GWD 13套CR分类总结 -2套

myice

 

GWD-2-Question 10:

Environmentalist: The use of snowmobiles in the vast park north of Milville creates unacceptable levels of air pollution and should be banned.

Milville business spokesperson: Snowmobiling brings many out-of-towners to Milville in winter months, to the great financial benefit of many local residents. So, economics dictate that we put up with the pollution.

Environmentalist: I disagree: A great many cross-country skiers are now kept from visiting Milville by the noise and pollution that snowmobiles generate.

Environmentalist responds to the business spokesperson by doing which of the following?

A. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome can derive from only one set of circumstances

B. Challenging an assumption that certain desirable outcome is outweighed by negative aspects associated with producing that outcome

C. Maintaining that the benefit that the spokesperson desires could be achieved in greater degree by a different means

D. Claiming that the spokesperson is deliberately misrepresenting the environmentalist’s position in order to be better able to attack it

E. Denying that an effect that the spokesperson presents as having benefited a certain group of people actually benefited those people

A的only不对。spokesperson说Snowmobiling带来很多人。环境学家说污染让很多人不敢来。环境学家的目的很显然是否定Snowmobiling带来很多人。从而否定给当地居民带来经济利益。即否定这个效果。所以E是合适的，B反了。E：否认发言人认为会为某特定人群带来好处的那种努力其实不会使那群人受益。E

myice

 

GWD-2-Q40:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

A new drug, taken twice daily for one month, is an effective treatment for a certain disease. The drug now most commonly prescribed for the disease occasionally has serious side effects such as seizures; in field tests, the new drug’s side effects, though no worse than mild nausea, turned out to be much more frequent. Nevertheless, the new drug is clearly preferable as a treatment, since _____.

A. people who experience nausea are prone to discontinue use of the new drug prematurely

B. …

C. …

D. …

E. there is a nonprescription medication that when taken with the new drug prevents the onset of nausea

答案是e,因为new drug可以和非处方药一起服用而预防nausea [E]

myice

 

GWD-2-Q19:

Sunflowers growing in pots were placed, with their roots submerged, in the pond contaminated with radioactive elements. The sunflowers kept growing; in the process, they absorbed radioactive elements. Within twelve days, 85 percent of the radioactive elements were removed from the water, which is no less than can be accomplished with the much more expensive conventional filtration techniques. Scientists therefore propose using sunflowers for decontamination wherever there are radioactively contaminated ponds.

Which of the following, if true, points to a limitation on the applicability of the proposed method of decontamination?

A. Some plants other than sunflowers can also remove radioactive elements from water.

B. The water in many ponds contaminated with radioactive elements is so cold that it would kill sunflowers whose roots were submerged in it.

C. Sunflowers that grow with their roots submerged in water grow less well than sunflowers growing under optimal conditions on dry land.

D. Only species of sunflowers with large leaves can have their roots submerged in water and still keep growing.

E. In ponds in which the circulation of the water is artificially increased, sunflowers absorb radioactive elements far faster than they do in other ponds.

Answer: B

myice

 

GWD-2-Q21:

Environmental organizations want to preserve the land surrounding the Wilgrinn Wilderness Area from residential development. They plan to do this by purchasing that land from the farmers who own it. That plan is ill-conceived: if the farmers did sell their land, they would sell it to the highest bidder, and developers would outbid any other bidders. On the other hand, these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable. But farming will not remain viable if the farms are left unmodernized, and most of the farmers lack the financial resources modernization requires. And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be to assist the farmers to modernize their farms to the extent needed to maintain viability.

In the argument as a whole, the two boldface proportions play which of the following roles?

A. The first presents a goal that the argument rejects as ill-conceived; the second is evidence that is presented as grounds for that rejection.

B. The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained; the second is a reason offered in support of that conclusion.

C. The first presents a goal that the argument concludes can be attained; the second is a judgment disputing that conclusion.

D. The first presents a goal, strategies for achieving which are being evaluated in the argument; the second is a judgment providing a basis for the argument’s advocacy of a particular strategy.

