[推荐][转帖]杨鹏GRE&GMAT难句详解（by davidwu1970）

maryland

杨鹏GRE&GMAT难句—第1部分  引言，无具体内容。

杨鹏GRE&GMAT难句—第2部分（davidwu1970提供）

1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted. （难度系数5，下同）
译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
难句类型：倒装、省略
a本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因为主语That sex　ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。
b在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individuall will have中，　an individuall will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。
意群训练：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of　descendants an individual will have and　hence the number of gene copies　transmitted.

2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower (5++)复杂+倒装+省略;
（这是一种）照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。
解释：本句子的难度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考试中所出现的难句中堪称登峰造极，可以确定地讲，类似此句子的难度的语言，在计算机考试的现场绝无可能出现。如果对此句话不感兴趣，可以把其废掉不读。
A、 这句话读起来别扭的第一个原因，是因为它根本就不是一个句子。句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。
B、 desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。
C、 第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，　则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire，what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。
D、 就算能够看懂这句话的结构，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的冲动是一种简单的、说明现实的欲望，新冲动是一种即是小说家又像科学家的仔细研究一个东西的特点那样的欲望（新冲动），前一种欲望是永远也不能取代后者的。
意群训练：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower

3. Hardy's weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and　risky ones. （3）
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
译文：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。
解释：介词from的宾语有两个并列的部分，由and所连接，在and之后的第二个from前，省略了前面一样的谓语动词derive。本句之所以难，有两个原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太长，初学者难以一下子看下来；二是作为一篇文科文章，用词抽象，难以迅速理解。
意群训练：Hardy's weakenssderived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergentimpulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ones.

4. Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. （5）
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词
译文：弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对"诗性"小说家（poetic novelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的"诗性"小说家，所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。
解释：本句逗号以前只有复杂修饰的长主语有些难，但总的来讲比较好懂，since引导的原因状语从句较难。
A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的宾语an aspect之后有两个修饰成分，一个是of her literary interests，　另一个是以that引导的定语从句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修饰an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 连接的两个介词结构concerned with doing 修饰novelist.
B、 句中有两处省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from当中，修饰interests的定语从句中引导词＋be that is 一起省略了。第二处在and之后，由于concerned with与前面的concerned with重复，所以concerned被省略。
C、 本句另外一个难懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象词。这是文学市评论题材的文章的一个特点。
Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been　ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states　　of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

5. As she put it in The Common Reader , "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore ."（5-）
抽象词、抽象词组、比喻
就像她在《致普通读者》一书中所表达的那样，“尽管可以毫无疑问的说，没有任何法律被指定出来，也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么；然而，当我们读它的书的时候，我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”
这句话不但用了词抽象，还用了比喻的修辞手法。是指没有因为乔叟的言论而产生任何实际的行为规则或政治机构，但我们受其影响之深，以及其影响力之大。
As she put it in The Common Reader , "It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore ."

6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .（4+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、专有名词
译文：随着爆发出来的运动的结束，再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高，使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态，直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢，被肝脏转化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下来又会（部分）传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。
解释：本句中修饰成分极多，以分词修饰和介词结构修饰为主，作各种类型的状语。前面的状语和主句还好理解，从leaving开始句子变难；leaving引导的直到句末的结构来做整个句子的状语；分词中又包含了三个状语，其中的两个via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入语的作用，把be converted into拆成两段。
本句的另外一个特征是其中充斥着专有名词。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通过字面的意思或者根据词头、词根我们还是应该猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle这三个词在生物类文章中极其常用，大家应该背下来；而glycogen这种东西则没办法，只能作一个首字母提炼。但是请记住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出现了这种专有名词，出题者是一定会在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的词义解释清楚的，所以读者遇到文章中做了解释的专有名词，应该力求把解释看懂。
意群训练：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy. （3+）
难句类型：插入语
译文：虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱--在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来--在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
解释：本句中插入语的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半个分句中的主语that slaves' preference与系动词was离得太远，造成阅读的困难。
意群训练：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.

8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。
解释：由that引导的宾语从句中，encouraged的宾语the transmission of the Black heritage被同时表示并列和转折的and so 分开，给读者造成了阅读上和理解上的困难。最后一个逗号后面的部分是修饰前面的black heritage的同位语。
意群训练：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.

