1月GMAT阅读新题精简版-社会科学类

bigpig

 

社会科学类：.......................................................................................................... 14fficeffice" />

社会和女权（KG+补充阅读）........................................................................................ 14

vertical 农业经济 （GWD原题——有变体）................................................................. 15

一个组织和女权运动的关系............................................................................................ 17

划船（KG）................................................................................................................... 17

佛教文化（KG）Buddhist佛教的 canon真经 crumble弄碎............................................. 18

黑奴进美国.................................................................................................................... 20

爱尔兰女权运动--1920（KG）........................................................................................ 21

大火对树的好处（新增+貌似GWD原文）...................................................................... 23

法国女裁缝.................................................................................................................... 25

1.    GWD-13-Q16 -Q19法国女裁缝行会引起男裁缝们不满...................................... 25

Science和humanity......................................................................................................... 28

lingshihong

many  thanks !

bigpig

 

黑奴进美国

V2：（V37）

第一段：说有一条船被美国人截获，船上的黑人都是被封放逐的奴隶，但是呢，因为现在美国（文中偶尔用New World指代）美国federal law规定黑人是有人权的，不是奴隶，所以他们应该被给予自由。但是呢，有些州的state law确依旧认定黑奴是奴隶，所以截获他们的时候，他们依旧受到不公平对待，说如果船上是白人，就不会这样了。

第二段：说美国联邦和地方法的不一致使得这个焦点问题（他们是普通人还是奴隶）变得很荒谬。说美国在国际上承认人权，所以觉得import 过来的黑人不是capital而是human。但是呢，根据各州法律，地方上真正实施起来，黑人是可以买卖的，in this sense，黑人是capital。真是荒谬。

第三段：这群船上的黑人最终得到释放，是件好事。作者对这个结果的justification（这个词打引号，有题目问为什么打引号？我选择A因为作者认为这个不是非常有说服力。）表明的看法。还是说不同法律不一致使得这个历史事件变得荒谬。

爱尔兰女权运动--1920（KG）

V2：（V37）

第一段：爱尔兰的女权运动由1920年代开始，因为那时候爱尔兰争取民族独立，逃开大不列颠的统治。其中妇女运动suffrage（这个词意为政治性选举的)选举权, 投票权）。但是呢，研究人员发现，compare to modern Irish女权运动， 尽管爱尔兰妇女运动表面上卓有成效，事实上并没有改变女性在爱尔兰的政治地位及其他（就是说没有实质作用，只是表面光鲜）。

第二段：为什么会有这个discrepancy呢？因为研究人员没有考虑到这三个aspects，blahblah（好像有细节题）。所以能结论是不能拿1920年的女权运动跟现代的比。。。最后一句话有考题。

附词义解释： （此词在此文中非常重要，有题）

Sufferage

The suffragette movement campaigned for votes for women in Britain and the US.

妇女参政运动为争取英国和美国妇女投票权而斗争。

V3700)

还有一个ireland女性suffrage题，大概是ireland女性的history和modern什么的记得gwd里有跟这个差不多的。

Q5-Q7: GWD-4-5~7

          Many scholars have theorized that economic development, particularly industrialization and urbanization, contributes to the growth of participatory democracy; according to this theory, it would seem logical that women would both demand and gain suffrage in ever greater numbers whenever economic development expanded their economic opportunities. However, the economic development theory is inadequate to explain certain historical facts about the implementation of women’s suffrage. For example, why was women’s suffrage, instituted nationally in the United States in 1920, not instituted nationally in Switzerland until the 1970’s?  Industrialization was well advanced in both countries by 1920:  over 33 percent of American workers were employed in various industries, as compared to 44 percent of Swiss workers. Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.  However, urbanization cannot fully explain women’s suffrage. Within the United States prior to 1920, for example, only less urbanized states had granted women suffrage. Similarly, less urbanized countries such as Cambodia and Ghana had voting rights for women long before Switzerland did.  It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons.  However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.

----------------------------------------------------------------

Q5: GWD-4-5 

The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons?

A.    These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.

B.    These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.

C.    These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.

D.    The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.

E.     These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Q6: GWD-4-6

The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.    contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage

B.    demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage

C.    discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage

D.    clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage

E.     explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Q7: GWD-4-7

The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?

