GMAT阅读笔记——XDF资料

lotusflower

出题规律：

文章：文章改写，风格固定，套路统一

题目：题型固定，解题有章

一．GMAT阅读文章分类

1．按题材分三类：社会科学类（美国历史、弱势群体、少数民族、印第安人、黑人、妇女）、经济管理类、自然科学类，前两类占90％

2．按写作手法分两类：presentation, argumentation

重点是presentation, 即论述一个理论的文章。

例1：presentation的结构

① Recently, the extinction of the dinosaur has been a mysterious phenomenon that puzzles scientists.

② Rosen’s three major findings have contributed much to the progress of explaining the dinosaur’s extinction.

a. sedimentation
b. fossil remains, skeleton
c. isotope, chronology

③ Therefore……

例2：argumentation的结构（作者观点：喜新厌旧、标新立异）

① Traditionally, most scientists believed that the extinction of the dinosaur was caused by the impact on Earth of massive meteorites.

② However, no sign of the impact, such as a huge pit, has been discovered. On the other hand, Smith found two things that had been overlooked by his predecessors.

③ Thus……

3．长文章按具体分类，分四种：新老观点对比型、现象解释型、问题解决型、结论解释型。特别套路；

短文章：可套用长文章套路的、罗嗦语言、无明显套路

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xunjiejie88

many  thanks @

bonus

Thanks for sharing!

liweijz

終於找到這本神作了。謝謝！

lotusflower

GMAT阅读注意：
1．文字定位：50％
1）文中做标记（时间，大写字母，段落KW，TS）
2）题干关键词
3）段意总结
2．精读 20％
1）N+1法则
2）核心词汇
3）核心语法
3．排除干扰选项 30％
1）最高级，唯一性，比较级
2）文字对比
3）四种错误类型

GMAT阅读问题诊断表

页数       题号      错误题型      错误原因

lotusflower

GMAT阅读出题原则：
1．反对：左派与革命思想，尤其是马克思主义
反对词：adaptive, adaptation, selective, convergent evolution(趋势进化论)
2．同情弱者，标新立异，喜新厌旧
3．GMAT作者不会使用极端词汇，不会出现极端评价 qualified, guarded
4．让步转折
5．喜欢考最高级，比较级，喜欢让事物之间发生逻辑关系
6．喜欢考优缺点。优点→负改善题，缺点→正改善题
7．最喜欢强转折。

lotusflower

文章：各套路总结，快速阅读(取舍)
题目：题型讲解（主观题&客观题），出题点预测

出题点预测：
1．TS 主题题 注意与主题相关的细节
1）有明确TS→同义变换
2）无明确TS→三出现原则
3）套路清晰→写法性主题题
4）题干KW与主题相关→优先定位于TS
2．混合评价→态度题
1）从大不从小（文章开头TS）
2）让步→小评价，转折→大评价
3）and→纯粹的混合评价
3．强对比→对比题
1）unlike, on the other hand, by contrast, on the contray
2）时间状语
3）实义动词 compared with, distinguish from, contrast with
4）but→大正小负，大负小正
4．强因果
1）直接问因果关系→直接事实题
2）文中说到一个理论或一个事物有缺陷的原因→改善题
5．比较句
1）正面提问→直接事实题
2）反面提问→取非题
6．举例→举例作用题
1）窍门做法：give an example, illustrate
2）标准做法：三种关系（见讲义）
7．列举
1）小列举：四项→except题
2）大列举：罗马数字题
8．延伸性内容→主题题
1）干扰选项
2）判定方法：新老观点对比型、文章最后一段&最后一句话、与主题不一致或升华主题
9．强调性语言，古怪语言
1）传统的强调性语言：最高级、唯一性、比较级
2）古怪语言：新名词及其解释、复合词、引号内容、临近结尾的转折
10．人名＋引言
1）举例作用题
2）信息题 infer, imply, suggest
3）态度题
11．大写字母，时间→定位依据
12．Only 出题点
13．单独出现的数字一般不考，多个数字连续出现，易成为考点