E. The first presents a goal that the argument endorses; the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.

Answer:

D：前面提了个总目标，可以达到

选B是因为没有仔细的看完题目和选项

B说The first presents a goal that the argument concludes cannot be attained

这个明显和原文最后：And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be...矛盾，原文不认为那个目标是不可达到的

A 错在 第一句是全文的目标 且是作者想要达成的 作者reject的是 by purchasing land 这个strategy

E 错在后面一句the second presents a situation that the argument contends must be changed if that goal is to be met in the foreseeable future.

must be changed的是by purchasing land 这个strategy

these farmers will never actually sell any of the land, provided that farming it remains viable 这句粗体 只是作者对于by purchasing land 这个strategy 所作出的 judgment 之一 而且作者还希望farming it remains viable 持续 才不会被residential development占领

我想这题阅读是最大问题 我也读了好久 而且很多细节要注意D

myice

 

GWD-10-Q29:

Smithtown University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted. This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job. On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base结论 The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?

A. Smithtown University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their contacts with such people.

B. This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown University from new donors when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors who had given to the university before.

C. This year most of the donations that came to Smithtown University from people who had previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.

D. The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.

E. More than half of the money raised by Smithtown University’s fund-raisers came from donors who had never previously donated to the university.

Answer: 1.该题争议的根源在于错误理解了原文的结论和不合理的推理（或者称加进自己的信息）。从原文得出的东西必须是MUST BE TRUE，而不是POSSIBLY TRUE

2。该题的结论是：80%的成功率不能说明他们工作做得好（不是：他们工作做不好）。即割断80%成功率对工作做得好的证明力。至于最后一句话是一个补充，因为该句很模糊。

3。A提供的信息仅限于S大学的RAISERS在NEW DONORS方面和其他大学的RAISERS做得差不多好，并没有突出的地方（本身或和原文结合不能说明80%中OLD DONORS比例较大或反之，比如刚开始NEW DONORS总是多，总之，80%中NEW DONOR 和OLD DONORS那个占的比例大是不知道的。这是典型的加进自己信息）

4。A对结论的支持表现在：工作做得好，原文提供的标准是EXPAND DONOR BASE（即扩展NEW DONORS）。这方面S大学和他大学的RAISERS差不多（根据A），这80%中，高出别人的部分是OLD DONORS的，而根据原文的标准，这部分不能说明工作做得好。所以这exceptionally high 的80%，按照原文的好的标准，其实和其他大学一样，比如他是70%成功率（在说明工作做得好方面，也就是NEW DONORS方面），其它他大学也是70%，所以你不能用80%来证明S大学的RAISERS工作做得好，即支持结论。

5。选项中C为无关项，BDE为WEAKEN。C意思为OLD DONORS中，多数不用CONTACT便捐款。对OLD DONORS是否需CONTACTS才捐款和原文（即评价集资者工作的标准）没关系（不能推出RAISERS没努力 A

myice

 

GWD-2-Q17:

GWD-10-Q30:

The quality of unrefined olive oil is not actually defined in terms of acidity, yet extensive tests have shown that the less free oleic acid an unrefined olive oil contains per liter, the higher its quality. The proportion of free oleic acid that an olive oil contains is an accurate measure of the oil’s acidity.这个olive oil应该是精练的了。

If the statements above are all true, which of the following conclusions is best supported by them?

A. When an olive oil is refined, the concentration of oleic acid in the oil is reduced.

B. The quality of an unrefined olive oil can be determined only by accurately measuring its acidity.

C. If an unrefined olive oil is intermediate in acidity between two other unrefined olive oils, it will also be intermediate between them in quality.

D. Free oleic acid is the only acid that unrefined olive oil contains.

E. People who judge the quality of unrefined olive oils actually judge those oils by their acidity, which the judges can taste.

