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30. Combustion of gasoline in automobile engines produces benzene, a known carcinogen. Environmentalists propose replacing gasoline with methanol, which does not produce significant quantities of benzene when burned. However, combustion of methanol produces formaldehyde, also a know carcinogen. Therefore the environmentalists’ proposal has little merit.

Which one of the following, if true, most supports the environmentalist’ proposal?

A. The engines of some automobiles now on the road burn diesel fuel rather than gasoline.
B. Several large research efforts are under way to formulate cleaner-burning types of gasoline.
C. In some regions, the local economy is largely dependent on industries devoted to the production and distribution of automobile fuel.
D. formaldehyde is a less potent carcinogen than benzene.
E. Since methanol is water soluble, methanol spills are more damaging to the environment than gasoline spills.

选D
题目中Environmentalists propose replacing gasoline with methanol,但有些人认为combustion of methanol produces formaldehyde, also a know carcinogen.所以是不可取
怎样支持Environmentalists的观点呢，就是要说formaldehyde的好
D，说出formaldehyde 比benzene有 less potent carcinogen 那自然这个就是优先选择了

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Questions 31-32
Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows, and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact, television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows, they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result, political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.

31. An assumption made in the explanation offered by the author of the passage is that

A. most television viewers cannot agree on which elements of a particular opinion or analysis are most disturbing.
B. there are television viewers who might refuse to watch television talk shows that they knew would be controversial and disturbing.
C. each television viewer holds some opinion that is outside the political mainstream, but those opinions are not the same for everyone.
D. there are television shows on which economic forces have an even greater impact than they do on television talk shows.
E. the television talk shows of different stations resemble one another in most respects.

B is the best answer.

先抽象原文：TV station的政治talk show是受经济利益驱使，看谁能capture the largest possible viewers，而不是TV station’s political agenda，所以，TV station的政治Talk show是bland and innocuous (柔和的和不得罪人的)。问explanation的assumption：
大部分viewer不能就opinion or analysis的哪部分最disturbing达成一致。能不能就most disturbing达成一致与收视率及bland and innocuous无关，并有一点weaken的味道。
tv reviewers拒绝看controversial and disturbing的talk show；这正好在“capture the largest possible viewers”与“bland and innocuous” 架了一座桥梁。So B is the best answer.
文章讨论的重点不是outside the political mainstream, 所以是无关项。
其他talk show 的economic forces无关。
different stations无关。

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32. The explanation offered by the author of the passage makes the assumption that

A. television station executives usually lack a political agenda of their own
B. bland and innocuous political opinions and analyses are generally in the mainstream
C. political analysts outside the mainstream are relatively indifferent to the effect their analyses have on television viewers
D. most television viewers are prepared to argue against allowing the expression of political opinions and analyses with which they disagree
E. the political opinions of television station executives are not often reflected in the television shows their stations produce

the best answer is B.

A. tv station executive is irrelevant to the explanation.
B. Yes. Because “political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely found on tv talk show” , and at last the author concludes that“political opinions and analysis aired on tv talk shows are bland and innocuous”。
C. The passage doesn’t infer “political analysts outside the mainstream are relatively indifferent”, but assumes that “it might be thought…. of tv station themselves”. So C is irrelevant to the explanation.
D. This is a confusing choice. “Argue against” doesn’t indicate it will affect the tv viewers to see the talk show. It is the attitude, not the effect or result of this attitude. So it will not help the author to reason the conclusion.
E. Obviously, “the political opinion of tv station executive” is not mentioned in this passage and we can’t evaluate this situation before we get some relative information. So it is irrelevant.

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Questions 33-34
Conservationist: The population of a certain wildflower is so small that the species is headed for extinction. However, this wildflower can cross-pollinate with a closely related domesticated daisy, producing viable seeds. Such cross-pollination could result in a significant population of wildflower-daisy hybrids. The daisy should therefore be introduced into the wildflower’s range, since although the hybrid would differ markedly from the wildflower, hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range.

33. Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the conservationist’s reasoning?

(A) It is better to take measures to preserve a valued type of organism, even if those measures are drastic, than to accept a less valuable substitute for the organism.
(B) It is better to preserve a type of organism that is in danger of extinction, even if surviving organisms of that type are not vigorous, than to allow something more vigorous to replace it.
(C) It is better to change a type of organism that would otherwise be lost, even if the changes are radical, than to lose it entirely.
(D) It is better to destroy one of two competing types of organisms, even if both are irreplaceable, than to allow both of them to be lost.
(E) It is better to protect an endangered type of organism, even if doing so has some negative effects on another type of organism, than to do nothing at all.