9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. （3+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
译文：古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
解释：本句有两个插入语，第一个插入语Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主语和谓语。West African rules后跟着两个修饰成分，第一个是分词修饰(governing marriage), 第二个是以which引导的非限定性定语从句，从句中出现了第二个插入语though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了从句引导词与谓语之间的联系。
意群训练：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
译文：该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义--即"以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族"--可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。
解释：本句长度惊人，插入部分比较长，再加上不乏抽象词，所以较为难懂，在表示转折的后半个分钟中，长长的插入语as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作为主语his definition of racial prejudice的同位语，使分句中的主谓相隔千山万水。除此之外，本句用词抽象，语义难以理解，对读者的词汇功底要求较高。考试现场如无法读懂，宜用合理化原则中的取非读法，but之前的分句说的是其论点对美国黑人的种族歧视是较为管用，转折后的内容就应该说其理论对华人和犹太人相对无用。
意群训练：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe.

11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.（5）
难免类型：复杂修饰
译文：类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化，当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候，他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。
解释：即使是初练难免的人其实也很熟悉such thing as something这样的语言方式，可是当中间的小东西thing居然变成了一个长达十二个单词的大东西的时候，实在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底为哪方神圣。再加上以such as 为中心的长主语距离系动词remain太远，更增加了本句的难度。请读者反复阅读，直到读出这样的感觉：顺序阅读原文时，原文似乎就是几大块，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.
意群训练：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience.

12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异；可是，这样的证据是缺乏的，即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的，而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。
难免类型：复杂修饰、倒装
解释：与很多人的印象相反，lack从来就不能作形容词，它只有动词或名词的词性。其形容词的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。
本句的在however 之前和之后的两个分句，是两个倒装结构，前一个是小倒装，正常语序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是个大倒装，lacking之后的that引导的同位语人名是修饰主语proof的，但是因为它太长，所以为了避免头重脚轻，被放到lacking之后，正常的语序应该是proof that the quality of ..was lacking
意群训练：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types;however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.

hierarch

根据自己的经验，这片帖子多读几遍还是很有帮助的

bigmanager

thanks!

qwrersaa

many thanks!

wanders

thanks!

sanpao

thanks！

wanders

many thanks!

bigmanager

辛苦辛苦，十分感谢！

qiqi

感谢

maryland

98、 It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？（5）插入语多
从文章中可以推断出来，作者最有可能同意以下哪一个关于在美国革命战争中的社会经济各阶层及其对叛党和保王党的支持的陈述？
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：句子是在regarding之后才开始难懂的。Regarding引导一个分词结构，修饰statement。分词中regard的宾语有两个，一个是socioeconomic class，另一个是support for the rebel and Loyallist caused,中间由and相连接，本句的不好懂之处在于，我们对support 的第一反应是把它当成动词，这样就有可能理解成and support for是与前面的agree with并列的谓语，当然这种理解在语法上是成立的，然而在逻辑上不成立。正确的理解是support作名词，与socioeconomic class并列。其实本题干的意思就是在问哪个阶层的人会支持哪一方。
意群训练：It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War？

99、 She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.（5）
她希望抛弃传统的方法和像芭蕾舞这样已经确立的舞蹈语言，而希望探索人类表现力的内在源泉。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略、抽象词、易淆结构
解释：本句尽管用词抽象，但给读者带来直接威胁的还是句子的结构，句中由两个and连接起三部分内容，这在语法上似乎说不通，可实际上这两个and在句子中所处的层次其实是不同的，第一个and连接了discard的两个宾语，也可以看成是and后面省略了不定式to discard,也就是说第一个and 是在不定式中的并列，而第二个and的层次要高于前面的第一个and。
读者读到established的时候容易犯两种错误，一是把and之后的established看成是与wished并列的谓语，二是把established看成是与discard并列的不定式。其实这两种理解在语法上都行不通；如果与wished并列，则后面要加不定式，如果与discard并列，它本身就必须是动词原型。
其实在阅读的现场，考生根本就没有时间去考虑其语法，上面所说的把established读错，还是因为读者很少见到established作形容词的用法及两个and居于不同层次的情况。
意群训练：She wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.

100、 Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. （5）
尽管有可能从实际制造的商品和服务中可推知制造商和服务业认为他们的顾客所需要的是什么，但只有对由实际顾客撰写的相关的个人文件进行一番研究，方能提供一幅精确的图画，藉以说明"什么样的人"需要什么样的东西。
难句类型：复杂修饰、倒装
解释：前面的it是形式主语，主语真正的内容在不定式中。不定式中的大规模倒装，是这个句子读不懂的主要原因：infer的宾语是what从句，而infer和从句之间被以from为首的作状语的介词结构所分隔。正常语序应该是：to infer what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted from the goods and services actually produced.后面的分句也不好读：主语很长，而且句末的宾语precise picture后面的修饰成分of who wanted what也是比较少见的。
意群训练：Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted，only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.