lotusflower

五．主观题
（一）主题题
1．内容性主题题
① 如果文章有明确的主题句，则对其做同义变换。
a. 长文章：四种套路
新老观点对比型：新观点为主题句
现象解释型：    正确解释为主题句
问题解决型：    正确的解决方法为主题句
结论解释型：    开头的结论 （判断句）为主题句
b. 短文章：三种情况
可套用长文章套路的：按长文章处理
有罗索语言的：说的最多的那个意思为主题句
无明显套路的：也无罗嗦语言的：一般首句为主题句
② 如果文章无明确的主题句，则使用三出现原则。
文章KW必须出现，细节不能出现，新内容不能出现
③ 某些主题题可能包含态度，则态度要和文章保持一致。
2．写法性主题题：套路清晰
注意：1。Organization  2。一种特别套路
3．目的性主题题（is primarily concerned with, primary purpose, primary focus.）
注意：新老观点对比型文章的目的性主题题的特殊处理（又破又立）：
选一个以立为主的选项。
两个原则 ①从前不从后：延伸性内容（文末或段末出现的与文章主题不一致或升华文章主题的内容） ② 从大不从小
附1：主题题套路总结
1．新老观点对比型
① 先看文章长短，长文章读9分钟，短文章读4－5分钟
② 读首句
1）        看有无反复出现的单词 (文章KW)
2）        看有无大写字母、时间 （定位依据）
3）        看有无套路词汇 But （强烈的新老观点对比）
showing that a certain interpretation is better supported by the evidence than is an alternative explanation
a recently proposed explanation of a way in which wind-pollinated plants reduce pollen waste
correct an erroneous belief by describing its origins
describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it recommending a different approach
provide evidence to dispute an accepted theory about the evolution of galaxies
correct misconceptions
对新观点出except题，答案可能是老观点，反之亦然。
Although 句首表让步，直奔逗号往下看
2．现象解释型
Ⅰ 现象  Ⅱ 解释  Ⅲ 评价
A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected
A problem (从意思上说是问题，从套路上说是现象) is presented and reasoned for its existence are supplied.
Discussing a possible explanation for the way bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters.
目的性主题题六大标志性答案提示：challenge, criticize, comment, dispute, refuse, question
3．问题解决型
suggesting an answer to a theoretical question
identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem
discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it
a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archeological profession
A problem is described and then reasons why various proposed solutions succeeded or failed are discussed.
4．结论解释型 (总分结构)
A general opinion is expressed and then supportive illustrations are advanced.
Stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may justify it
An evaluation is made, and aspects of the evaluation are expanded on with supporting evidence.
An assertion is made and several examples are provided to illustrate it.
5．特别套路：评述某人观点/著作    人名，书名，斜体字
evaluating the soundness of a work of criticism
indicated the importance of Jean Wagner’s analysis of Afro-American poetry
reviewing a historical study of the status of women in Mexico City during the nineteenth-century
summarizing the findings of an investigation
discussing an important work in Black American literature
an appraisal of a biography by A.N.Wilson
present the central thesis of a recent book
summarizing and assessing a study
an evaluation of a scholarly study
analyzing a scholarly study and pointing out a central weakness
（二）态度题（正评价，负评价，大负小正，大正小负）
1．判断依据
① 判断句：系动词，情态动词，自由褒贬词
例：a) …and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct
b) Although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War
c) …is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book.
② 引号  
引号的作用：强调、引用某人原话、负评价
例：all in the name of “protecting” the health of the women.
③ 某些表示评价的实义动词，用于研究类文章
（1）负评价：fail to, ignore, overlook, neglect, overestimate, underestimate, exaggerate, misinterpret, misrepresent
例：a) Scholars often fail to see that…
b) In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship
（2）正评价：show, prove, demonstrate, find, discover, determine, confirm, indicate
例：a) I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for…
b) Henri Bonnet discovered that…
④ 让步
让步的三种写法：
前半句：1） （although, while）it is correct/ it is true/ of course
2) no doubt/ without doubt/ undoubtedly
3) do/ may/ seem/ appear
4) however+adj.=no matter how+adj.
5) adj.+as it may be
后半句：强转折
以后半句为主评价
例：1）This view may be correct it has the advantage that… on the other hand, this theory is implausible because… (前半句正评价，而后半句负评价，总评价为大正小负)
2） The use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mantle lives of the nonelite.
大负小正
⑤ 从大不从小
文章开头和主题句中的评价为大评价，其他是小评价（转折和让步除外。单句，让步是小评价，转折是大评价）
2．做题的注意事项
① 顺序：先在文中找评价，再看选项
② 混合评价的表示方法（大负小正，大正小负，纯粹的混合评价）
a) but 或 and 连接的评价词
correct and limited 纯粹混合评价
   正         负
is useful but can cause some problem 大负小正
b) 修饰词所限定的评价词
partially correct, qualified approval, enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation, guarded criticism, tentative acceptance, reluctant acceptance
③ 避免极端选项
态度题的极端选项
1．过于中庸，无态度
indifference, ambivalence, resigned, light-hearted, jocular
2．人身攻击
condemnation, indignant, envious, offensive, insincere, callous, defiance, derision, scornful, cynical, spiteful
3．过于热情，甚至谄媚
fervent, fanatical, adulatory
4．程度过强，不留余地
complete(ly), entire(ly), total(ly), absolute(ly), unrestrained, unmitigated, unchecked

