美国商学院 Supply Chain Management

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Career Overview
    Requirements
    Job Outlook
    Career Tracks
    Compensation




Career Overview
Behold leaf cutter ants. At the command of the queen, the ants march in lock step, cut leaves from rainforest trees, and, in a perfectly ordered line, carry the right number of tasty leaves in their mandibles to a discerning queen back in the colony. As a species, humans have no such innate sense of how to move products from their source to end users. Supply chain managers seek to create what ants do naturally: They attempt to integrate and optimize all the steps required to produce the right amount of the right product and deliver it to the end user at the right time. In other words, supply chain management (SCM) is involved in every aspect of getting products to customers, from raw materials to consumption.

What You'll Do
As an insider defines it, “Supply chain management is interested in everything that happens to a product from cradle to grave.” Whereas the field of logistics was born in World War II as part of the effort to get the right amount of supplies to the troops at the right time, supply chain management took the novel approach of looking further back into the life of a product to its manufacture and even product design while integrating what were once thought of as unrelated disciplines, marketing and customer service.

The focus of this profile is on those industries for which supply chain management is essential to remain competitive in the marketplace: manufacturing, retailing, and logistics and distribution. Manufacturing companies typically emphasize materials management and sourcing functions. Roles within the retail and merchandising industries tend to emphasize logistics, warehousing, and inventory management. Like retailers, the roles of logistics firms emphasize, what else, logistics, inventory management, and warehousing. Most larger firms offer the entire range of logistics services from transportation and carrier services to warehousing and inventory management.

Job descriptions in supply chain management suffer from a blurring of responsibilities over titles, a lack of standard nomenclature for positions, and, often, a lack of distinction between rank. In the first case, as perhaps is fitting for a discipline that is nothing if not interdisciplinary, the job description of a role may encompass a number of disciplines. For instance, in a manufacturing firm, a procurement or purchasing role might include inventory management responsibilities; in a distribution or logistics firm, a transportation role might include those inventory management responsibilities.

Unlike the field of consulting, where the differences between analyst and associate/consultant are nearly universally understood, a single role in supply chain management might be called analyst, specialist, or coordinator, depending on the caprices of the company that set out the requisition for that position.

Who Does Well
Firms have a Six Sigma mentality and are looking for candidates with built-in quality. You should be meticulous in every part of your self-presentation. You also need to be able to communicate. “That’s really what we’re looking for. If you can’t communicate your solution to anyone, how is it a solution?” an insider says. Moreover, people skills are paramount and political savvy is key—as a supply chain manager, you’re very likely to be working with people who have been on the job 30 years longer than you and possibly with little advanced education. This means you need to be able to deal with people unlike yourself.

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Compensation
One of the best things going for supply chain jobs is that they are often in low-cost-of-living locations. While graduates flock to publishing and media and other “sexy” jobs that don’t cover bar tabs in cities whose costs of living edge up with that Tokyo, the manufacturing industry pays solid salaries in areas that don’t require a platinum card to buy groceries.

Starting salaries for undergraduates for most positions tend to pay between $35,000 and $55,000. MBA salaries tend to start at $70,000 to $85,000, but it’s not unheard of for MBA salaries to dip below $50,000, especially for people with little prior experience.

The industry does pay bonuses based on individual performance, but the lackluster economy has eroded a large chunk of incentive compensation. Even in good times, bonuses would be closer to 10 percent of base salary.

Salaries for manager-level positions reach approximately $95,000, directors approximately $150,000. Salaries for vice presidents top out at approximately $200,000.

The supply chain function isn’t one for people trying to strike it rich. An insider adds, “I wouldn’t trade this life for one of 80-hour weeks and double the pay.”

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Vice President, Supply Chain Management
At the top of the supply chain management food chain, the vice president is part of the senior management team and usually reports to the chief operating officer of a company. The vice president’s purview often includes all supply chain functions, including logistics, facilities, and purchasing. The vice president translates executive strategies into supply chain functions. Reporting to the vice president, often, are directors of the various functional areas in supply chain.

Production Analyst/Manager
Production managers serve as mini-plant managers in a manufacturing company. Their responsibilities include coordinating production schedules, forecasting labor requirements, maintaining quality, determining material requirements, and managing finished goods inventory/output.

The position often leads to roles as plant manager and often to executive operational roles, such as COO. As with most manufacturing positions, many companies seek people with Six Sigma and lean manufacturing experience. The career path in production management might be 2 to 4 years as an analyst, another 2 to 4 years as a production manager, then on to director-level roles.

