型：6
29: 进行解释后，判断是否值得遵循，同2类
50: 判断是否是有效的方法，如果不是应该采取那些其他的方法？
53: 从客户角度论述“用户友好”和“用户不友好”
73: 判断是否是好的建议，给出论据进行阐述，同1类
62, 82：同1类

二、 两类进行比较类：23
3, 5, 10, 19, 23, 37, 40, 43, 46, 48, 69, 78, 90, 95, 105, 118, 128, 129, 131, 133, 138-140,

三、 “是否”做某事类：2
1, 137

***ISSUE题目专题分类***
一、 Environmental Protection & Energy Protection: 6
1、 responsibility for preserving the natural environment: 13
responsibility for preventing environmental damage: 47
2、 the way to preserve environment: 41
3、 the response to suspected environmental hazards:
(1) in light of company: 42
(2) in light of government: 92
4、 energy protection and international corporation: 2

二、 Architecture: 4
1、 architecture as the reflections of societal valuess and attitudes: 16, 83, 97,
2、 the historic values of older buildings: 78

三、 Mass media, Information, and Entertainment: 5
1、 whether the growth of mass media is good or not: 139
2、 how to obtain the information efficiently and wisely: 108
3、 the restriction:
(1) censorship of radio and TV programs: 1
(2) regulate children's access to adult material on the internet: 15
4、 whether popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests: 54

四、 Success: 10
1、 the definition of success: 6
2、 the elements of success:
(1) education as the key to success: 12, 103
(2) hard work as the key to success: 49
(3) focusing on the task rather than the result: 29
3、 how to succeed:
(1) in light of person: setting goals: 52
(2) in light of business: conformists or non-conformists: 81
4、 the relation of success and personal failure: 11
5、 the relation of professional success and personal sacrifices: 39
6、 children's growth: self-discipline vs. self-esteem: 95

五、 Advertising: 6
1、 advertisements as reflections of a nation's ideas: 32
2、 advertising as influence art: 85
3、 advertising: appeal to emotion vs. reason: 86
4、 should school teach consumerism because businesses use high-quality advertising to
sell low-quality products: 28
5、 whether investment in high-quality advertising can sell almost any product and service: 44
6、 do companies and organizations have right to contact potential customers and donors
whenever and however they wish: 135

六、 Education: 9
1、 what should our schools teach?
(1) academic skills vs. ethical & social valuess: 23
(2) science & technology vs. art & humanities: 37
(3) specialized information & techniques vs. general approach to learning: 123
(4) factual information & skills vs. ethics: 136
2、 educational method and system:
(1) educational method: distance learning vs. traditional way: 99
(2) educational system:
① competition: 100
② unity vs. diversity: 62
③ highly structured environment vs. relative freedom and spontaneity: 140
3、 after-school education: 126

七、 Automation & Technology: 4
1、 the role of automation in our lives: 20
2、 technology and adjusting to job obsolescence: 87
3、 technology: separate people vs. bring people together: 115
4、 advancements in technology and business lead to better life: 112


八、 Studying history: 2
1、 the importance of studying history: 43
2、 studying history: a waste of time? : 89

九、 Advice: 3
1、 giving advice to other people: 7
2、 "following one's instincts." is good advice or not: 73
3、 tell people what to do, never tell people how to do: 55

十、 Social Problems: 3
1、 crimes
(1) business' social duty regarding juvenile crimes: 59
(2) how to stop serious crimes: 127
2、 the problems caused by cars: 102

十一、 Historical Sites and Archeological Treasures: 2
1、 how to protect archeological treasures- remain in the country vs. export to other country: 106
2、 how to protect historical sites: restrict vs. free: 138

十二、 Learning Society & Measuring Nation's values: 2
1、 learning society: observing people's leisure time vs. observing their work time: 131
2、 measuring a nation's values: scientific achievement vs. business success: 105

十三、 About Government: 5
1、 the relationship of company and government:
(1) government as a necessary burden on business: 61
(2) government should not be responsible for regulating businesses and other organizations: 131
2、 government's responsibility for art:
(1) government's responsibility regarding the arts: 22
(2) government provide funds only for the arts that reflect the valuess and attitudes of the majority:
117
3、 what should government increase spending on: 114

