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53. When investigators discovered that the director of a local charity had repeatedly overstated the number of people his charity had helped, the director accepted responsibility for the deception. However, the investigators claims that journalists were as much to blame as the director was for inflating the charity’s reputation, since they had naively accepted what the director told them, and simply reported as fact the numbers he gave them.

Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps to justify the investigators’ claim

A. Anyone who works for a charitable organization is obliged to be completely honest about the activities of that organization.
B. Anyone who knowingly aids a liar by trying to conceal the truth from others is also a liar.
C. Anyone who presents as factual a story that turns out to be untrue without first attempting to verify that story is no less responsible for the consequences of that story than anyone else is.
D. Anyone who lies in order to advance his or her own career is more deserving of blame than someone who lies in order to promote a good cause.
E. Anyone who accepts responsibility for a wrongful act that he or she committed is less deserving of blame than someone who tries to conceal his or her own wrongdoing.

同51题：

参考思路：加强型题型。

对作者的论述，进行简单归纳形成加强。Anyone who presents as factual a story that turns out to be untrue without first attempting to verify that story is no less responsible for the consequences of that story than anyone else is.

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51. People who have political power tend to see new technologies as a means of extending or protecting their power, whereas they generally see new ethical arguments and ideas as a threat to it. Therefore, technical ingenuity usually brings benefits to those who have this ingenuity, whereas ethical inventiveness brings only pain to those who have this inventiveness.

Which one of the following statements, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Those who offer new ways of justifying current political power often reap the benefits of their own innovations.
B. Politically powerful people tend to reward those who they believe are useful to them and to punish those who they believe are a threat.
C. Ethical inventiveness and technical ingenuity are never possessed by the same individuals
D. New technologies are often used by people who strive to defeat those who currently have political power.
E. Many people who possess ethical inventiveness conceal their novel ethical arguments for fear of retribution by the politically powerful.

B is correct. The passage reaches the conclusion that technical ingenuity usually brings benefits to those who have this ingenuity, whereas ethical inventiveness brings only pain to those who have this inventiveness. However the only reason is that People who have political power tend to see new technologies as a means of extending or protecting their power, whereas they generally see new ethical arguments and ideas as a threat to it. From the reason to the conclusion, there is a jump of concept. We need a link for the 2 concepts: people who have political power and the ingenuity. Choice B, by establishing the link, provides the strongest support. Choice B is actually an assumption for the argument.
A, C does not bear on the reasoning of the passage. D weakens the argument. E does not concern, because what many people do has nothing to do with the conclusion.

52. Birds need so much food energy to maintain their body temperatures that some of them spend most of their time eating. But a comparison of a bird of a seed-eating species to a bird of a nectar-eating species that has the same overall energy requirement would surely show that the seed-eating bird spends more time eating than does the nectar-eating bird, since a given amount of nectar provides more energy than does the same amount of seeds

The argument relies on which one of the following questionable assumptions

A. Birds of different species do not generally have the same overall energy requirements as each other
B. The nectar-eating bird does not sometimes also eat seeds
C. The time it takes for the nectar-eating bird to eat a given amount of nectar is not longer than the time it takes the seed-eating bird to eat the same amount of seeds
D. The seed-eating bird does not have a lower body temperature than that of the nectar-eating bird
E. The overall energy requirements of a given bird do not depend on factors such as the size of the bird, its nest-building habits; and the climate of the region in which it lives

这就是一个排除它因型假设呀！为什么一定要去反呢在去看呢，好像这里好多网友都在这么做。 即使取反，那肯定削弱了原来命题：它因存在，不是吃得多，而是吃得慢造成的时间花费差异。--- dorbear

Nectar鸟和seed鸟需要能量一样多，但nectar食物单个能量大，所以nectar鸟吃的数量少。结论：nectar鸟吃东西花的时间少。 使以上必然成立的条件（assumption)是nectar鸟一定吃的更快，不然还是有可能花的时间比seed鸟多。和C相反，所以c questionable。---- seanql

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50. Which one of the following most accurately describes a reasoning error in Laura’s argument?

A. It purports to establish its conclusion by making a claim that, if true, would actually contradict that conclusion.
B. It mistakenly assumes that the quality of a person’s character can legitimately be taken to guarantee the accuracy of the claims that person has made.
C. It mistakes something that is necessary for its conclusion to follow for something that ensures that the conclusion follows.
D. It uses the term “provable” without defining it.
E. It fails to distinguish between a true claim that has mistakenly between believed to be false and a false claim that has mistakenly been believed to be true.

