GMAT考试-GWD-CR解析-SUPPORT

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GWD-1-Q15:
In parts of South America, vitamin-A deficiency is a serious health problem, especially among children.  In one region, agriculturists are attempting to improve nutrition by encouraging farmers to plant a new variety of sweet potato called SPK004 that is rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A.  The plan has good chances of success, since sweet potato is a staple of the region’s diet and agriculture, and the varieties currently grown contain little beta-carotene.
方案可行类：原来种A的土地改种B，前提，该土地可种B。
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the plan will succeed?

A.        The growing conditions required by the varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region are conditions in which SPK004 can flourish. 方案可行
B.        The flesh of SPK004 differs from that of the currently cultivated sweet potatoes in color and texture, so traditional foods would look somewhat different when prepared from SPK004.
C.        There are no other varieties of sweet potato that are significantly richer in beta-carotene than SPK004 is.
D.        The varieties of sweet potato currently cultivated in the region contain some important nutrients that are lacking in SPK004.
E.        There are other vegetables currently grown in the region that contain more beta-carotene than the currently cultivated varieties of sweet potato do.[A]*

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14
In 1983 Argonia’s currency, the argon, underwent a reduction in value relative to the world’s strongest currencies. This reduction resulted in a significant increase in Argonia’s exports over 1982 levels. In 1987 a similar reduction in the value of the argon led to another increase in Argonia’s exports. Faced with the need to increase exports yet again, Argonia’s finance minister has proposed another reduction in the value of the argon.
本币贬值----出口增加。
重复操作
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the prediction that the finance minister’s plan will not result in a significant increase in Argonia’s exports next year?（支持反论——不是一定支持原文论点的，小心陷井）
A.        The value of the argon rose sharply last year against the world’s strongest currencies.
B.        In 1988 the argon lost a small amount of its value, and Aronian exports rose slightly in 1989.
C.        The value of Argonia’s exports was lower last year than it was the year before.
D.        All of Argonia’s export products are made by factories that were operating at full capacity last year, and new factories would take years to build.方案不可行。就算想增加也没有能力增加了
E.        Reductions in the value of the argon have almost always led to significant reductions in the amount of goods and services that Argonians purchase from abroad.

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Q 22: 调查类
Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do not
require surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedists
are concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the frac-
ture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed,（抽样调查） however, all
the fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to have
healed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-up
x-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.
通常由于整形医师被认为对骨折的Stability有误诊现象，所以有踝骨折的病人会给与follow-up-rays。
检查A number of Follow-up-rays，发现已开始被诊断为Stable的骨折都愈合得很好。所以给与一开始就被诊断为Stable的病人Follow-up-rays是在浪费钱。
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A.        Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists are
less likely than orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle frac-
ture correctly. （无关）
B.        Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealed
by the x-ray not to involve any fracture of the ankle. （无关）
C.        X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in several
hospitals were reviewed.（强调样本采样随机，有结果代表性）
D.        The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired is
always checked by means of a follow-up x-ray. （无关）
E.        Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of bone
other than ankle bones. （无关）
1。原文推理应该是：因为很多FOLLOW-UP的X-RAY发现所有被诊断为（不是一开始的X-RAY）STABLE骨折的都愈合的很好。所以对这种骨折FOLLOW-UP的X-RAY不必要。
2。B不是答案。因为你说的推理的原因是开始X-RAY为STABLE的骨折的的情况。而B是说很多INJURIES，不一定是STABLE的，更不是骨折FRACTURES。
答案C：这些follow-up x-rays 来之于很多不同医院的不同医生的病人。即原文REVIEW的例子有代表性。能说明问题，即说明初诊断为stable骨折的都愈合得好，所以follow-up x-rays 其实是不必要的。

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GWD-13-Q40:
In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface.  Mice infected with a herpesvirus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye.  Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpesvirus surface, scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to herpesvirus.

Which of the following, if true, gives the greatest additional support to the scientists’ hypothesis?

A.        Other types of virus have surface proteins that closely resemble proteins found in various organs of mice.（无关）
B.        There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice contract herpes at roughly the same rate as other mice. （无关）
C.        Mice that are infected with a herpesvirus but do not develop keratitis produce as many antibodies as infected mice that do develop keratitis. （无关）
D.        There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and these mice survive these infections without ever developing keratitis.异因异果加强：因为不分泌抗菌素，所以不生角膜炎）
E.        Mice that have never been infected with a herpesvirus can sometimes develop keratitis. （无关）

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GWD-13-Q31:
By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk.  However, a very aggressive species of blank ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans.  Therefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.
对公众健康好的：Black Ants
对公众健康不好的：Rodent， Loma ant
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.        Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants.（因为两种都是蚁类，所以一定要立下这个假设，如果不成立会weaken）
B.        Loma ants are less effective than many bird species in competing with rodents for seeds.（weaken）
C.        Certain other species of black ants are more effective than Loma ants in competing with rodents for seeds.（无关）
D.        The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents.（看似支持，但非必要，因为就算假设不成立，也不影响原命题，这只是个附加条件）
E.        The use of pesticides to control Loma ants could have harmful effects on the environment.（无关）

