Discussion about 2 CR

cook

1. Easayist The existence of a moral order in the universe—i.e..an order in which bad is always eventually punished and good rewarded—depends upon human souls being immortal. In some cultures this moral order is regarded as the result of a karma that controls how one is reincarnated, in others it results from the actions of a supreme being who metes out justice to people after their death. But however a moral order is represented if human souls are immortal then if follows that the bad will be punished

　　Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the essayist's reasoning?

(A) From the assertion that something is necessary to a moral order the 　　argument concludes that that thing is sufficient for an element of the moral 　　order to be realized
(B) The argument takes mere beliefs to be established facts
(C) From the claim that the immortality of human souls implies that there is a 　　moral order in the universe the argument concludes that there being a 　　moral order in the universe implies that human souls are immortal
(D) The argument treats two fundamentally different conceptions of a moral 　　order as essentially the same
(E) The argument's conclusion is presupposed in the definition it gives of a 　　moral order.
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D  

2. No mathematical proposition can be proven true by observation. It follows that it is impossible to know any mathematical proposition to be true

　　The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?

(A) Only propositions that can be proven true can be known to be true
(B) Observation alone cannot be used to prove the truth of any proposition
(C) If a proposition can be proven true by observation then it can be known to be 　　true.
(D) Knowing a proposition to be true is impossible only if it cannot be prove true 　　by observation
(E) Knowing a proposition to be true requires proving it true by observation

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E

But how to understand quickly between E and D. what 's the equal logial structure ?  thanks! Otherwise, sometime , I felt good at it but sometimes I just lost.

cook

Ok, I got that. A only if B ===> A->B
                A request B ====> A->B

raonx

are you sure the key to the first is D? I can not understand.

tongxun

D最多只能酸一个支持的选项，但将他推翻，原结论照样成立。另外，其中还有绝对花的词。

tongxun

上帖说的是第二题。刚才忘了写提号了。正确答案是E

raonx

How about the first question?

licheng

我来回答第一个吧：0。。。
这么难：（

首先，段落第一句说明：MORAL ORDER是以IMMORTALITY做为条件的。换句话说，什么样的IMMORTALITY得出什么样的ORDER。
然后，段落讲了两个IMMORTALITY， 第一个是轮回，也就是说只有肉身死亡了，而精神不灭，第二个是人死亡以后将要面临的审判，没有说精神不灭，当然也没有说精神灭了。
最后，段落进行总结，说不管是哪一个方式，只要人的精神不灭，那么ORDER就存在，坏的就要被处罚。

让我们来看选象，
A）说这个段落颠倒了充分和必要条件，（没有，很显然段落很清楚地说明了哪个是充分）
B）说这个段落在臆测，（没有，显然段落举了例子，而且这个论点本身就是宗教方面的）
C）说这个段落在CIRCULAR REASONING，（没有）
D）说这个段落把两个完全不同的情况关于MORAL ORDER的混淆了。。。
恩， 难说，好象有点。。先放一放
E）说这个段落的结论在第一句就得出了。（好象不对，因为第一句很明显地说：DEPENDS ON，没有下任何定论）
所以只有D了，
但是必须假设轮回和接受审判这个两个过程中，
第一个中人的精神没有灭，只是有坏人被罚去投胎变成什么了
第二个中人的精神可能灭，因为坏人不能重生了：）

希望是对的：））））

raonx

请问 licheng   :

这段话就是用中文说 也得想几个来回  怎么能快速锁定答案.! 谢谢!

raonx

From the first sentence, moral order ...depends upon human souls being immortal.

the human souls being immortal is necessary for moral order.

while in last sentence,if human souls are immortal..,itf follows that the bad will be punished.
here, human souls are immortal becomes sufficient for sth.

therefore I think A--- From the assertion that something is necessary to a moral order the argument concludes that that thing is sufficient for an element of the moral order to be realized
is correct.

licheng

靠感觉啊：）
还有就是先读短的句子，如果对了就对了，
如果不对就排除啊：）