xixier

1.1.9.        瑞士电厂
V1 by lestatwm
关于19世纪末瑞士电厂事业蓬勃的原因, 两段, 但有点长
第一段说19世纪末瑞士电厂事业非常蓬勃, 历史学家说是一是因为当时技术人员和专家的数量猛增, 他们做了很大的贡献, 二是由于瑞士的水力资源的开发(不肯定), 三是事业机构的支持, 接下来就有人来批判, 说这不对, 当时瑞士的电厂技术都是从国外引进的, 水利资源的说法就更诡异, 另外, 与其说是机构做贡献, 不如说是小工厂的贡献更大, blablabla…
第二段就开始说, 其实该国电厂事业发展的真正原因是民众的舆论热情, 当时随便一个有关该话题的讲座或新闻发布会都是爆棚状态, 人民对该项目极热衷…然后一堆, 哥就走神去了

xixier

1.1.10.        发展中国家
V1 by weiwei8793
还有就是说第三产业 service industry在发展中国家和发达国家的不同 发达国家manufacturing decline service才增加 但以印度为首的四个发展中国家来看 本来这些国家的primary industry就很强大 指农业和工业 同时政府支持 票票debt神马的 然后就是在维持现有manufacturing 水平不变的情况下发展service行业  起码有两个对比题是关于service和manufacturing在发达国家 还有发展中国家 还有各种文章啥目的啊政府的帮助有啥作用啊...

发达国家和发展中国家SERVICE SECTOR和MANUFACTURING SECTOR的关系。
题目里有比较发展中国家与发达国家政府行为的不同，还有发债啊，补贴神马的，不是很难。

xixier

1.1.11.        公司改组
V1 by weiwei8793
还有篇说有个公司前段时间改组了 变得跟容易让customer来visit 一堆变化 后来发现行不通 management很郁闷了 第二段开始说为啥那个公司没改革成功呢 他们都太注重formal的因为忽视了informal的东东 其实员工之间的collaboration很重要啊 有题 千万看仔细 不是2/3的公司会失败 而是是那些改革的公司2/3times 会失败 在下面还有一段 忘了 第二段蛮多题目的

xixier

1.1.12.        供货 retailer
V1 by jasmine1102
还有一个，关于供货的，为了让retailer多提货，生产方有两个方法，第一个方法好像用得比较多什么的，但是第一个方法的好用是建立在两个assumption上的，然后第二段就说为什么第一个assumption靠不住，第三段说为什么第二个assumption靠不住，第二个assumption 有出个题，是加亮的一个两个单词的词组。。可惜两个但此都不认识，于是华丽丽地猜了。
V2 by lily百合花语
讲到了retail 和manufacture，说overstock的问题。提供了两种方法解决这个问题。然后说其中一种方法用得更多，但是这种方法的成功依赖于两个假设，然后分析了这两个假设。问题有一个有关第二个假设中提到了equal 什么的，问这个是啥意思之类的，不难。还有是问接着文章结尾作者会继续讲什么。其他不记得了。

xixier

1.1.13.        广告
V1 by junyihuo
主题是对比性的广告（把自己牌子的产品和其他牌子的产品明确区分）和非对比性的广告（只是宣扬自己的产品）。翻来覆去的提出论点，反驳论点，提出反驳，我基本got lost了。能记得的是，一些调研显示，非对比性的广告，观众看了会记得这个产品，而不会对这个广告中产品的品牌有深刻印象。不过还有其他90%的信息量我都没吸收。

