94. When 100 people who have not used cocaine are tested for cocaine use, on average only 5 will test positive. By contrast, of every 100 people who have used cocaine 99 will test positive. Thus, when a randomly chosen group of people is tested for cocaine use, the vast people is tested for cocaine use, the vast majority of those who test positive will be people who have used cocaine.
A reasoning error in the argument is that the argument
A. attempts to infer a value judgment from purely factual premises
B. attributes to every member of the population the properties of the average member of the population
C. fails to take into account what proportion of the population have used cocaine
D. ignores the fact that some cocaine users do not test positive
E. advocates testing people for cocaine use when there is no reason to suspect that they have used cocaine
why C and why B is not correct.
99. Concetta: Franchot was a great writer because she was ahead of her time in understanding that industrialization was taking an unconscionable toll on the family structure of the working class.
Alicia: Franchot was not a great writer. The mark of a great writer is the ability to move people with the power of the written word, not the ability to be among the first to grasp a social issue. Besides, the social consequences of industrialization were widely understood in Franchot’s day.
In her disagreement with Concetta, Alicia does which one of the following?
A. accepts Concetta’s criterion and then adds evidence to Concetta’s case
B. discredits Concetta’s evidence and then generalizes from new evidence
C. rejects Concetta’s criterion and then disputes a specific claim
D. disputes Concetta’s conclusion and then presents facts in support of an alternative creterion
E. attacks one of Concetta’s claims and then criticizes the structure of her argumen
why D is not correct.
104. That the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for fear of starting a worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not happened.
Which one of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in the argument?
A. Maintaining a high level of nuclear armaments represents a significant drain on a country’s economy.
B. From what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen in the future, so an accident could still trigger a third world war between superpowers.
C. Continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence increase the likelihood of a nuclear accident.
D. The major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale military operations since the end of the Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear confrontation.
E. It cannot be known whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace.
Why D? Why B is not correct
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