A.    A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.

B.    There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.

C.    Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.

D.    Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.

E.  A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.

以下考古 By XYXB

V1

第一段：传统的历史学家更注重对妇女的主权运动的研究，但是在Ireland，妇女的主权运动与国家的独立、还有XX是同时发生的。

第二段：focus在爱尔兰的妇女主权运动上，会夸大exaggerate 妇女的XX地位段尾说由于现有的对爱尔兰妇女主权运动的account并不是很全，所以不容易得到XX的结论。全文是在批判某种研究方法用在爱尔兰妇女主权上是有问题的

Historians trying to establish the importance of women in old times studied some woman's suffrage选举权movement in relation to a particular revolution in Ireland (i don remember exactly..)..but this gave a distorted view because they dun no how many women actually participated and stuff like that.

总结：

1.       评价了一个传统研究方法的缺点

2.       爱尔兰女性找wage labors有限制

3.       新政不是造成限制女权的真正原因

4.       过于集中研究主权运动会对爱尔兰妇女的研究有distortion

5.       如果能证明主权运动的主体是广大爱尔兰妇女，则能削弱文章论调（文章说不能确定）。

考题:

1．主题题

学者们利用了别国的研究方法导致结论上有偏差

2．primary purpose of the passage  point out a shortcoming inhistorical research approach

3．题问主题，我选的是evaluate 一个traditional研究方法的potential shortcomings

4．第二题highlight新政府的政策（原文是political factors）了，问作者同意哪个观点？我选的是其实这些不是造成限制女权的真正原因

5． 针对列出那些原因的一句话，返回原文应该容易找到答案，是一个跟女性的economic status有关的问题，我选的答案是女性找wage labors有限制，

6．说明她们的很多经验是来自她们的前辈，那些feminism活动的组织者的（这里有一道题目）

7． 有道题问一个词形容作者态度的，我选的negative

8．过于focus在主权运动，会导致什么？我选：对爱尔兰妇女的XX研究有distortion

9．对于旧的观点（就是他们没有不能代表妇女的解放），怎样削弱呢？答案：可以说是发现了一个文献什么的，里面记载了，这些运动的主体是广大的妇女劳动人民(they dunno how many women actually participated and stuff like that)(由于现有的对爱尔兰妇女主权运动的account并不是很全，所以不容易得到XX的结论)。

大火对树的好处（新增+貌似GWD原文）

V1：（V45）

好像还有一篇阅读。。

说有一种树（名字我实在忘了）如果被大火烧一下反而会长的更茂盛。。因为这些树在地底下的根是一个庞大的体系。。平时安然无恙的时候

他会分泌一种类似荷尔蒙什么的来阻止生长。。但是如果有大火伤害了一些树产生一种imbalance，就会trigger那种荷尔蒙使长出更多的比损失的树更多的树。。这样反而会有益这种树总体的数量。而如果没有大火反而会有别的树入侵什么的。。

GWD5-Q35 to Q37:

      

      Even more than mountainside slides of mud or snow, naturally occurring forest fires promote the survival of aspen trees.  Aspens’ need for fire may seem illogical (5) since aspens are particularly vulnerable to fires; whereas the bark of most trees consists of dead cells, the aspen’s bark is a living, functioning tissue that—along with the rest of the tree—succumbs quickly (10) to fire.

       The explanation is that each aspen, while appearing to exist separately as a single tree, is in fact only the stem or shoot of a far larger organism.  A group of thousands of aspens can actually constitute a single organism, called a clone, that shares an interconnected root system and a unique set of genes.  Thus, when one aspen—a single stem—dies, the entire clone is affected.  While alive, a stem sends hormones into the root system to suppress formation of further stems.  But when the stem dies, its hormone signal also ceases.  If a clone (25) loses many stems simultaneously, the resulting hormonal imbalance triggers a huge increase in new, rapidly growing shoots that can outnumber the ones destroyed.  An aspen grove needs to (30) experience fire or some other disturbance regularly, or it will fail to regenerate and spread.  Instead, coniferous trees will invade the aspen grove’s borders and increasingly block out sunlight needed by the aspens.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD5-Q35:

The primary purpose of the passage is to explain the

             

A. qualities that make a particular organism unique

B. evolutionary change undergone by a particular organism

C. reasons that a phenomenon benefits a particular organism

D. way in which two particular organisms compete for a resource

E. means by which a particular organism has been able to survive in a barren region

---------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD5-Q36:

