GWD-CR-Boldface题型

朵拉V

 

GWD-TN-1

GWD1-Q3:

A product that represents a clear technological advance over competing products can generally command a high price.  Because technological advances tend to be quickly surpassed and companies want to make large profits while they still can, many companies charge the greatest price the market will bear when they have such a product.  But large profits on the mew product will give competitors a strong incentive to quickly match the mew product’s capabilities.  Consequently, the strategy to maximize overall profit from a new product is to charge less than the greatest possible price.

In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first is an assumption that forms the basis for a course of action that the argument criticizes; the second presents the course of action endorsed by the argument.

B.    The first is a consideration raised to explain the appeal of a certain strategy; the second is a consideration raised to call into question the wisdom of adopting that strategy.

C.    The first is an assumption that has been used to justify a certain strategy; the second is a consideration that is used to cast doubt on that assumption.

D.    The first is a consideration raised in support of a strategy the argument endorses; the second presents grounds in support of that consideration.

E.     The first is a consideration raised to show that adopting a certain strategy is unlikely to achieve the intended effect; the second is presented to explain the appeal of that strategy.

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GWD1-Q22:

City Official:  At City Hospital, uninsured patients tend to have shorter stays and fewer procedures performed than do insured patients, even though insured patients, on average, have slightly less serious medical problems at the time of admission to the hospital than uninsured patients have.  Critics of the hospital have concluded that the uninsured patients are not receiving proper medical care.  However, this conclusion is almost certainly false.  Careful investigation has recently shown two things:  insured patients have much longer stays in the hospital than necessary, and they tend to have more procedures performed than are medically necessary.

In the city official’s argument, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?

A.    The first states the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second provides support for that conclusion.

B.    The first is used to support the conclusion of the city official’s argument; the second states that conclusion.

C.    The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second states the position that the city official’s argument opposes.

D.    The first was used to support the conclusion drawn by hospital critics; the second provides support for the conclusion of the city official’s argument.

E.     The first states the position that the city official’s argument opposes; the second states the conclusion of the city official’s argument.

两句话明显是相反的结论：第一句前面有一个concluded….而第二句则however the conclusion…..

GWD-TN-2

GWD3-Q2:

Hunter:  Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years.  Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline.  In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.

In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?

A.    It is the main conclusion of the argument.

B.    It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.

C.    It is a judgment that the argument opposes.

D.    It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.

E.     It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument

黑熊对鹿数量的减少也有一定责任

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GWD3-Q16:

Economist:  Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years.  The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact.  Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest.  However, these environmentalists are probably wrong.  The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch.  Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.

In the economist’s argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A.    The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.

B.    The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.

C.    The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.

D.    The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.

E.     Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument

公司不继续rubber tapping,但是从rubber tapping可获得利润，所以environmentalists就认为Tropicorp公司的做法不是完全以经济利益为考量

GWD-TN-3

GWD5-Q19:  

Historian:  In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village.  Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete.  This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines.  Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax.  This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures.  Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy.  Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.

In the historian’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?   

A.    The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.

B.    The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.

C.    The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position.

D.    The first is a position for which the historian argues; the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument.

E.     The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position; the second acknowledges a consideration that calls that assumption into question.

在D这个王国，每年的人口普查可以反映没有village的人口数量。该人口普查在16世纪的后50年记录是十分完整的。在这当中的五年，village报告说人口下降了，且在这五年有一项税款增加了，而这个税额是政府依据每年的人口普查结果计算的，显然只要税上升，village就有很强的经济动机去最小化人口的数量，而从政府人口普查人员那里隐瞒人口数量是很容易的。所以可以很合理的推断这个人口数量没有减少。

  

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GWD5-Q20:  

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty.  It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity.  However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual.  Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.

 

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?  

A.    The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument.

B.    The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that position.

C.    The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that explanation.

D.    The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding on which that challenge is based.

E.     The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is a finding that has been used to challenge that explanation.