觉得那个选项都理由不充足，但倾向A选项，理由如下：

原文三句话：1。实际上，未提炼橄榄油的质量不由酸性来定义

2。但是，大量试验显示，未提炼橄榄油的游离油酸越少，质量越好

3。（提炼后）橄榄油的游离油酸等同于橄榄有的酸性（只有游离油酸，没有其他酸）

推理的结论：4。由1和2可推出未提炼橄榄油的游离油酸不等同于其酸性，即还有其他酸。

5。由3和4可推出提炼的过程中，其他酸被去掉。

6。在去掉其他酸的过程中，游离油酸也会相应去掉一些（去酸的过程经常是中和的过程，各种酸都要相应去掉一些）。而且由2可知游离油酸对橄榄油来说，不是好东西，能去掉多少便去掉多少。总上两点，提炼过程中，游离油酸会相应减少。即A（CONCENTRATION指浓度）

B错。理由是违反1。

C错。理由是由4知未提炼橄榄油中还有其他酸，而酸性取决于游离油酸和其他酸。质量却只和游离油酸有关（或者准确说原文没说出关系）。所以没法比较酸性和质量的相对关系

D错。理由是违反4。

E错。原文根本就没这方面的信息

myice

 

GWD-2-Q12:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Yorco and Zortech are two corporations that employ large numbers of full-time workers who are paid by the hour. Publicly available records indicate that Yorco employs roughly the same number of such hourly wage workers as Zortech does but spends a far higher total sum per year on wages for such workers. Therefore, hourly wages must be higher, on average, at Yorco than at Zortech, since _____.

A. Zortech spends a higher total sum per year than Yorco does to provide its hourly wage workers with benefits other than wages

B. the work performed by hourly wage workers at Zortech does not require a significantly higher level of skill than the work performed by hourly wage workers at Yorco does

C. the proportion of all company employees who are hourly wage workers is significantly greater at Yorco than it is at Zortech

D. overtime work, which is paid at a substantially higher rate than work done during the regular work week, is rare at both Yorco and Zortech

E. the highest hourly wages paid at Yorco are higher than the highest hourly wages paid at Zortech

这是个比较，比单位时间收入。两个公司：人数一样，但Y的支付工资多，所以Y的单位工资高，有一个变量就是工作时间，D说高工资的加班极少，就排除了加班时间的差别，排除他因，只能是单位时间工资Y比Z多。E：与最高工资和B的技能无关。D

myice

 

GWD-2-Question 18:

Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residue ash. In order to reduce the amount of residue ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year’s total, the city has revamped its collection program. This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year’s number.

Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?

A. This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated.

B. Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residue ash.

C. Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did last year.

D. The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.

E. The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collected last year

.原文推理是the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated 减少到去年的一半，所以产生的residue ash 也会减少到去年的一半。它的GAP在拿去烧的垃圾减少一半，产生的灰也减少一半。C只会影响今年产生的垃圾，并没有填补原文推理的GAP。只有D才填补了这个GAP，即拉去烧的每车垃圾不能产生更多的灰，否则车数少了也没用。E范围太广，是无关，垃圾可以多收，但不一定都去烧并产生灰。 [D]

myice

 

GWD-2-Question 11:

Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.

B. Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.

C. Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.

D. Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.

E. Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.

结论是说这些生产者不往酒里加S，所以想喝酒又怕过敏的人可以喝这个，不用冒对S过敏的风险。假设原来酒里自然产生的S的数量不会导致过敏。所以是E。without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites 说明了酒里肯定有S，只是会引起过敏的程度，如果人工不添加，自然产生的S不会致人过敏。

D因为结论局限于without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites。所以D说的其他物质就无关了。

抓结论！！！D

myice

 

GWD-2-Question 12:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ________.

A. They rely entirely on the government pension for their income

B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check

C. They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation

D. The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high

E. In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living

Answer:E only by enough揭示了玄机，子女提供的只是刚够用的，如果政府给的多了，子女就会少给，以保持“够用”的水平。题目中已经Inflation 、、 has been negligible所以排除C，题目中又说政策惠及所有老年人，排除D