It can be inferred from the passage that when aspen groves experience a “disturbance” (line 30), such a disturbance

             

A. leads to a hormonal imbalance within an aspen clone

B. provides soil conditions that are favorable for new shoots

C. thins out aspen groves that have become overly dense

D. suppresses the formation of too many new aspen stems

E. protects aspen groves by primarily destroying coniferous trees rather than aspens

---------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD5-Q37:

The author of the passage refers to “the bark of most trees” (line 6) most likely in order to emphasize the

A. vulnerability of aspens to damage from fire when compared to other trees

B. rapidity with which trees other than aspens succumb to destruction by fire

C. relatively great degree of difficulty with which aspens catch on fire when compared to other trees

D. difference in appearance between the bark of aspens and that of other trees

E. benefits of fire to the survival of various types of trees

（Key：CAA）

 

bigpig

法国女裁缝

V1：（700）

还有一篇是关于法国女裁缝的，说一种新服饰的引进促使了法国女裁缝的地位提升，但驳斥了以前的一个关于法国大革命对女裁缝地位提升的观点，说还是以前君主制度有好处，大革命把市场完全自由化，也就削弱了那些商行协会的对其成员的保护作用。

下面的GWD原文与本寂静应该没有关系，大家可以熟悉下相关的词汇！

1.      GWD-13-Q16 -Q19法国女裁缝行会引起男裁缝们不满 

      In 1675, Louis XIV

       established the Parisian

       seamstresses’ guild, the first

Line       independent all-female guild

  (5)      created in over 200 years.

Guild members could make

and sell women’s and chil-

dren’s clothing, but were

prohibited from producing

 (10)      men’s clothing or dresses

for court women.  Tailors

resented the ascension of

seamstresses to guild status;

seamstresses, meanwhile,

 (15)      were impatient with the

remaining restrictions on

their right to clothe women.现象

      The conflict between

the guilds was not purely

 (20)      economic, however.  A 1675

       police report indicated that

       since so many seamstresses

were already working illegally,

the tailors were unlikely to

 (25)      suffer additional economic

damage because of the

seamstresses’ incorporation.

Moreover, guild membership

held very different meanings

 (30)      for tailors and seamstresses.

To the tailors, their status as

guild members overlapped

       with their role as heads of

household, and entitled them

 (35)     to employ as seamstresses

female family members who

did not marry outside the trade.

The seamstresses, however,

       viewed guild membership as

 (40)      a mark of independence from

the patriarchal family.  Their

guild was composed not of

family units but of individual

women who enjoyed unusual

 (45)      legal and economic privileges.导致冲突的双方不同观点

       At the conflict’s center was

the issue of whether tailors’

female relatives should be

identified as family members

 (50)      protected by the tailors’ guild

or as individuals under the

jurisdiction of the seam-

stresses’ guild.进一步解释冲突的本质

现象解释

1P: 1675, the first seamstresses’ guild, guild member should could make, but were prohibited from… Tailor resented, were impatient with…..

2P: the conflict between not purely economic, however. A report indicated.. Moreover, very different meanings. To tailors, overlap.. The seamstresses, however….

3P: The conflict center…

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-13-Q16:

The primary purpose of the passage is to

             

A.    outline a scholarly debate over the impact of the Parisian seamstresses’ guild偏

B.    summarize sources of conflict between the newly created Parisian seamstresses’ guild and the tailors’ guild

逻辑简图

C.   describe opposing views concerning the origins of the Parisian seamstresses’ guild

D.   explore the underlying reasons for establishing an exclusively female guild in seventeenth-century Paris不知所云

E.    correct a misconception about changes in seamstresses’ economic status that took place in Paris in the late seventeenth century

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-13-Q17:

According to the passage, one source of dissatisfaction for Parisian seamstresses after the establishment of the seamstresses’ guild was that

             

A.   seamstresses were not allowed to make and sell clothing for all women

seamstresses, meanwhile, were impatient with the remaining restrictions on their right to clothe women.

B.   tailors continued to have the exclusive legal right to clothe men

C.   seamstresses who were relatives of tailors were prevented from becoming members of the seamstresses’ guild

D.   rivalry between individual seamstresses increased, thus hindering their ability to compete with the tailors for business

E.    seamstresses were not allowed to accept male tailors as members of the guild

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-13-Q18:

It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of seamstresses employed by relatives who were members of the tailors’ guild?