E答案的defend意思是保卫、辩护、辩解。意思就是第一个黑体字是作者赞同的观点了，明显错误。而C答案的两个challenge是同一个challenge,意思都是反对第一个黑体字。

朵拉V

 

GWD-24-40.

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.

 

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

 

A.    The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument.

B.    the first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that position.

C.    The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that explanation.

D.    The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding on which that challenge is based.

E.     The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is a finding that has been used to challenge that explanation.

解释同第三套的20题

GWD-TN-12

T-4-Q18 天山-7-17

As a large corporation in small country, Hachnut wants its managers to have international experience, so each year it sponsors management education abroad for its management trainees. Hachnut has found, however, that the attrition rate of graduates from this program is very high, with many of them leaving Hachnut to join competing firms soon after completing the program. Hachnut does use performance during the program as criterion in deciding among candidates for management positions, but both this function and the goal of providing international experience could be achieved in other ways. Therefore, if the attrition problem cannot be successfully addressed, Hachnut should discontinue the sponsorship program.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

 

A.    The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to justify; the second states a judgment that is used in support of a justification for that practice.

B.    The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to explain; the second presents part of the argument’s explanation of that practice.

C.    The first introduces a practice that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds for holding that the practice cannot achieve its objective.

D.    The first introduces a policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds for holding that the policy is not needed.

E.     The first introduces a consideration supporting a policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides evidence for concluding that the policy should be abandoned.

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T-4-Q19

Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property. In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city. Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes. The critics are correct on this point. Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools. Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more. In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

 

In the argument given, the two potions in boldface play which of the following roles?

 

A.    The first is an objection that has been raised against a certain plan; the second is a prediction that, if accurate, undermines the force of that objection.

B.    The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is a point the argument makes in favor of adopting a alternative plan.

C.    The first is a criticism, endorsed by the argument, of a funding plan; the second is the main reason cited by the argument for its endorsement of the criticism.

D.    The first is a claim that the argument seeks to refute; the second is the main point used by the argument to show that the claim is false.

E.     The first is a claim that the argument accepts with certain reservations; the second presents that claim in a rewarding that is not subject to those reservations.

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T-4-Q32

Delta products, Inc., has recently switched at least partly from older technologies using fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity. The question has been raised whether it can be concluded that for a given level of output, Delta’s operation now causes less fossil fuel to be consumed than it did formerly. The answer, clearly, is yes, since the amount of fossil fuel used to generate the electricity needed to power the new technologies is less than the amount needed to power the older technologies, provided that the level of output is held constant.

In the argument given, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?

 

A.    The first identifies the context of the conclusion of the argument; the second provides support for that conclusion.

B.    The first provides support for the conclusion of the argument; the second identifies the content of that conclusion.

C.    The first states the position that the argument opposes; the second states the conclusion of the argument.

D.    Each provides evidence that calls the conclusion of the argument into question.

E.     Each provides support for conclusion of the argument.

GWD-TN-13

T-9-Q3

Business Consultant: some corporations shun the use of executive titles because they fear that the use of titles indicating position in the corporation tends to inhibit communication up and down the corporate hierarchy. Since an executive who uses a title is treated with more respect by outsiders, however, use of a title can facilitate an executive’s dealings with external businesses. The obvious compromise is for these executives to use their corporate titles externally but not internally, since even if it is widely known that the corporation’s executives use executive titles outside their organization, this knowledge does not by itself inhibit communication within the corporation.

In the consultant’s reasoning, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

 

A.    The first presents an obstacle to achieving a certain goal; the second presents a reason for considering that goal to be undesirable.

B.    The first is a consideration that has led to the adoption of a certain strategy; the second presents a reason against adopting that strategy.

C.    The first describes a concern that the consultant dismisses as insignificant; the second is a consideration that serves as the basis for that dismissal.

D.    The first is a belief for which the consultant offers support; the second is part of that support.

E.     The first is a belief against which evidence is offered; the second is part of the evidence offered against that belief.

