几道逻辑题求答案

geraldren

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1. Modern navigation systems, which are found in most of today's

commercial aircraft, are made with low-power circuitry, which is more

susceptible to interference than the vacuum-tube circuitry found in older

planes. [During landing, navigation systems receive radio signals from the

airport to guide the plane to the runway.] Recently, one plane with

low-power circuitry veered off course during landing, its dials dimming,

when a passenger turned on a laptop computer. [Clearly, modern aircraft

navigation systems are being put at risk by the electronic devices that

passengers carry on board, such as cassette players and laptop computers.]

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a principle that the argument relies on and the second is a

conclusion that can be drawn from the first.

(B) The first is a fact that argument relies on and the second is a

conclusion that must be drawn from this argument.

(C) The first acknowledges a consideration that supports that main position;

the second is that conclusion.

(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion, the second is

that conclusion.

(E) The first is a principle that is necessary for this argument, the second

is a conclusion that could be drawn from this argument.


2. [A double-blind study, in which neither the patient nor the primary

researcher knows whether the patient is being given the drug being tested or

a placebo, is the most effective procedure for testing the efficacy of a

drug.][ But we will not be able to perform such a study on this new drug,

since the drug will have various effects on the patients' bodies, which will

make us aware of whether the patients are getting the drug or a placebo.]

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a general consideration that introduces the argument; the

second is a special situation that weighs against the first.

(B) The first is a general principle that is necessary for this argument;

the second is an anti-consideration that the argument includes.

(C) The first is a premise that this argument includes; the second is a main

idea that can be drawn from this argument.

(D) The first is an evidence that this argument includes; the second is a

conclusion that can not be drawn from this argument.

(E) The first is a general situation that supports this argument; the second

is a conclusion that can be drawn from a special fact.


3. The interstitial nucleus, a sub-region of the brain's hypothalamus, is

typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist

performed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X, a disease

affecting no more than 0.5 percent of male cats, and found that [these

male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally

found in female cats.] Thus, the size of the interstitial nucleus determines

whether or not male cats can contract disease X, [but, the hypothalamus

is known not to be causally linked to disease Y, and disease X is a

subtype of disease Y.]

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a fact in support of the consideration that is one of two

points of this argument; the second is the alternative point that weighs

against the first.

(B) The first is an evidence that supports the consideration that the

argument includes; the second is the fact that weighs against that

consideration that could be drawn from the first.

(C) The first is a general principle that is against the conclusion; the

second is that conclusion.

(D) The first is an evidence that supports the conclusion; the second is

an exceptional example.

(E) The first is a fact in support of the conclusion that the argument

depends on; the second is a fact that is against the first one.


4. More and more computer programs that provide solutions to mathematical

problems in engineering are being produced, and [it is thus increasingly

unnecessary for practicing engineers to have a thorough understanding of

fundamental mathematical principles.] Consequently, in training engineers

who will work in industry, less emphasis should be placed on mathematical

principles, [so that space in the engineering curriculum will be available

for other important subjects].

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second

is the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.

(B) The first is the fact that is necessary for this argument; the second is

the conclusion that must be drawn from this passage.

(C) The first is the part of premise that the argument includes; the

second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.

(D) The first is the part of evidence that supports this argument; the

second is the inference that could be drawn from this passage.

(E) The first is the first conclusion in this argument; the second is the

second conclusion in this argument.


5. Gasoline-powered boat engines manufactured in the a North American

country prior to 1990 contribute significantly to the pollution found in the

world's oceans. In 1990, however, the government imposed stricter pollution

controls on gasoline engines manufactured for boats, and beginning in 1995,

the government imposed a program of inspections for pre-1990 boat engines

with increasingly rigorous pollution standards. [As the older boat engines

fail to pass inspection, boat owners are increasingly retiring their old

engines in favor of newer, less-polluting boat engines.] As a result, [the

amount of pollution these older boat engines emit into the world's oceans

will steadily decrease over the next en years.]