The best answer is C.
先理解题意：wildflower会很快extinct如果不采取措施的话。但这个wildflower能与另外一种植物daisy cross-pollinate (异花受粉)，从而produce viable seeds，产生一种杂交品种wildflower-daisy hybrid。虽然杂交后的植物differ markedly,但这是唯一一种阻止wildflower在其领域消失的方式。提问哪种原则能支持这种推理？
原文是cross-pollinate and produce seeds, 而不是preserve。
同上，preserve不对，而且vigorous没有提到。
“change a type” 与“produce seeds”、“wildflower-daisy hybrids”相符；“radical”与“markedly”相对应。 So C is the best answer.
“destroy”与“competing types”无关，排除。
negative effects 无关，排除
解题的关键是如何抽象原文，并运用无关排除法。（顺便把34题也说了：））

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34. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the conservationist’s reasoning depends?

A. The wildflower currently reproduces only by forming seeds.
B. The domesticated daisy was bred from wild plants that once grew in the wildflower’s range.
C. Increasing the population of the wildflower will also expand its range.
D. Wildflower-daisy hybrids will be able to reproduce.
E. The domesticated daisy will cross-pollinate with any daisy like plant.

思路：not+weaken。根据原命题成立则逆否命题成立的原理，把选项取非后，若能对文章产生削弱作用的，则为答案。
A. 与结论无关。另外也可以根据极端词only来进行排除。
B. 就算daisy不是in wildflower's range，wildflower-daisy hybrids也是in wildflower's range。
C. 无关。
D. 把选项取非，变成：wildflower-daisy hybrids不能再繁殖。这样的话，总有一天，随着wildflower的消失，wildflower-daisy hybrids也会消失的，这样就不能达到prevent total loss of the wildflower in its range的目的了，从而也对结论进行了削弱。因此D为答案。
E. 无关。

D is the best answer. 原文说“hybridization is the only means of preventing total loss of the wildflower in its range”, 如果hybrids不能reproduce，那wildflower还是会extinct。其他可在选项中加“not”看是否有影响结论。

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35. Because of increases in the price of oil and because of government policies promoting energy conservation, the use of oil to heat homes fell by 40 percent from 1970 to the present, and many homeowners switched to natural gas for heating. Because switching to natural gas involved investing in equipment, a significant switch back to oil in the near future is unlikely.

The prediction that ends the passage would be most seriously called into question if it were true that in the last few years.

A. the price of natural gas to heat homes has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply.
B. the price of home heating oil has remained constant, while the cost of equipment to heat home with natural gas has risen sharply.
C. the cost of equipment to heat homes with natural gas has fallen sharply, while the price of home heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels.
D. the cost of equipment to heat homes with oil has fallen sharply, while the price of heating with oil has fallen below the price of heating with natural gas
E. the use of oil to heat homes has continued to decline, while the price of heating oil has fallen to 1970 levels

思路：演绎题里，若结论中有比较的，则答案中也应该有比较。此处的结论中有“用oil好，还是用gas好”的比较，所以答案中必须有oil和gas的比较。

A. 只有gas和gas equipment的过去与现在的自身的比较，故不对。
B. 只有oil的过去与现在的自身的比较；gas equipment的过去与现在的自身比较。不对。
C. 与B的分析相同。
D. 有oil与gas的price的比较gas equipment的过去与现在的比较，说明了用oil比用gas便宜，而且也提到了oil equipment的造价急剧下降，所以用oil会比用gas好，因此switch back to oil是合算的，是likely的，对文章起到weaken的作用。
E. 只有oil自身的比较，不对。

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36. Sometimes when their trainer gives the hand signal for “Do something creative together” two dolphins circle a pool in tandem and then leap through the air simultaneously. On the other occasions, the same signal elicits synchronized backward swims or tail-waving. These behaviors are not simply learned responses to a given stimulus. Rather, dolphins are capable of higher cognitive functions that may include the use of language and forethought.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Mammals have some resemblance to one another with respect to bodily function and brain structure.
B. The dolphins often exhibit complex new responses to the hand signal.
C. The dolphins are given food incentives as part of their training.
D. Dolphins do not interact with humans the way they interact with one another.
E. Some of the behaviors mentioned are exhibited by dolphins in their natural habitat