lotusflower

6．信息题
典型问法：
① Which of the following is (not) true?
② The author of the passage agrees (does not agree) with which of the following?
③ The information in the passage answers (does not answer) which of the following questions?
④ It can be inferred from the passage that…
⑤ The author (passage) implies (suggests) that…
信息题分成可定位的（of, about, concerning, regarding）和不可定位的
做法：回文中定位并且用“友好语言的同义变换”验证
7．类比题
问法：Which of the following is most similar to the situation in…?
similar to , analogous to, parallel, consistent with
做法：抓住本质特征
例20：…Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers.
题：Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?
A.        A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence
B.        A stockbroker refused to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock’s value
C.        A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar
D.        A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert
E.        A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.
答案：C
（二）做题注意：
1．四种错误选项：混偏反无
2．慎重对待含有强调性语言（最高级，唯一性和比较级）的选项
3．长选项竖读法：纵向比较所有选项，尤其是开头。找到相同的语言部分。如果某几个选项中相同语言对这个题有用，那么先看这几个选项：否则，先看其他选项或者这几个选项的差异部分。
4．选项词汇和题干词汇处于原文同一位置。（文字对应）
例21：In the early 1970’s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system
题：According to the author, what is the result of the Soviet Union’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s?
A.        Soviet firms show greater profit.
B.        Soviet firms have less control over the free market.
C.        Soviet firms are able to adjust to technological advances
D.        Soviet firms have some authority to fix price.
E.        Soviet firms are more responsive to the free market.
答案：D
例22：Wages in the South, however, were low and Black workers were aware, ……urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.
题：According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?
A.        They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
B.        They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
C.        They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
D.        They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.
E.        They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
答案：A
（三）文字定位法
1．一般做法：文（主体词）→题干（主体词）→文（主体词） （四六原则）
2．排除法不到万不得已不用，将主要时间花再提炼题干上。
3．两种特殊情况：如果题干主体词在文中多次出现，那么先定位在其首次出现之处；如果题干主体词与主题有关，那么先定位在主题句。

lotusflower

5．逻辑题
① 支持题
1）        搭桥法：把缺的条件补上 （support，strengthen ）,缺的条件是指推理过程中出现的逻辑断层。
断桥识别：推理过程中出现两次以上的关键词汇
例17：In one behavioral experiment, researchers successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with researcher’s hypothesis that anteaters use electro receptors to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however, researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite food of anteaters live.
题：Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the hypothesis mentioned in the passage?
A.        Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into an underground chamber that is emitting a strong electrical signal
B.        Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant colony.
C.        Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of ants
D.        Anteaters are observed using various angles to break into nests of ants
E.        Anteaters are observed using the same angle used with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types of prey
答案：B
2）具体事例法：举文章没有说过的例子为正面论据
例18：Because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind-pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuring loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount of pollen, that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.
题：Which of the following, if known, is likely to have been the kind of evidence used to support the view described in the first paragraph?
A.        wind speeds need not be very low for wind-pollinated plants to fail to release pollen.
B.        The female reproductive organs of plants often have a sticky surface that allows them to trap airborne pollen systematically.
C.        Grasses, as well as conifers, generate specific aerodynamic environments within the immediate vicinity of their reproductive organs.
D.        Rain showers often wash airborne pollen out of the air before it ever reaches as appropriate plant.
E.        The density and size of an airborne pollen grain are of equal importance in determining whether a plant will capture that grain.
答案：D
例19：Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupation by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding.
题：It can inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women’s work?
A.        Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions
B.        Interview with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks
C.        Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one
D.        Census results showing that working women’s wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of working men
E.        Enrollment figures from universities demonstrating that increasing numbers of young women are choosing to continue their education beyond the undergraduate level
答案：D
② 反对题
1）        釜底抽薪：反对原因
2）        欲擒故纵：反证法
3）        抬杠法：反对原文的结论