             

A.    They were instrumental in convincing Louis XIV to establish the seamstresses’ guild.

B.    They were rarely allowed to assist master tailors in the production of men’s clothing.

C.   They were considered by some tailors to be a threat to the tailors’ monopoly.

D.   They did not enjoy the same economic and legal privileges that members of the seamstresses’ guild enjoyed.

二段说seamstresses认为guild membership是独立于家族的象征

At the conflict’s center was the issue of whether tailors’ female relatives should be identified as family members protected by the tailors’ guild or as individuals under the jurisdiction of the seamstresses’ guild.

E.    They felt their status as working women gave them a certain degree of independence from the patriarchal family.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-13-Q19:

The author mentions the seamstresses’ view of guild membership as a “mark of independence from the patriarchal family” (lines 40-41) primarily in order to

1. emphasize that the establishment of the seamstresses’ guild had implications that were not solely economic偏 不是行会的建立，而是冲突的原因！！
2. illustrate the conflict that existed between tailors and their female family members over membership in the tailors’ guild  冲突是全文论述的中心，所以答案选项也应该往中心上靠。
3. imply that the establishment of the seamstresses’ guild ushered in a period of increased economic and social freedom for women in France
4. provide an explanation for the dramatic increase in the number of women working as seamstresses after 1675
5. indicate that members of the seamstresses’ guild were financially more successful than were tailors’ female relatives protected by the tailors’ guild

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Science和humanity

V1：（700）

Technical science advance和 humanist的关系（纯理论阐述，不难，就一段，但是占了快一屏）

P1：没有advancement in technical science是不伴随humanistic advancement的。Articulation of humanist使得technical science advancement得到传播。（大概这个意思，题目都很简单，用这两句话基本就能做题了）

Articulate 清晰表达，用关节连接    articulation 清晰度，咬合，关节

bigpig

 

一个组织和女权运动的关系

V1：

第四篇讲一个组织和女权运动的关系

就一段也不算很难，说啥这个组织认为女性天生就是有别于男性，应当从事有关抚养小孩的domestic的活动，然后这个观点和一个叫phisical观点相冲突。******（当中稍微有点乱记不大清了）然后说有些女权反对这个组织，一些认为###，（有考点）另一些认为###。

就记得这么多了，等等再想起来再补吧~~~verbal真的太烂，各位慎用……

划船（KG）

V1：

第四个是那个去划船的。第一段说某个可以划船玩的小岛1970到1985之间船只数量多了很多。第二段说按理这样的话人会觉得拥挤啊因为会不停的碰到人。但是好像说人们没感到拥挤。是什么期望和什么目的地的原因。。（这篇不够时间了我没读啥）。。最后一段就说有一个什么划船的学校。人们都喜欢去那里什么的。。（有题问最后一段是什么用处。答案基本是给一个例子。给了另一个解释。给了一个说明。。什么的。。我乱选了个不记得了。。因为没时间了）

V3：

P1 大概就是说1970（不确定） 到1980年之间到某地划船的人多了，船也多了，更拥挤，但人们不介意，是因为期望值低了。

P2 说也有可能不是期望值低了，是因为新人为了更安全之类。题目还有一道记得，说1970到1980之间，船和人之间发生了什么变化。

V5：

一个问题是说1985和1975那些游客相比，有什么变化

以下考古 By XYXB

V1

第一段：Wisconsin州有个湖风景很好，从1975-1985间吸引了很多boater来explore，其中有private boat,也有charter boater包租船. 这些年的繁荣归因于1970年出的一项政策----政府资助买船者credit。近年增加了很多, 而且同时私人购船也增多了, 因为有减税政策. 所以一般预期来这里的游客会觉得地方变拥挤了.　但事实相反,　去那里的游客不觉得the place becomingcrowded. 于是作者推测,　大约是由于changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors.（1980年前后情况不一样，所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么？我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同）

第二段：描述这样的change.解释这一现象可能是因为游客们并没有预期景点会非常的拥挤。说船变多了,很多人以前没来过,现在想来了 (即菜鸟). 菜鸟们考虑的都是安全阿,谨慎之类的. 有时候乐意去人多的地方,以便出了事好求救。 后面讲湖越来越拥挤。