思路：直接提出另一个事实，若此事实际能够说明结论成立的，则此事实为答案。

A. 没有提及cognitive functions，对结论无关。
B. 选项中的“new responses”，说明了dolphins能够经过思考，再作出一个新的反映，而不是单单的作出learned responses to a given stimulus. 此选项支持了结论中的cognitive functions，是答案。
C. 无关。
D. interact的方式不一定与cognition有关，也可能会与learned responses或条件反射有关。
E. 无关。

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Test 3

37. Editorialist: Drivers with a large number of demerit points who additionally have been convicted of a serious driving-relative offense should either be sentenced to jail or be forced to receive driver reeducation, since to do otherwise would be to allow a crime to go unpunished. Only if such drivers are likely to be made more responsible drivers should driver re-education be recommended for them. Unfortunately, it is always almost impossible to make drivers with a large number of demerit points more responsible drivers.
If the editorialist’s statements are true, they provide the most support for which one of the following?

A. Drivers with a large number of demerit points who have been convicted of a serious driving-related offense should be sent to jail.
B. Driver re-education offers the best chance of making drivers with a large number of demerit points responsible drivers.
C. Driver re-education is not a harsh enough punishment for anyone convicted of a serious driving-related offense who has also
D. Driver re-education should not be recommended for those who have committed no serious
E. Drivers with a larger number of demerit points but no conviction for a serious driving-related offense should receive driver re-education rather than jail

答案：A
思路：主编认为那些被罚了很多分并承认曾有过严重的驾驶违规的司机应该被判入狱或强制接受司机再教育，否则就是对该罪责的姑息。司机再教育只适合推荐给那些可能因此变得更有责任心的司机。不幸的是，那些被罚了很多分的司机总是不可能变得更有责任。因此，结论是－罚分高并有过严重驾驶违规的司机应该被送进监狱。
A: 答案符合原文推断。
B: 与原文的论述相反。
C: 原文中没有相关的论述。
D: 主编的论点中没有提到对没有严重驾驶违规的司机的处理意见。
E: 主编的论点中没有提到对没有严重驾驶违规的司机的处理意见。

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38. Amphibian populations are declining in numbers worldwide. Not coincidentally, the earth’s ozone layer has been continuously depleted throughout the last 50 years. Atmospheric ozone blocks UV-B, a type of ultraviolet radiation that is continuously produced by the sun, and which can damage genes. Because amphibians lack hair, hide, or feathers to shield them, they are particularly vulnerable to UV-B radiation. In addition, their gelatinous eggs lack the protection of leathery or hard shells. Thus, the primary cause of the declining amphibian population is the depletion of the ozone layer.

Each of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument EXCEPT:

A. Of the various types of radiation blocked by atmospheric ozone, UV-B is the only type that can damage genes.
B. Amphibian populations are declining far more rapidly than are the populations of non-amphibian species whose tissues and eggs have more natural protection from UV-B.
C. Atmospheric ozone has been significantly depleted above all the areas of the world in which amphibian populations are declining.
D. The natural habitat of amphibians has not become smaller over the past century.
E. Amphibian populations have declined continuously for the last 50 years.

答案：D
思路：原文论述臭氧层的破坏造成UV-B辐射过量是导致两栖动物数量减少的主要原因。
A：支持说明为什么是UV-B而不是其他原因。
B：支持说明为什么UV-B会降低两栖动物的数量。
C：提供空间论据说明臭氧层受损和两栖动物数量减少的相关性。
D：中性评价。不Weaken也不Strengthen.
E：提供时间论据说明臭氧层受损和两栖动物数量减少的相关性。

技巧：做EXCEPT题如果答案中出现原文没有的专有名词(地名和人名等)一般就选它。

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39. Quasars---celestial objects so far away that their light takes at least 500 million years to reach Earth---have been seen since 1963. For anything that far away to appear from Earth the way quasars do, it would have to burn steadily at a rate that produces more light than 90 billion suns would produce. But nothing that burns at a rate that produces that much light could exist for more than about 100 million years.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true on the basis of them?

A. Instruments in use before 1963 were not sensitive enough to permit quasars to be seen.
B. Light from quasars first began reaching Earth in 1963.
C. Anything that from Earth appears as bright as a quasar does must produce more light than would be produced by 90 billion suns.
D. Nothing that is as far from Earth as quasars are can continue to exist for more than about 100 million years.
E. No quasar that has ever been seen from Earth exists any longer.

答案：E
思路：
A：可能足够sensative，只是没有观察到而已。
B：同样只是没有观察到而已。
C：没有定义与地球的距离。
D：没有定义亮度
E：原文实际认为现在看到的来自Quasars的光是500万年前发出的。而在400万年前这些类星体就已经燃尽不存在了。