类似的GWD-31-Q5-Q8
A key decision required of advertising managers is whether a “hard-sell” or “soft-sell” strategy is appropriate for a specific target market. The hard-sell approach involves the use of direct, forceful claims regarding the benefits of the advertised brand over competitors’ offerings. In contrast, the soft-sell approach involves the use of advertising claims that imply superiority more subtly.
    One positive aspect of the hard-sell approach is its use of very simple and straightforward product claims presented as explicit conclusions, with little room for confusion regarding the advertiser’s message. However, some consumers may resent being told what to believe and some may distrust the message. Resentment and distrust often lead to counterargumentation and to boomerang effects where consumers come to believe conclusions diametrically opposed to conclusions endorsed in advertising claims. By contrast, the risk of boomerang erects is greatly reduced with soft-sell approaches. One way to implement the soft-sell approach is to provide information that implies the main conclusions the advertiser wants the consumer to draw, but leave the conclusions themselves unstated. Because consumers are invited to make up their own minds, implicit conclusions reduce the risk of resentment, distrust, and counterargumentation.
      Recent research on consumer memory and judgment suggests another advantage of implicit conclusions. Beliefs or conclusions that are self-generated are more accessible from memory than beliefs from conclusions provided explicitly by other individuals, and thus have a greater impact on judgment and decision making. Moreover, self-generated beliefs are often perceived as more accurate and valid than the beliefs of others, because other individuals may be perceived as less knowledgeable, or may be perceived as manipulative or deliberately misleading.
    Despite these advantages, implicit conclusions may not always be more effective than explicit conclusions. One risk is that some consumers may fail to draw their own conclusions and thus miss the point of the message. Inferential activity is likely only when consumers are motivated and able to engage in effortful cognitive processes. Another risk is that some consumers may draw conclusions other than the one intended. Even if inferential activity is likely, there is no guarantee that consumers will follow the path provided by the advertiser. Finally, a third risk is that consumers may infer the intended conclusion but question the validity of their inference.

xixier

1.1.14.        GWD原题
GWD17-Q24 to Q27:
     In 1938, at the government-convened National Health Conference, organized labor emerged as a major proponent of legislation to guarantee universal health care in the United States.  The American Medical Association, representing physicians’ interests, argued for preserving physicians’ free-market prerogatives.  Labor activists countered these arguments by insisting that health care was a fundamental right that should be guaranteed by government programs.
     The labor activists’ position represented a departure from the voluntarist view held until 1935 by leaders of the American Federation of labor (AFL), a leading affiliation of labor unions; the voluntarist view stressed workers’ right to freedom from government intrusions into their lives and represented national health insurance as a threat to workers’ privacy.  AFL president Samuel Gompers, presuming to speak for all workers, had positioned the AFL as a leading opponent of the proposals for national health insurance that were advocated beginning in 1915 by the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL), an organization dedicated to the study and reform of labor laws.  Gompers’ opposition to national health insurance was partly principled, arising from the premise that governments under capitalism invariably served employers’, not workers’, interests. Gompers feared the probing of government bureaucrats into workers’ lives, as well as the possibility that government-mandated health insurance, financed in part by employers, could permit companies to require employee medical examinations that might be used to discharge disabled workers.
     Yet the AFL’s voluntarism had accommodated certain exceptions:  the AFL had supported government intervention on behalf of injured workers and child laborers.  AFL officials drew the line at national health insurance, however, partly out of concern for their own power.  The fact that AFL outsiders such as the AALL had taken the most prominent advocacy roles antagonized Gompers.  That this reform threatened union-sponsored benefit programs championed by Gompers made national health insurance even more objectionable.
     Indeed, the AFL leadership did face serious organizational divisions.  Many unionists, recognizing that union-run health programs covered only a small fraction of union members and that unions represented only a fraction of the nation’s workforce, worked to enact compulsory health insurance in their state legislatures.  This activism and the views underlying it came to prevail in the United States labor movement and in 1935 the AFL unequivocally reversed its position on health legislation.

24. Q24:
The passage suggests which of the following about the voluntarist view held by leaders of the AFL regarding health care?
A.    It was opposed by the AALL.
B.    It was shared by most unionists until 1935.
C.    It antagonized the American Medical Association.
D.    It maintained that employer-sponsored health care was preferable to union-run health programs.
E.    It was based on the premise that the government should protect child laborers but not adult workers.
--------------------------------------------------------------------
25. Q25:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.    account for a labor organization’s success in achieving a particular goal
B.    discuss how a labor organization came to reverse its position on a particular issue
C.    explain how disagreement over a particular issue eroded the power of a labor organization
D.    outline the arguments used by a labor organization’s leadership in a particular debate
E.    question the extent to which a labor organization changed its position on a particular issue
--------------------------------------------------------------------
26. Q26:
Which of the following best describes the function of the sentence in lines 42-45 (“Yet … child laborers”)?
        