T-9-Q25.

Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientists’ entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first is the position that the argument as a whole depends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that evidence.

B.    The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes.

C.    The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends.

D.    The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends.

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T-9-Q32.

Ecologists: the Scottish Highlands were once the site of extensive forests, but these forests have mostly disappeared and been replaced by peat bogs. The common view is that the Highland’s deforestation was caused by human activity, especially agriculture. However, agriculture began in the Highlands less than 2,000 years ago. Peat bogs, which consist of compressed decayed vegetable matter, build up by only about one foot per 1000 years, and, throughout the Highlands, remains of trees in peat bogs are almost all at depth great than four feet. Since climate changes that occurred between 7,000 years and 4,000 years ago favored the development of peat bogs rather than the survival of forests, the deforestation was more likely the result of natural processes than of human activity.

In the ecologist’s argument, the two portions in boldfaces play which of the following roles?

 

A.    The first is evidence that has been used in support of a position that the argument rejects; the second is a finding that the ecologist uses to counter the evidence.

B.    The first is evidence that, in light of the evidence provided in the second, serves as grounds for the ecologist’s rejection of a certain position

C.    The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second is evidence that has been used in support of that position.

D.    The first is a position that the ecologist rejects; the second provides evidence in support of that rejection.

E.     The first is a position for which the ecologist argues; the second provides evidence to support that position.

GWD-TN-14

16.  GWD-18-Q16

Aroca City currently funds its public schools through taxes on property.  In place of this system, the city plans to introduce a sales tax of three percent on all retail sales in the city.  Critics protest that three percent of current retail sales falls short of the amount raised for schools by property taxes.  The critics are correct on this point.  Nevertheless, implementing the plan will probably not reduce the money going to Aroca’s schools.  Several large retailers have selected Aroca City as the site for huge new stores, and these are certain to draw large numbers of shoppers from neighboring municipalities, where sales are taxed at rates of six percent and more.  In consequence, retail sales in Aroca City are bound to increase substantially.

In the argument given, the two potions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first presents a plan that the argument seeks to defend against a certain criticism; the second gives part of the basis for that criticism.

B.    The first presents a plan that the argument seeks to defend against a certain criticism; the second gives part of the basis for that defense.

C.    The first presents a plan that the argument criticizes; the second is a consideration raised by the argument in support of that criticism.

D.    The first presents a plan that the argument criticizes; the second presents a consideration that has been raised against that criticism.

E.     The first presents a plan whose consequences the argument seeks to evaluate; the second is presented by the argument as one likely consequence that is undesirable.

朵拉V

 

28. GWD-18-Q20

Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development.  They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it.  That plan is ill-conceived:  if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders.  On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable.  But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires.  And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldface proportions play which of the following roles?

A.    The first presents a goal that the argument rejects as ill-conceived; the second is evidence that is presented as grounds for that rejection.

B.    The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained; the second is a reason offered in support of that conclusion.

C.    The first presents a goal that the argument concludes can be attained; the second is a judgment disputing that conclusion.

D.    The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy.

E.     The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.

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41. GWD17-Q41:

Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created.  Will this year bring another record?  Well, any new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company.  Within existing firms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last year’s record pace.  At the same time, there is considerable evidence that the number of new companies starting up this year will be no higher than it was last year and there is no reason to think that the new companies starting up this year will create more jobs per company than did last year’s start-ups.  So clearly, the number of new jobs created this year will fall short of last year’s record.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a claim that argument challenges.

B.    The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a conclusion that the argument draws in order to support that generalization.

C.    The first is a generalization that the argument seeks to establish; the second is a judgment that has been advanced in order to challenge that generalization.

D.    The first is presented as obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes.

E.     The first is presented as obvious truth on which the argument is based; the second is a judgment advanced in support of the main conclusion of the argument.