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is a pattern of cause and effect that acts as an evidence in

support of this argument; the second is the conclusion that can be drawn

from this argument.

(B) The first is a fact that acts as a principle in support of this

argument; the second is the conclusion that must be drawn from this

argument.

(C) The first is a pattern of cause and effect that acts as an special

evidence in support of the conclusion; the second is a general point that

can be drawn from this argument.

(D) The first is a pattern of cause and effect that acts as the third

evidence in support of the argument; the second is a conclusion that must be

true.

(E) The first is a final evidence in support of the argument; the second

is a conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.


6. [Plants that exhibit certain leaf diseases tend to measure extremely high

in the amount of zinc in their leaf and stem tissue. ]Botanists have

discovered that phosphorus of the type typically used in a phosphorus-high

fertilizer reacts with the zinc in such a way as to prevent treated plants

from exhibiting the leaf diseases, [and zinc is the cause and not merely

an effect of the leaf diseases. ]Thus, plants can be cured from these leaf

diseases by the use of a fertilizer high in phosphorus.

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is

the second-premise that is in support of this argument.

(B) The first is the background that the argument includes; the second is

the part of evidence in support of this argument.

(C) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is

the consideration that is in support of the first.

(D) The first is the premise that supports the evidence; the second is

that evidence.

(E) The first is the first-premise that the argument includes; the second is

the second-premise that is complementary to other evidence.



7. To be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club, one must have a net

worth of over ten million dollars and must not have any connections to

the entertainment industry. [Robert Chase, the publishing magnate, has a net

worth of 5 billion dollars and chase has not financed any Hollywood

movies,] so [he must be accepted as a member at the Brown Country Club. ]

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the part of evidence in support of this argument; the

second is the conclusion that could not be drawn from all evidence that

the argument contains.

(B) The first is the first-evidence that supports this argument; the

second is the mainpoint that must be drawn from all evidence that the

argument includes.

(C) The first is the one fact of two that argument includes; the second is

the conclusion that could be drawn from this passage.

(D) The first is the background that is necessary for this argument; the

second is the conclusion that is not drawn only from the first.

(E) The first is the cause that the argument includes; the second is the

effect that can be drawn only from this cause.


8. The survival of the publishing industry depends upon the existence of a

public who will buy the printed word in the form of newspapers, books and

magazines. [Over the past several years, however, the advance of

electronic media, particularly CD-ROMs, online computer services, and the

Internet, has made 9information available to the public electronically

without the need for printed materials. ]As the availability of electronic

media increases and as it is more easily accessible, the public has less

need for printed materials. [So the publishing industry is threatened by the

advance of the computer information age.]

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) The first is the part of evidence that the argument includes, the second

is the conclusion that can be drawn only from the first.

(B) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes; the second

is the conclusion that is reasonably drawn form this passage.

(C) The first is the second-premise that the argument includes, the second

is the inference that must be drawn from this argument.

(D) The first is the fact that must be true, the second is the inference

that can be correctly drawn from this argument.

(E) The first is the part of premise that the argument depends on; the

second is the conclusion that is incorrectly drawn from this argument


9. Something must be done to ease traffic congestion. [In traditional

small towns, people used to work and shop in the same town in which they

lived; ]but now that stores and workplaces are located far away from

residential areas, people cannot avoid traveling long distances each day.

Traffic congestion is so heavy on all roads that, even on major highways

where the maximum speed limit is 55 miles per hour, the actual speed

averages only 35 miles per hour. [So new businesses should be encouraged

to locate closer to where their workers would live.]

The two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

(A) Background that the argument depends on and conclusion that can be drawn

from the argument.

(B) Part of evidence that the argument includes, and inference that can be

drawn from this passage.

(C) Pre-evidence that the argument depends on and part of evidence that

supports the conclusion.

(D) Background that argument depends on and part of evidence that supports

the conclusion.

(E) Pre-evidence that argument includes and a method that helps to

supports that conclusion.