十四、 Bureaucracy: 2
1、 government bureaucracy: 63
2、 bureaucracy's impact in business and government: 46

十五、 About Human Beings: 15
1、 what makes people impressed
(1) restraint in the use of power: 4
(2) rule-breaker: 74
2、 what motivate people: self-interest and fear: 75
3、 respecting one another's difference: 57
4、 our saving and borrowing habits: 80
5、 our role as citizens of the world: 40
multinational corporations and global homogeneity: 65
6、 accepting blame for hated actions and words: 88
7、 loyalty to political parities and leaders hinders the people's ability to form their won opinion:
119
8、 people soon tire of the status quo: 113
9、 accepting or rejecting an idea: presentation vs. merit: 122
10、 the test for genius: 77
11、 immediate desires and long-term needs: 104
12、 man and woman:
(1) meeting women's needs in workplace: 82
(2) in business, men and women have learned how to share power effectively: 98

十六、 Relationship of Work and Personnel Life: 3
1、 employee's personnel lives: as separate as possible from workplace: 9
2、 should employees take work home with them: 30
3、 how work affects our personal lives: 67

十七、 Leaders & Leadership: 5
1、 power and influence: business vs. government: 24
2、 earning respect as a leader: 33
3、 the qualifications as a leader:
(1) decision-making: 76
(2) maintaining the highest ethical standards: 111
(3) solving problems by simple, immediate solutions: 125

十八、 About Products: 5
1、 process vs. products: 10
2、 products liability: 66
3、 ethical constraints in creating and marketing products: 70
4、 informing customers about products and services: 84
5、 manufacturing products that do not last can reduce costs and stimulate demand: 90

十九、 Business & Commerce: 4
1、 the final objective of business: 58
2、 the secret of business: 56
3、 imposing limits on commercialism: 71
improving practice unethical: refusal to buy vs. legislative action: 101

二十、 About Management and Business: 36
1、 organization
(1) hierarchical vs. flat: 3
(2) the importance of a clear hierarchy: 14
2、 company's goal and social duty:
(1) making money vs. serving society: 18
(2) profit vs. public welfare: 64, 118
(3) ethical business conduct and maximizing profits: 45
3、 recruitment:
(1) hiring criteria for entry-level jobs: 19
(2) accessing personality traits in hiring employees: 48
(3) objective information vs. subjective interview: 130
4、 the factors of business:
(1) location: still the key to business success: 26
(2) job satisfaction and security: 27
(3) short-term thinking as a business disease: 35
(4) hiring capable people as a key business strategy: 25
(5) is competition good for a business: 51
(6) giving employees as much freedom as possible: 94
(7) moving job frequently: 124
5、 how to improve the employee's efficiency:
(1) rewarding employees: job performance and tenure: 21
(2) responding to employee performance: 50
(3) effects of employee incentives: 72
6、 who are important in a company:
(1) most valuable employees: efficiency vs. quality: 128
(2) managers with strong leadership skills vs. managers with expertise and work experience: 133
7、 the factors of efficiency:
(1) workplace design and employee input: 68
(2) formality in dress and behavior: 121
8、 the relationship of managers and employees:
(1) employee's loyalty: 93
(2) employees should not be asked to provide evaluation of their supervisor: 134
personnel evaluation: multidirectional: 110
9、 teamwork and personal ability:
(1) sharing decision-making: 5
(2) teamwork vs. individual energy and commitment: 36
10、 the best way to assign work: 107
11、 advice of outside experts vs. advice of inside highly experienced employees: 129
12、 children employees: 96
13、 employees participate in profit-making decision: 116
14、 the privacy of employees:
(1) access to personal information about employee: 60
(2) employees should not have full access to their personal files: 109
15、 employees use email to express their opinions about the company: accept vs. prohibit: 137

二十一、 Others:
1、 monetary system: 8
2、 financial gain as a factor in choosing a career: 31
3、 time management and flexibility: 17
4、 potential benefits of mandatory public services: 34
5、 everyday courtesy as an endangered art: 38
6、 user-friendly: 53
7、 social skills as purchasable commodities: 79

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[此贴子已经被作者于2003-10-16 16:30:46编辑过]