朵拉V

GWD-TN-15

28. GWD21-Q28:

Since it has become known that several of a bank’s top executives have been buying shares in their own bank, the bank’s depositors, who had been worried by rumors that the bank faced impending financial collapse, have been greatly relieved.  They reason that since top executives evidently have faith in the bank’s financial soundness, those worrisome rumors must be false.  They might well be overoptimistic, however since corporate executives have sometimes bought shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to dispel negative rumors about the company’s health.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A.    The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second states the counterevidence on which the argument relies.

B.    The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion supported by that evidence.

C.    The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second is evidence that undermines the support for this intermediate conclusion.

D.    The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.

E.     The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second states a further conclusion supported by this intermediate conclusion.

Several of a certain bank’s top executives have recently been purchasing shares in their own bank.  This activity has occasioned some surprise, since it is widely believed that the bank, carrying a large number of bad loans, is on the brink of collapse.  Since the executives are well placed to know their bank’s true condition, it might seem that their share purchases show that the danger of collapse is exaggerated.  However, the available information about the bank’s condition is from reliable and informed sources, and corporate executives do sometimes buy shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to calm worries about their company’s condition.  On balance, therefore, it is likely that the executives of the bank are following this example.

 

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

 

A.The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue that the argument addresses; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.

B.The first describes the circumstance the explanation of which is the issue the argument addresses; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the main conclusion of the argument.

C.The first provides evidence to defend the position that the argument seeks to establish against opposing positions; the second states the main conclusion of the argument.

D.The first provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second states a conclusion that is drawn in order to support the argument’s main conclusion. 

E.Each provides evidence to support the position that the argument seeks to establish.

 

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33. GWD21-Q33:

One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream.  Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled “SuperOXY,” that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water.  Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs.  唯一能够将氧气弄到血液里，从而使这些氧气能被肌肉吸收的方法是通过肺（呼吸）

Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface?

A.    the water lost in exercising can be replaced with ordinary tap water 无关，讨论的是氧气吸收问题，不是水

B.    the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb

C.    world-class athletes turn in record performances without such water

D.    frequent physical exercise increases the body’s ability to take in and use oxygen 方向反了，支持了新水有用

E.     lack of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physical performance  无关，和performance无关

首先要判断boldface的作用，support main conclusion。其次，就是寻找同样support的evidence，一石二鸟。这个题的关键点是 肌肉从血液中吸收的氧气，削弱这个，一是，只有通过肺；二是  血液中的氧气已经足够肌肉吸收了，达到饱和状态了

GWD-TN-16

11.GWD-19-Q30

Criminologist:  Some legislators advocate mandating a sentence of life in prison for anyone who, having twice served sentences for serious crimes, is subsequently convicted of a third serious crime.  These legislators argue that such a policy would reduce crime dramatically, since it would take people with a proven tendency to commit crimes off the streets permanently.  What this reasoning overlooks, however, is that people old enough to have served two prison sentences for serious crimes rarely commit more than one subsequent crime.  Filling our prisons with such individuals would have exactly the opposite of the desired effect, since it would limit our ability to incarcerate younger criminals, who commit a far greater proportion of serious crimes.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A.    The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is a claim that has been advanced in support of that conclusion.

B.    The first is a conclusion that the argument as a whole seeks to refute; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.

C.    The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is an objection that has been raised against that conclusion.

D.    The first is the main conclusion of the argument; the second is a prediction made on the basis of that conclusion.

E.     The first is a generalization about the likely effect of a policy under consideration in the argument; the second points out a group of exceptional cases to which that generalization does not apply.

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30. GWD25-Q30.

Museums that house Renaissance oil paintings typically store them in environments that are carefully kept within narrow margins of temperature and humidity to inhibit any deterioration. Laboratory tests have shown that the kind of oil paint used in these paintings actually adjusts to climatic changes quite well. If, as some museum directors believe, paint is the most sensitive substance in these works, then by relaxing the standards for temperature and humidity control, museums can reduce energy costs without risking damage to these paintings. Museums would be rash to relax those standards, however, since results of preliminary tests indicate that gesso, a compound routinely used by Renaissance artists to help paint adhere to the canvas, is unable to withstand significant variations in humidity.