第三段：进一步推测没有预期的原因是景点有许多培训boater的生意不错，novice boater来因为不知道去什么地方，也没有足够的准备和技能，所以大家容易在相似的地点抛锚啊什么的，这里有一个考点，问你novice boater为啥没有预期到拥挤，我选的答案就是他们没有被告知应该去什么地方划船，怎么划等具体信息。

考点

1）1975年和1985年的情况相比，Boater认为？（应该选认为不那么挤了那项）

2）第三段的作用：应该是对第一段的一个现象的解释，我选的是elaborated on the explanation provided in previous paragraph

5）以下哪个因素不会影响Boater对拥挤程度的感觉: 答案推测 – changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors

6) 1980年前后情况不一样，所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么？我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同

7) 是问关于那个政府的政策的说法，哪个是正确的。我选的是不仅仅适用于business boat。这个选项是比出来的答案，其他几个明显与文中相反

8) 第三个问题是问关于菜鸟boater的。记不清选项了

佛教文化（KG）Buddhist佛教的 canon真经 crumble弄碎

Inscription题词，献词

V1：

考到了一篇关于Gandhara发现佛教手稿的文章 大概有一屏半 有首尾各段细节定位题

 

V2：（730）

考古发现某种文字的佛经，学界认为它是可以与梵文，中文，藏文等并列的重要文献。发现佛经是今天在巴基斯坦的西北部，历史上是各种文明交汇的地方。在佛经里面有“抄写”等文字，表明当时寺庙有更为完整和系统的经书。

 

 

考古1，请参考一下网址：（by zinnia)

 

Through some stunning finds over the last decade, researchers studying early Buddhist manuscripts here at the University of Washington and at the British Library are confirming a longstanding hypothesis that an ancient tradition of Buddhist literature existed in Gandhari, a dialect of Prakrit, an early Indic language that developed from Sanskrit. They are confident that that canon may soon take its place next to the four other great traditions of Buddhist texts: the living traditions of Pali, Chinese, and Tibetan, and the ancient, fragmentary one of Sanskrit.

The Gandhari canon may prove to be a crucial link in understanding the way Buddhism moved northward along the Silk Road, into Central and East Asia, even as it largely died out in India, where it was born in the fifth or fourth century BC. "We're putting this language on the map of major languages of the ancient world, which it really was," says Richard G. Salomon, a professor of Asian languages and Sanskrit here, and the director of the British Library-University of Washington Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project.

Library experts and Mr. Salomon determined that the manuscripts dated from the first century AD, and that made them the oldest known Buddhist manuscripts anywhere, and the oldest Indic manuscripts known to have survived. Judging by comparisons with other artifacts and by comments in travelers' and early archaeologists' journals, Mr. Salomon deduced that the manuscripts probably had been found in a jar in a cave near Jalalabad in what is now eastern Afghanistan, close to the ancient region of Gandhara.

 

Gandhara was the seat of a series of powerful dynasties from the third century BC to the fourth century AD. Well-known from abundant archaeological remains, it was a crossroads of cultural influences from India, the West, China, and East Asia, and a melting pot of Greeks, descendants of Scythian invaders from the North, and many others. Archaeological remains and other evidence show that it was also an important center of Buddhism. "It only stood to reason that there'd be a literary component of that culture," says Mr. Salomon. "Some of the pieces were in place, and now the literary language falls right into place, too."

That leads him and his colleagues to believe that the texts have enormous significance because they support the "Gandhari hypothesis" that Mr. Brough and some other scholars long ago proposed: that some early Chinese translations of Buddhist texts were prepared from Gandhari rather than Sanskrit originals.

Greeted with skepticism at first,这句可以出一个题^_^ that possibility now appears certain. The new discoveries reveal "a missing link between the birth of Buddhism in India and its later forms in China and elsewhere in Asia," says Michael Witzel, a professor of Sanskrit and Indian studies at Harvard University.

The link is quite complicated, Mr. Witzel says. The newly found manuscripts are "not from the formative stages of Buddhism." The religion's original language was probably a lost eastern-Indian dialect, as later Pali texts from western India suggest. But since that tradition was probably never written down, says Mr. Salomon, "this brings us as close as we're ever going to get to the earliest written form of the Buddha's words."