Logistics Analyst/Manager
Analysts and managers work on a wide range of logistics functions, including warehouse and distribution operations, forecasting, planning, logistics information systems, customer service, and purchasing. Analyst roles might deal with an area within the logistics function, while senior roles such as manager or director roles involve overseeing a team of analysts. Managers negotiate and contract with suppliers and carriers, develop supply chain metrics and strategy, and oversee day-to-day management of logistics functions. Analysts devote much of their days to problem solving, forecasting, and ensuring that operations are running within determined metrics.

The ladder to a manager level position might take 5 to 7 years to climb, a director level or higher position 10 to 15 years.

Process Engineer
Process engineers typically analyze processes within any number of industries—manufacturing, distribution and transportation, or retail—and develop improved processes that make better, safer use of labor, materials, energy, and other resources. For instance, a process engineer in a distribution center might work to improve outbound and inbound traffic processes or invoice handling. In a manufacturing environment he might develop a better method for handling raw materials. Additionally, he might develop the metrics used to manage the processes once improved.

Account Specialist/Customer Service
The account specialist/customer service role is typically an entry-level position for newly minted supply chain management majors. A specialist typically works at a logistics or transportation firm and is assigned a customer for whom he serves as primary contact. Typical duties include resolving customer service issues for a client, building relationships with clients and carriers, and coordinating shipments for the client.

Supply Chain Consultant
The consultant is a senior role, usually post-MBA, that, along with the analyst and project manager, makes up the team on a consulting engagement. The supply chain consultant is a rare and desirable role in the field of supply chain management. The SCM consultant reviews existing procedures and examines opportunities to streamline production, purchasing, warehousing, distribution, and financial forecasting to meet a company’s needs. An SCM consultant typically develops strategies to cut costs, improve quality, and improve customer satisfaction.

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Supply Chain Manager
The supply chain manager role is the holy grail of supply chain management and logistics, both sought after and somewhat rare. The scarcity of pure supply chain manager roles comes from the fact that the role is interdisciplinary—a role that spans logistics and distribution, purchasing, manufacturing, inventory management, and even marketing and product development.

The supply chain manager reviews existing procedures and examines opportunities to streamline production, purchasing, warehousing, distribution, and financial forecasting to meet a company’s needs. A supply chain manager typically develops strategies to cut costs, improve quality, and improve customer satisfaction.

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Career Tracks
While there is no single career trajectory in supply chain management, most insiders we spoke with agree that the apex of the supply chain cosmos is vice president of supply chain management. The path has yet to be blazed for supply chain managers who attain the ranks of COO, let alone CEO. In the past this has been due to the fact that logistics positions have been very specialized roles. More recently, supply chain has been a cross-functional role and has yet to gain traction as a set career path in most corporations.

The good and bad news is that supply chain roles are highly specialized. Not only is it somewhat difficult to cross over mildly different functional roles, but functional knowledge doesn’t transfer completely across industries. This means that one can’t easily hop from one industry to the next—for instance, as a supply chain manager for Wal-Mart to one for BMW. While this means it is difficult to easily transfer across functions, it also means that there are fewer candidates nipping at your heels ready to take your job.

Having said that, here are a few of the general career tracks one can follow in supply chain management:

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Job Outlook
After the economy picked up and real salaries increased in 2003 and 2004, the outlook for supply chain management in 2005 looks healthy. However, in the case of midcareer job seekers, most companies look for candidates with coursework in supply chain management or prior industry and functional experience. These prerequisites limit the number of qualified candidates in the field.

While no role clearly outshines the others in terms of employer demand, more and more companies are reorganizing around supply chain management (as opposed to logistics or materials) and so supply chain manager roles are becoming more prevalent.

Look for opportunities in burgeoning subsectors such as specialty pharmaceuticals and medical device manufacturing.

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Requirements
In general SCM recruiters are not looking for generalists, even at the undergraduate level. Most firms and organizations have a select group of programs from which they recruit, and those programs, such as Arizona State and the University of Wisconsin at Madison, tend to offer degrees in supply chain management. If you aren’t in a school at which the firm recruits, an internship might get you in the back door. Because the market is soft now, firms are demanding industry and functional experience even for entry-level positions. In the MBA world, firms look for supply chain coursework or dedicated supply chain programs.

Certifications aren’t required, but they do help in a slack market. Common certificates are Certified Purchasing Manager (CPM) and CPIM (Certification in Production and Inventory Management). Nearly one quarter of purchasing professionals hold a CPM certification, and nearly 10 percent hold a CPIM certificate.

Clearly, proficiency in an enterprise resource planning (ERP) software package such as SAP, Oracle, or i2 greatly enhances your marketability. Detail orientation is always a prerequisite for supply chain jobs—you can’t overdo attention to detail when communicating with prospective employers, either in informal conversations or during the interview process. Finally, because of the cross-functional nature of the field, communication and people skills are paramount.