一道阅读问题！episodic memory 的那个

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The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences.  Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals.  According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together.  Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information.  In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity.  Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event.  Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another.  Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly.  Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when.  Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.  Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?
A.    Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B.    All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C.    The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D.    When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E.    Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
我不理解为何E对~我觉得B有道理，因为题目说为了证明这个实验的确显示了这种鸟有这样的memory,哪一个必须是真的，那这种鸟既然喜欢cricket比peanut多，那理应先吃完cricket再去吃peanut啊~这样才能显示它们知道什么东什么时候在哪里，才能证明具备这种memory啊（难道是说和原文中提到cricket变质以后这些鸟就吃peanut的事实相悖所以不选么？）

bigbigboy

我只是大概读了一下文章，说出我的理解而已，一起讨论一下，也不代表我一定对。。。
说实话,这篇文章我确实没怎么看懂，不过我是这样理解的：

C的实验可以验证the what, the where, and the when.  
不过却不能证明:  Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were

reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.
因此从这里我们可以看出，试验成立必须满足以上4点：what, where, when, reexperience.
而retrieving the information, “In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval

later during periods of food scarcity. ”在文章此句有提到。

B确实是按照原文意思说的，不过B依然只能证明what, where, and when，只是简单重复了文中

已经被证明的事实而不能够证明鸟是否能reexprience。所以是不能支持实验。（跟有没有all没

关系...）

而如果鸟被fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity，就可以观察鸟是否会reexprience

“In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food

scarcity. ”（其实我觉得就算不知道这句，只要知道鸟是在reexprience就行了），因此补充

了实验不足的部分。

jianglxiang

文中首先说这种鸟有一种行为就是储存食物为了在食物稀缺时备用，而文章提到的整个实验过程必须在食物稀缺的时节才能成立，否则这些鸟是不会吃stored food的。E 说的恰好是这个实验必须在食物稀缺时节才能成立

B说所有的鸟都会先吃cricket后吃peanut, 文中也说了，Jays prefer crickets, B也是按照原文的意思说的，和E是一样的，唯有不同的是E说的是该实验成立的前提！是不是这个前提必须成立才能使得实验可行，这其实是一道assumption题目，而B是简单重复文中信息，所以不对！B的all我觉得也有可能是不选的原因~

你所说的那句Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information 和这道题没有联系~因为E说的内容和Jays是否reexperience the past没有任何关系啊~为什么说通过"在整个试验过过程中都是在Jays一直处于食物稀缺的时节"就能看出jays是不是 reexperience the past了？？？您能否解释明白呢？

windows10

正确解释说是和文中的一句“In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. ”这句话有关系，并非你提到的那句~

我只是想明白这句话和这道题的直接联系，我自己想的有点牵强，请哪位高人能指点一下~呵呵

windows10

您的解释和没解释没有区别啊~就是把选项重复一下~然后说可以证明题干的结论。。。。。

bigbigboy

文章是问，为了证明C的试验正确，哪一个必须为真。
B只是简单重复了文章中表明的一个可能事实，并没有对试验进行支持。

而文章提到：
Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.
所以，如果jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity，那就可以证明鸟会不会retrieving the information了。
所以E正确。