101、 With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.（4）
关于这个最后的问题，我们可以顺便指出，T尽管正确的使劳动人民重返十八世纪英国的历史舞台，但是她又可能吹嘘了这些人对于资本主义消费观在普遍意义上的敌视态度；比如说，十八世纪的英国劳动人民就很容易从家酿的啤酒转而引用由大型的、资本密集的城市酿酒厂生产的标准啤酒。In passing:顺便的、随便的、偶然的
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语
解释：本句的难点就在于句子开始的we might note in passing that Thompson...一句中，不认识in passing这个词组，现场就无法读懂这句话的结构和含义；好在这里这个词组没有什么特别重要的意思，即使跳过也不耽误大事。
In passing的意思是：顺便地，随便地或偶然地，其在英文中的同义词就是briefly,incidentally。句子中的note in passing that...就是“顺便提一下”，“简单说一句”的意思。
意群训练：With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteen-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general: for example, laboring people in eighteen-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.

102、 The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.（4+）
当然二氧化碳与大气温度之间的相互联系并不能确定到底是大气成分的变化引起了气候的变暖和变冷的趋势，还是大气成分的变化是由气候的冷暖变化造成的。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略
解释：本句主句中的谓语establish在GRE、GMAT和LSAT的阅读文章中除了可以作建立的意思以外，还有一个更常用的意思，就是确定、确证的意思，等于determine, prove或confirm，另外，本句的省略很容易使读者将指代关系搞混：在最后的or were caused by their当中，存在两处省略：or之后省略了与whether一句中相同的主语changes (in atmospheric composition)；最后的their之后又省略了与whether从句中的主语一样的changes。这里不管将their之后被省略的内容看成是warming and cooling trends还是看成composition都是错误理解。
意群训练：The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.

103、 Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of　　human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested. （5 -）
他们相信，诸如灵与肉的问题，或更普遍而言，人类知识的性质等此类哲学关注，均是一些基本的人类问题，其探索性的哲学答案已构成一个必要的基础，其它所有的智力思辩均赖以建立其上。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、抽象词
解释：本篇文章所讨论的主题就是哲学的起源问题，因此在这篇文章中出现大量的抽象词，是理所当然的。
然而本句的开始的结构比较特殊，出现了一个倒装结构，正常的语序应该是：They believe that such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or, more generrally, the nature of human knowledge, are basic human question...。笔者说此结构特殊，并不是因为我们司空见惯了的倒装本身，而是因为从句子的结构来讲，此倒装毫无必要，并无头重脚轻之虞。作者之所以这样写，一是为了强调句首的、作为文章主题的哲学，二是为了使句式有所变化，不至于过分单一，三是为了为难一下考生，看看读者看懂了没有，后面就对这句话出了一道题。
意群训练：Such philosophical concerns as the mind-body problem or，more generally，the nature of　　human knowledge they believe，are basic human questions whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.

104、 The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin. （4）
细作审视，我们便不难发现，一种被称为"哲学"的独立学科--既有别于神学和科学诸般学科，并高高在上地对其予以评判--的思想，其渊源却是甚为近期的事。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：本句与上面那句话出自同一篇文章，因此用户仍很抽象，在此解释几个对读句子比较重要的单词。
sit in judgment on :审视，做出判断，本文中特指文章前面所说的superior to；
pursuit:不是追求，而是指被从事的事业=occupation, career, interest, etc.
turn out:被证明是，实际是，同义词有：prove to be, be discovered to be。
这句话除了单词的问题之外，两个插入语把主谓宾全部隔开，尤其是第一个插入语还很长，造成了我们阅读的困难。
意群训练：The idea of an autonomous discipline called "philosophy，" distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out， on close examination，to be of quite recent origin.

105、 They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.（5-）他们战斗着，尽管是谨慎的，来为学术界打开新科学的大门，而且去把学术生活从宗教哲学中解脱出来，而且他们把自己的工作看成是对科学和物理学而不是对哲学成长做出了贡献。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、省略、抽象词
解释：本句再一次出现两个and连接三个不属于同一层面的成分的情况：第一个and 连接两个并列的不定式，第二个and的级别较高，连接前后两个并列的句子，and之后相当于省略了主语they.第二个插入语起到的干扰作用比较大，把the growth of分割成了the growth, not of philosophy, but of...。
意群训练：They were fighting, albeit discreetly, to open the intellectual world to the new science and to liberate intellectual life from ecclesiastical philosophy and envisioned their work as contributing to the growth, not of philosophy, but of research in mathematics and physics.