In the argument above, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first is an objection that has been raised against the position taken by the argument; the second is the position taken by the argument.

B.    The first is the position taken by the argument; the second is the position that the argument calls into question.

C.    The first is a judgment that has been offered in support of the position that the argument calls into question; the second is a circumstance on which that judgment is, in part based.

D.    The first is a judgment that has been offered in support of the position that the argument calls into question; the second is that position.

E.     The first is a claim that the argument calls into question; the second is the position taken by the argument.

GWD-TN-18

20. GWD27-Q20:

Critics of certain pollution-control regulations have claimed that the money spent over the last decade in order to reduce emissions of carbon monoxide and of volatile organic compounds has been wasted.  The evidence they offer in support of this claim might appear compelling:  despite the money spent, annual emissions of these pollutants have been increasing steadily.  This evidence is far from adequate, however, since over the last decade a substantial number of new industrial facilities that emit these pollutants have been built.

In the reasoning given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first identifies a claim that the reasoning seeks to show is false; the second is evidence that has been cited by others in support of that claim.

B.    The first identifies a claim that the reasoning seeks to show is false; the second is a position for which the reasoning seeks to provide support.

C.    The first is a position that the reasoning contends is inadequately supported by the evidence; the second is a position for which the reasoning seeks to provide support.

D.    The first is a position that the reasoning contends is inadequately supported by the evidence; the second is evidence used to support the reasoning’s contention.

E.     The first is a position that the reasoning contends is inadequately supported by the evidence; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.

第一个boldface是：把钱花在减少污染上是浪费的。文章中不时因为花钱没有用，而是由新的产生污染的工厂增加了C、D、E前半句翻译：而前面的position是“推理认为证据不足的position

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41 GWD-29-Q28

Astronomer:  Observations of the Shoemaker-Levi comet on its collision course with Jupiter showed that the comet broke into fragments before entering Jupiter’s atmosphere in 1994, but they did not show how big those fragments were.  Nevertheless, some indication of their size can be inferred from spectrographic analyses of Jupiter’s outer atmosphere.  After the fragments’ entry, these analyses revealed unprecedented traces of sulfur.  The fragments themselves almost certainly contained no sulfur, but astronomers believe that the cloud layer below Jupiter’s outer atmosphere does contain sulfur.  Since sulfur would have seeped into the outer atmosphere if comet fragments had penetrated this cloud layer, it is likely that some of the fragments were at least large enough to have passed through Jupiter’s outer atmosphere without being burned up.

In the astronomer’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.    The first is a claim that the astronomer seeks to show is true; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the truth of that claim.

B.    The first is a claim that the astronomer seeks to show is true; the second provides evidence in support of the truth of that claim.

C.    The first and the second are each considerations advanced in support of the conclusion of the argument.

D.    The first provides evidence in support of the conclusion of the argument; the second is that conclusion.

E.     The first is a circumstance for which the astronomer seeks to provide an explanation; the second acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the explanation provided by the astronomer.

94 年彗木大碰撞，但观测结果 did not show how big those fragments were，后面主要是对这个问题的解答。作者的推理基于两点，一是碰撞之后从外面观测到之前没有的硫磺(BF 1)，二是硫磺只存在于木星大气的下层；继而推断硫磺是由于彗星碎片穿透木星大气层而漏出来的(BF 2 )；最后得出彗星碎片会大得足够没有在大气中被完全燃烧掉的结论。BF 1 是现象，而不是作者要证明的事物，排除 A、B；BF 2 是作者结合前面观测结果的推理，D 的前半句可以说对，不过 BF 2 明显不是主结论，因此也排除。作者提出 BF1 是为主结论服务，而不是要解释 BF1，而且原文没有表示转折之类的词汇，因此不存在 E 所说的对现象的反驳。BF1  BF2 都是作者推测彗星碎片大小的论据，因此选 C