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GWD-12-Q11***（排除法）
In general, jobs are harder to get in times of economic recession because many businesses cut back operations.  However, any future recessions in Vargonia will probably not reduce the availability of teaching jobs at government-funded schools.  This is because Vargonia has just introduced a legal requirement that education in government-funded schools be available, free of charge, to all Vargonian children regardless of the state of the economy, and that current student-teacher ratios not be exceeded.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.        The current student-teacher ratio at Vargonia’s government-funded schools is higher than it was during the most recent period of economic recession.（无关猜测）
B.        During recent periods when the Vargonian economy has been strong, almost 25 percent of Vargonian children have attended privately funded schools, many of which charge substantial fees.（异因异果： 经济好的时候，25%学生去私立学校，经济不好的时候，这些学生更可能去公立学校。造成学生--教师ratio更大，因此需要的老师也更多）
C.        Nearly 20 percent more teachers are currently employed in Vargonia’s government-funded schools than had been employed in those schools in the period before the last economic recession. （无关猜测）
D.        Teachers in Vargonia’s government-funded schools are well paid relative to teachers in most privately funded schools in Vargonia, many of which rely heavily on part-time teachers.（无关比较）
E.        During the last economic recession in Vargonia, the government permanently closed a number of the schools that it had funded.（反前提）

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GWD-10-Q14***:
Yeasts capable of leavening发酵 bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs生面团 accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible可食用的 kernel could be removed from the husk 壳without first toasting烤 the grain.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related? 证明因果关系

A. Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely consumed.
B. Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stonelined grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.
C. Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for yeast to leaven bread dough.加热使酵母失效。过去toast----破坏gluten----不能发酵。现在由于新引进Wheat----不用toast----不破坏gluten----可以发酵了。
D. The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted, was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.
E. Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from it required less effort to produce.
Answer: B C
古埃及人制作面包方法的变更，原来是先烤谷物，去掉内核，制作成面包，（要不然的话，面包里面有很多硬壳，就不好吃了），后来发现了用酵母发酵的方法制作面包。题干问能够支持这种变化是因果关系的论据？
小麦烤了后，它里面含有一种在发酵过程中必须起作用的蛋白质的面筋也被破坏掉了。也就是说，新的小麦品种，因为不用烤就去了壳，这种面筋含有的蛋白质在发酵过程中开始发挥作用，所以面团可以发酵了，也不是以前死面dough那样了。所以C建立了这样一种causally related的关系。

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GWD-10-Q9:
Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer, researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus（SV40）. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.
SV40----Polio vaccine----mesothelioma
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?

A. SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.
B. Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with SV40.
C. Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traces of the virus.
D. In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to asbestos.
E. In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from mesotheliomas do not contain SV40. 异因异果加强
Answer:E

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GWD-9-Q38:
In January of last year the Moviemania chain of movie theaters started propping its popcorn in canola oil, instead of the less healthful coconut oil that it had been using until then. Now Moviemania is planning to switch back, saying that the change has hurt popcorn sales. That claim is false, however, since according to Moviemania’s own sales figures, Moviemania sold 5 percent more popcorn last year than in the previous year.

Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument against Moviemania’s claim?

A. Total sales of all refreshments at Moviemania’s movie theaters increased by less than 5 percent last year. 总销售增加不到5%，而P的销售增加了5%说明P的销售特别好。
B. Moviemania makes more money on food and beverages sold at its theaters than it does on sales of movie tickets.
C. Moviemania’s customers prefer the taste of popcorn popped in coconut oil to that of popcorn popped in canola oil.
D. Total attendance at Moviemania’s movie theaters was more than 20 percent higher last year than the year before.
E. The year before last, Moviemania experienced a 10 percent increase in popcorn sales over the previous year.削弱。前几年的销售增额大于去年的

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GWD-9-Q37:
Researchers took a group of teenagers who had never smoked and for one year tracked whether they took up smoking and how their mental health changed. Those who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were four times as likely to be depressed at the study’s end than those who did not begin smoking. Since nicotine in cigarettes changes brain chemistry, perhaps thereby affecting mood, it is likely that smoking contributes to depression in teenagers.抽烟引起情绪低落

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.        Participants who were depressed at the study’s start were no more likely to be smokers at the study’s end than those who were not depressed. 排除他因，因果倒置：沮丧的人不比不沮丧的人更容易吸烟,也就是说，大家吸烟的机会是平等的,在平等的情况下，可以推出吸烟让人沮丧.如果沮丧的人更愿意吸烟,那他们做比较的前提就不相等了.
B.        Participants who began smoking within a month of the study’s start were no more likely than those who began midway through to have quit smoking by the study’s end.（无关项）
C.        Few, if any, of the participants in the study were friends or relatives of other participants. （无关项）
D.        Some participants entered and emerged from a period of depression within the year of the study. （无关项）
E.        The researchers did not track use of alcohol by the teenagers. （无关项）