Wonderful, agrees Mr. Shaw of the British Library, because the writings in the new manuscripts are proving to be closer to those in Chinese Buddhist versions than to those in the Pali canon, which has generally been regarded as the standard. "There were obviously various Buddhist canons circulating in early days in different dialects," he says. The manuscripts also throw light on the way that Buddhist tradition was transmitted. "Oral transmission had been the preferred or normal way -- memorization, recitation, and so forth," says Mr. Salomon. "What we're now finding out is that, in the first and second century AD, the notion of writing things down took off in a big way."

以下考古 By XYXB

先一段概述，如果发现G，那么G就会成为仅次于四大文明古国的一个重要文化发源地；

第二段，以前的一些研究，由于G的位置是各个文化汇集交流的地方，所以应该有这样的手稿

第三段，有个学者获得了某个人捐赠的手稿，很惊讶这些手稿虽然是用比纸更不易保存的东西写的，但仍然保存了下来；

第四段，通过研究Interlinear notion “copied”，推测这个手稿应该是被废弃的，僧人们应该有个图书馆来保存这些东西，最后一句：这些发现证实了一些hepothesis: chinese 佛教应该是来源于G而非S。

 

问：这个G语言是怎样的一种状况？

what does Interlinear notion “copied”imply?

 

bigpig

 

社会和女权（KG+补充阅读）

 

V2：

一篇讲述nationalism和feminist之间关系的，先比较了挪威和瑞典的两个案例，前者比后者更好的促进了feminist的发展。之后引述了印度和日本的例子，印度的是正面的案例，女性的选举权得到了增加，而日本的是反例

以下考古 By XYXB

V1

第一段：原来通常是把两个领域分开研究。最近发现两者有关联。据了挪威和瑞典的例子，证明more democratic 的国家也越倾向于赋予妇女选举权。（1）Norway,（+） 通过从国家独立的时候就伴随着广泛的公民权，妇女也获得了选举权，progressive，总之是通过间接的对国家的整体的entity的贡献，促进了feminism. (2)Sweden,（-）however采取的是一种aggressive 的策略，直接以选举权为目的feminism，结果适得其反，从1900年初，到1945年才初见成效。可见不同的策略产生不同的结果。

第二段：举了印度（+）的例子，又举了日本（-）的例子说明直接的aggressive的feminism策略不可行

1.主题题 我选某人关于nationalism and feminism的观点xxxxxxx

2. 有一道题问India 的作用 应该先把India和挪威相类似 然后得出比瑞典好的结论

E与Sweden作比较--跟瑞典有关的有两个（但是这两个方向好象有点相反），选其中一个

3.举小日本妇女suffrage选举权的取得不easy的目的

4. 细节题说挪威与瑞典的区别，我选A挪威被妇女支持，尽管这个“被”跟原文不太一样，但其他选项都没提到妇女  ///////问瑞典的，和india 比较，它会怎么样： 只记得选项Ａ：　有更多的人支持feminist（我犹豫了一下，觉得这是错的）

补充阅读：（by shiningseason）

网上找到阅读JJ中nationalism & feminism 的参考文章，分享

http://www.europa.clio-online.de/site/lang__de/ItemID__421/mid__11428/40208214/default.aspx

虽然有些长，但那4个国家都提到了，并且是两两评述。

vertical 农业经济 （GWD原题——有变体）

V1：

两段 巨长，是我的第三篇

P1：说有一个地方（一段介绍）A，由于这个A地理位置比较特殊，所以农业的经济发展也是比较特殊的。传统认为，这种情况下，一般都使用一种叫做commerical net的战略，然而呢，A却不是，它使用的是vertical战略

P2：V战略目前也在使用，一般适用垂直分布的地区，给了数字（这里有个条件，高亮，考点）；说V战略主要有两种形式：1种是集中在一个区域内生产，并供给；2是分散生产（考点，两者区别）最后一句说了一下两者的区别。

V2：（By waterhannah /驴在飞）

第一个问题有点不一样，问compressed verticality和vertical archipelago的区别，其他三个问题一样。

By the sixteenth century, the Incas of South America ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from what is now Ecuador to central Chile. While most of the Incas were self-sufficient agriculturists, the inhabitants of the highland basins above 9,000 feet were constrained by the kinds of crops they could cultivate. Whereas 95 percent of the principal Andean food crops can be cultivated below 3,000 feet, only 20 percent reproduce readily above 9,000 feet. Given this unequal resource distribution, highland Incas needed access to the products of lower, warmer climatic zones in order to enlarge the variety and quantity of their foodstuffs. In most of the preindustrial world, the problem of different resource distribution was resolved by long-distance trade networks over which the end consumer exercised little control. Although the peoples of the Andean highlands participated in such networks, they relied primarily on the maintenance of autonomous production forces in as many ecological zones as possible. The commodities produced in these zones were extracted, processed, and transported entirely by members of a single group.