106、 But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent　　evolution - the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures. （4）
但是，最近在所有这三类动物身上，对鳍肢的骨骼结构所存在的细致共同点的发现足以削弱这样一种企图，即把表面上的近似作为趋同进化所致的结果来将其解释掉。而所谓的趋同进化（convergent evolution），是指在互不相关的生物群体之间，作为对类似的环境压力作出的反应，彼此独立的发展形成某些相同特征。
难句类型：复杂修饰
解释：读者大概也看出来了，本句的最大特点就是长，复杂修饰的长主语，复杂修饰的长宾语，中间以谓语undermines相连。修饰attempt的不定式中的to explain away something as...意思是把某件事情当作后面的东西解释掉。本句在文中起到了一个极为重要的作用，后面有一道题专门对本句提问。现场这种句子能否顺利看懂，会对考生考试的分数起到直接影响。
意群训练：But the recent discovery of detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the flippers in all three groups undermines the attempt to explain away superficial resemblance as due to convergent　　evolution - the independent development of similarities between unrelated groups in response to similar environmental pressures.

107、 Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain　　each of a human's 10'' neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. （5）
人类因基所包含的信息是如此之少，以致于就连去具体规定人类1011的神经细胞中任意一个细胞应占据大脑的哪个半脑都无法做到，更不用提每个神经细胞所会形成的数百种连接。
难句类型：倒装、省略
解释：本句在固定搭配too little information even to specify之后，是一个大型倒装，正常的语序应该是:
Human genes contain too little information even to specify that each of a human's 10'' neurons should occupy which hemisphere of the brain, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.
固定搭配too..to是太怎么样以至不能如何的意思，其后的specify后面的内容实际上是一个宾语从句。文章的作者把从句中的宾语提到主语和谓语之前，并省略引导词that，使得句子非常难以读懂。最后的let alone的意思是表示递进的“更不要说，何况”。
意群训练：Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain　　each of a human's 10'' neurons should occupy，let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.

108、 For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.（5）
对于一个从事女权主义文学评论的妇女来说，主观性还是客观性，或者说评论家应该做艺术家还是作科学家的争论有着特殊的重要性；对她来说，此问题不仅仅是学术上的，而且还是政治上的，并且她所给出的定义，不管有利于问题的哪一方面，都会招致特殊的风险。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、倒装、省略、抽象词、易淆指代
解释：首先解释一下几个词汇：versus:在这里不是前面的against的意思，它和后面的or都是“是....还是...”的意思，其英文释义为：in contrast to or as the alternative of free trade versus pretection 。court:招致（风险、失败），英文释义：to act as to invite or provoke (courts disaster)。
分号前面的句子的主语被插入语"or critic-as-artist-or-scientist"分开，正常情况下应该是the subjectivity versus objectivity debate。这种名词修饰名词的情况在GRE和GMAT考试中是常见的，如前面讲过的句子中出现的mind-body problem。
最后的条件状语从句whichever side of the issue it favors看上去不难，但却不好理解，首先是whichever被提前的表示方法，相当于no matter it favors which side of the issue 的倒装，no matter被省略，which提前并改成了whichever，后面的side of the issue也被提前到主谓it favors之前，issue在此之前面的主要问题，即主观性还是客观性的问题，而it前面的名词太多，一下子不好辨别，其实就是指本句的主语her definition。
意群训练：For the woman who is a practitioner of feminist literary criticism, the subjectivity versus objectivity, or critic-as-artist-or-scientist, debate has special significance; for her, the question is not only academic, but political as well, and her definition will court special risks whichever side of the issue it favors.

109、 If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific - a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform - the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.（4）假如她把女权主义文学评论定义为客观的和科学性的--一个有效的、可证实的、理性的、无论男女都可以使用的方法--那么，这个定义不仅将排挤掉批评家作为艺术家的方法，而且可能会阻碍那些寻求改变学术界的现状的及其思维，特别是有关性别角色的思维的人们的实用主义的政治目标的成就。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语、抽象词
解释：这句话在原文中紧接着上例的难句，句中的插入语虽然长，但是并不打断正常的语义，因此不算难懂；但是but also之后的分句中的宾语accomplishment的修饰成分实在太复杂，而且充斥着各色的极端抽象的词汇，没有一定的词汇功底，这句话的意思是不容易看懂的。
意群训练：If she defines feminist criticism as objective and scientific - a valid, verifiable, intellectual method that anyone, whether man or woman , can perform - the definition not only precludes the critic-as-artist approach, but may also impede accomplishment of the utilitarian political objectives of those who seek to change the academic establishment and its thinking, especially about sex roles.