A.    It elaborates a point about why the AFL advocated a voluntarist approach to health insurance.
B.    It identifies issues on which the AFL took a view opposed to that of the AALL.
C.    It introduces evidence that appears to be inconsistent with the voluntarist view held by AFL leaders.
D.    It suggests that a view described in the previous sentence is based on faulty evidence.
E.    It indicates why a contradiction described in the previous paragraph has been overlooked by historians.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
27. Q27:
According to the passage, Gompers’ objection to national health insurance was based in part on his belief that
        


A.    union-sponsored health programs were less expensive than government-sponsored programs
B.    most unionists were covered by and satisfied with union-sponsored health programs
C.    it would lead some employers to reduce company-sponsored benefits
D.    it could result in certain workers unfairly losing their jobs
E.    the AFL should distance itself from the views of the American Medical Association

xixier

1.2.        Analysis & Research
1.2.1.        城市推导mammal
V1 by海蓝色
还有一篇是什么先说可以通过一个城市的大小来推测出一个城市的service station的数量。这个可以通过一个公式，这个公式也可以运用到mammal身上，好像说什么越大的动物比如大象，它所需要的cells什么能量越小。记不清了，反正是个反比的。题里还有问为什么这两个可以是一个道理，我选的因为有类似的fomular.

V2 by doumidoumi
大城市SERVICE STATION少，大象CELL能量比小的动物少
这篇的题目挺难的，都是要推论的。总之记住它的观点是反比关系。
有一道题目问哪个选项不支持这个观点。还有一道问支持这个观点。罗极了。

V3 by eeyore0827
一个是city的service station数量和城市规模成反比的那个，再补充一点。第一段说城市的这种设施不随城市规模的扩大而同比扩大吧，说per thousand people的gas station大城市比小城市要小。第二段举了大象和老鼠的例子，cell里的energy大象比老鼠少。第三段给解释，后面说是因为在一个大的三维空间里transport和什么什么的可以更加有效率。有一题说service station和mammal有什么共同点吧，记得以前的狗里好像选的是他们有same formula，我觉得这个是错的，文章里说是alike，应该不是the same，我选的是和那个efficiency有关的，还有一个干扰项说他们都是K的研究对象，我仔细找了下好像第二段mammal的那个是K研究的，第一段好像没提到K哇。。。

xixier

1.2.2.        男女wage gap
V1 by Eros7
说男女的wage gap。unionization是有必要的。提了四点来证明。结构比较清晰。有考到except题（就是关于那四点）。

xixier

1.2.3.        Language family 语系
V1 by makypang 670
讲一个A什么的language family 和 M什么的 language subfamily
V2 by carypig
文章很简单，如果遇到的话，建议大家仔细读读。我是最后一篇，来不及看了，大概过了一下，然后定位做的题目。
第一段说，有一种A开头的语系。有900多种语言。然后讲其中有一种语言覆盖最为广泛。
第二段说，其中一种语言是在台湾的bla blab la.
第三段提到了马来的什么什么语言。然后还提到了玉米，不过是为了说明语言出现的先后问题。然后有一句是说如果某种语言跟台湾话不同的话，那应该是因为跟移民到台湾的时间先后有关。（这里有题）
文章不难，题目也不难。可惜我没仔细看，所以不说答案了。但是从分数来看，应该猜对了一两题,因为2、3两片阅读做的不好。
V3 by Latiaslee 740
第四篇是讲语言的。我没太看懂因为时间不多了，各种定位不能基本乱选的。。- -大概是说某个语言下面的语种很多，有两个很长的专有名词，一个PXXXX一个MXXXX，然后他们是有某种关系吧（弄懂这个很重要，我就是没看懂。。），第一段说其中一个RECENTLY才DIVERGE出去；然后第二段说另一个和台湾关系很大，大概是在台湾发家的；最后一段说某2个语言很像，证据是形容CROPS的单词很接近。。题目也有4题，貌似有主旨题，还有重点是搞清各种亚语种之间的关系。

xixier

1.2.4.        Humanitarian
V1 by jeanblanc
第一段讲从事humanitarian是要对limited resource做出合理的allocation，不想很多private sectors只需要根据cost还有其他因素就可以决定资源的分配
第二段讲的是从事humanitarian，特别是large scale的，很复杂的，涉及到很多parties的，要去到很多交通不便不方便到达的地方的humanitarian有很多需要面对的困难，举了三个例子，例如，缺乏工作人员，参与方太多不好协调，资源易流向新闻报道更关注的地方造成资源分配的不均衡。
问题好像是：
1.    作者提到了从事large-scale的humanitarian的活动举了哪几个例子去support，EXCEPT：
答案有上面那三个例子+private sector，我选了最后一个
2.    文章主要阐述了什么内容？
好像有： humanitarian如何分配资源？ 如何在humanitarian活动中提升管理能力？如何领导humanitarian agency？