This strategy of direct access to a maximum number of ecological zones by a single group is called vertical economy. Even today, one can see Andean communities maintaining use rights simultaneously to pasture lands above 12,000 feet, to potato fields in basins over 9,000 feet, and to plots of warm-land crops in regions below 6,000 feet. This strategy has two principal variations. The first is“compressed verticality,” in which a single villager resides in a location that permits easy access to closely located ecological zones. Different crop zones or pasture lands are located within a few days walk of the parent community. Community members may reside temporarily in one of the lower zones to manage the extraction of products unavailable in the homeland. In the second variation, called the “vertical archipelago,” the village exploits resources in widely dispersed locations, constituting a series of independent production “islands.” In certain pre-Columbian Inca societies, groups were sent from the home territory to establish permanent satellite communities or colonies in distant tropical forests or coastal locations. There the colonists grew crops and extracted products for their own use and for transshipment back to their high-altitude compatriots. In contrast to the compressed verticality system, in this system, commodities rather than people circulated through the archipelago.

GWD-9-Q4 N-17-Q5 G-9-Q4:

According to the passage, which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance trade networks mentioned in line 22 ?

A.    They were not used extensively in most of the preindustrial world.

B.    They were used to some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.

C.    They were not an effective means of solving the problem of different resource distribution.

D.    They necessitated the establishment of permanent satellite communities in widely dispersed locations.

E.    They were useful only for the transportation of products from warm climatic zones.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q5 N-17-Q6:

According to the passage, the inhabitants of the Andean highlands resolved the problem of unequal resource distribution primarily in which of the following ways?

A.    Following self-sufficient agricultural practices

B.    Increasing commodity production from the ecological zones in the highland basins

C.    Increasing their reliance on long-distance trade networks

D.    Establishing satellite communities throughout the Andean highlands

E.    Establishing production forces in ecological zones beyond their parent communities

----------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q6 N-17-Q7:

The passage suggests that as a way of addressing the problem of different resource distribution in the preindustrial world, the practice of vertical economy differed from the use of long-distance trade networks in that vertical economy allowed

A.    commodities to reach the end consumer faster

B.    a wide variety of agricultural goods to reach the end consumer

C.    a single group to maintain control over the production process

D.    greater access to commodities from lower, warmer climatic zones

E.    greater use of self-sufficient agricultural techniques

---------------------------------------------------------------------

GWD-9-Q7 N-17-Q8 G-9-Q7:

The passage suggests that for an Andean highland village attempting to resolve the problem of unequal resource distribution, the strategy known as compressed verticality would probably be inappropriate for which of the following situations?

A.    The village’s location is such that it is difficult for the village to participate in long-distance trade networks.

B.    The village does not have the resources to establish permanent satellite communities in production zones beyond the home community.

C.    The warm-land crop regions nearest to the village are all below 6,000 feet.

D.    The location of the village does not provide ready access to an adequate variety of ecological zones.

E.    The nearest crop production zones are located below the village, while the nearest pasturelands are located above the village.

answer:BECD

V3：

第三篇是那个Vertical农业经济的，原文一模一样，昨晚刚看过，所以直接看的选项，有一道和GWD上的第一道一样，不过GWD的其他三道就没有出现了，出现的其他几题都是长选项的，不过我觉得GWD那几道弄懂，这几道答起来还蛮容易的，还有一道是把第二段第二句高亮了，然后问说明了什么的，

V4：（V 45）

第四篇 就是vertical economy那篇。。但是题目有变化

第一题好像是变化的问主旨，我选的是describe一个process类似的。。

还有一个选项是an approach的演变过程。。其他几个好像可以排除

还有问which of the following is true about the preindustrial long distance tradenetworks mentioned in line 22

选They were usedto some extent by the people of the Andean highlands.

还有问compressed verticality和vertical archipelago的区别