GWD-18-Q10 一道阅读must be true争议题目新解
The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?
A.Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B.All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C.The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D.When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E.Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
争议集中在ABE
想来想去觉得还是比较同意A首先我觉得这并非是一道常规的“must be true”（根据原文内容推理）类题目，而是一道隐藏的“Support”类题目，“must be true”只是虚晃一下，看看ETS有多可耻首先C的实验并未证明Jay有episodic memory,因为episodic memory有两个criteria1)multiple components of a single even2) “bound” together".
而C的实验只证明了第一个条件（文章最后说showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when（multiple componenets）. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.）Clayton acknowledged this(this 指reexperiencing the past,而实验并未证明Jay能够reexperience，所以也不能证明Jay有episodic memory) by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
所以综上这是一道Support题目：
Support当然就是要求实验还能够证明第二个条件，2) “bound” together".
这道题到这里才算真正绕的地方
原文的实验为什么没能证明Jay能够把这些信息bond together呢？原文的实验已经证明了Jay能够回忆其when where and what，但是就是不能联系到一起来做综合的判断，也就是说想到了where,然后笨笨的飞到那个地方（where）找出东西，这才知道是什么（what），再仔细看看如果是crickets，才知道它是过期了的，然后再去试另外一个地方，，，，重复几次知道终于找到了没有过期的peanuts
但是如果Jay能够把这些信息bound together，也就是说能够reexperience，那么就不用这么费事的一个一个试了，因为这么多信息一联系起来就立刻能做出正确的判断，直接去储存peanuts的地方找peanuts，也就是A所说的
有一些Jay能够直接就去找peanuts（因为他们做出了判断crickets已经过期了）
B明显还是笨方法，只是能够回忆起零散的信息，一个一个试的，所以不能证明有episodic memory
C与距离无关，只要藏的地点不同就可以
D更无关了，
E或许具有些迷惑性，为了保证和wild一样条件，但是对于证明是否有episodic memoy不是必须的吧（另外，food scarity是一个很泛泛的概念，怎么保证一样，不可能啊，有的鸟饿的要死，有的鸟只是一顿没吃，都是food scarity啊，）
呵呵，大家讨论一下
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