答案：C
思路：
Laura的论证过程：该理论已证明—>P没有说谎，他的CLAIM对。理论对并不能表明是P证明的，这只是必要条件，不是充分条件。

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Questions 49-50
Joseph: My encyclopedia says that the mathematician Pierre de Fermat died in 1665 without leaving behind any written proof for a theorem that he claimed nonetheless to have proved. Probably this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved, since---as the article points out---no one else has been able to prove it. Therefore it is likely that Fermat was either lying or else mistaken when he made his claim.
Laura: Your encyclopedia is out of date. Recently someone has in fact proved Fermat’s theorem. And since the theorem is provable, your claim---that Fermat was lying or mistaken---clearly is wrong.

49. Joseph’s statement that “this alleged theorem simply cannot be proved” plays which one of the following roles in his argument?

A. an assumption for which no support is offered
B. a subsidiary conclusion on which his argument’s main conclusion is based
C. a potential objection that his argument anticipates and attempts to answer before it is raised
D. the principle claim that his argument is structured to refute
E. background information that neither supports nor undermines his argument’s conclusion

答案：B
思路：
Joseph的论证过程
EVIDENCE1：百科全书说：P宣称已证明某理论，但没有留下任何书面证据。（My encyclopedia says …….have proved.）
EVIDENCE2：没有人能够证明（since…. prove it）
Mid Conclusion：P没有证明他的理论。(EVIDENCE支持得到的中间结论)
Conclusion：P说谎或他的CLAIM错。（由EVIDENCE1和Mid Conclusion得到）

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48. The television show Henry was not widely watched until it was scheduled for Tuesday evenings immediately after That’s Life, the most popular show on television. During the year after the move, Henry was consistently one of the ten most-watched shows on television. Since Henry’s recent move to Wednesday evenings, however, it has been watched by far fewer people. We must conclude that Henry was widely watched before the move to Wednesday evenings because it followed That’s Life and not because people especially liked it.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Henry has been on the air for three years, but That’s Life has been on the air for only two years.
B. The show that replaced Henry on Tuesdays has persistently had a low number of viewers in the Tuesday time slot.
C. The show that now follows That’s Life on Tuesdays has double the number of viewers it had before being moved.
D. After its recent move to Wednesday, Henry was aired at the same time as the second most popular show on television.
E. That’s Life was not widely watched during the first year it was aired.

答案：C
思路：直接举证说明原因
A：无关
B：无关
C：直接举证说明原因，紧跟That’s Life的节目观众数量翻番
D：削弱
E：无关

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47. High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work. Last year, however, the city’s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year’s rate. This is encouraging evidence that the program instituted two years ago to improve the morale of high school students has begun to take effect to reduce dropouts.

Which one of the following, if true about the last year, most seriously weakens the argument?

A. There was a recession that caused a high level of unemployment in the city.
B. The morale of students who dropped out of high school had been low even before they reached high school.
C. As in the preceding year, more high school students remained in school than dropped out.
D. High schools in the city established placement offices to assist their graduates in obtaining employment.
E. The antidropout program was primarily aimed at improving students’ morale in those high schools with the highest dropout rates.

The passage puts forward a phenomenon that last year, however, the city’s high school dropout rate was significantly lower than the previous year’s rate; the passage attributes the phenomenon to the explanation that there is some program and the program helps the students’ morale. However if there are other reasons that could explain that mentioned phenomenon, the argument will be seriously weakened.
Choice A, by pointing out that a recession caused a high level of unemployment in the city, explains the phenomenon clearly. Furthermore, Choice A negates the effects of the so-called morale program. The students stay in the school not because they want to, but because they cannot find jobs so they have to stay.
Choice B has nothing to do with the reasoning in the passage because the passage does not deal with anything about the students before they join high school.
Choice C deals with the students remain in high school. However the passage discusses about students who dropped out.
Choice D clarifies what the program did about helping the students. This does not weaken the argument in the passage.
Choice E, just as D, only tells about the content of the program, does not weaken the argument.

看看这句话High school students who feel that they are not succeeding in school often drop out before graduating and go to work.这里是说学生是因为觉得不可能在学校取得成功才辍学找工作的。仅仅是帮助学生找工作不能解决学生的moral问题。因此D没有在根本上削弱。---- 深海的小美人鱼

因为学校成立了 placement offices 来帮助毕业生找工作，所以学生就不退学了
这句话的前提是学校帮不帮忙找工作决定学生退不退学，这在原文中并没有说明。如果单从学生不退学讲，这可以算作是支持。而原文的“drop out before graduating and go to work”的必然前提是学生可以go to work,也就是有地方可去，所以否定这个前提学生就不会退学，因此构成了“就业形势不好，学生就不退学了”这个他因。--- seanql

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46. Twelve healthy volunteers with the Apo-A-IV-1 gene and twelve healthy volunteers who instead have the Apo-A-IV-2 gene each consumed a standard diet supplemented daily by a high-cholesterol food. A high level of cholesterol in the blood is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. After three weeks, the blood cholesterol levels of the subjects in the second group were unchanged, whereas the blood cholesterol levels of those with the Apo-A-IV-1 gene rose 20 percent.

Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?

A. Approximately half the population carries a gene that lowers cholesterol levels.
B. Most of those at risk of heart disease may be able to reduce their risk by adopting a low-cholesterol diet.
C. The bodies of those who have the Apo-A-IV-2 gene excrete cholesterol when blood cholesterol reaches a certain level.
D. The presence of the Apo-A-IV-1 gene seems to indicate that a person has a lower risk of heart disease.
E. The presence of the Apo-A-IV-2 gene may inhibit the elevation of blood cholesterol.

参考思路：试验题类型。用同一种方法对两种事物进行研究，通常考察两种事物对这种方法是否有应激性，是同向还是反向。

A：无关
B：无关
C：与所提供的信息相反
D：无关，
E：正确，inhibit the elevation of blood cholesterol-----〉the blood cholesterol levels of the subjects in the second group were unchanged

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45. Commissioner: Budget forecasters project a revenue shortfall of a billion dollars in the coming fiscal year. Since there is no feasible way to increase the available funds, our only choice is to decrease expenditures. The plan before you outlines feasible cuts that would yield savings of a billion dollars over the coming fiscal year. We will be able to solve the problem we face, therefore, only if we adopt this plan.
This reasoning in the commissioner’s argument is flawed because this argument
A. relies on information that is far from certain
B. confuses being an adequate solution with being a required solution
C. inappropriately relies on the opinions of experts
D. inappropriately employs language that is vague
E. takes for granted that there is no way to increase available funds

参考答案：B
思路：年度财务预算下一财年收入不足量one billion dollars，由于没有feasible way增加可得资金，只有削减开支。因而只是做了一个如何之间节省10亿美金的计划，it is just a required solution but not adequate maybe.

A：信息不准，错误。
B：正确，见思路分析。
C：不正确的依赖专家观点，无法得出。
D：思路模糊，文章思路是比较的清晰的。
E：前提已经指出没有feasible way，所以E错误。

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44. Legal theorist: It is unreasonable to incarcerate anyone for any other reason than that he or she is a serious threat to the property or lives of other people. The breaking of a law does not justify incarceration, for lawbreaking proceeds either from ignorance of the law or of the effects of one’s actions, or from the free choice of the lawbreaker. Obviously mere ignorance cannot justify incarcerating a lawbreaker, and even free choice on the part of the lawbreaker fails to justify incarceration, for free choice proceeds from the desires of an agent, and the desires of an agent are products of genetics and environmental conditioning, neither of which is controlled by the agent
The claim in the first sentence of the passage plays which one of the following roles in the argument
A. It is offered as a premise that helps to show that no actions are under the control of the agent
B. It is offered as background information necessary to understand the argument
C. It is offered as the main conclusion that the argument is designed to establish
D. It is offered as evidence for the stated claim that protection of life and property is more important than retribution for past illegal acts
E. It is offered as evidence for the stated claim that lawbreaking proceeds from either ignorance of the law, or ignorance of the effects of one’s actions, or free choice

参考答案：C
思路：第一句指出出了严重危害他人生命和财产之外，其它违反法律的事件而监禁是不合理的结论，而后面的句子结构给出了相应的解释和说明。
A：第一句诗结论不是假设前提。
B：背景信息也不正确，应该是结论。
C：正确，is is offered as the main conclusion.
D：the evidences offered for the argument are stated behind.
E：错误，见D。

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43. Zoos have served both as educational resources and as entertainment. Unfortunately, removing animals from their natural habitats to stock the earliest zoos reduced certain species’ populations, endangering their survival. Today most new zoo animals are obtained from captive breeding programs, and many zoos now maintain breeding stocks for continued propagation of various species. This makes possible efforts to reestablish endangered species in the wild.
Which one of the following statements is most strongly supported by the information above?
A. Zoos have played an essential role in educating the public about endangered species.
B. Some specimens of endangered species are born and bred in zoos.
C. No zoos exploit wild animals or endanger the survival of species.
D. Nearly all of the animals in zoos today were born in captivity.
E. The main purpose of zoos has shifted from entertainment to education.

参考答案：B
思路：
前提：指出动物园作为教育和娱乐两种目的，但是把动物从大自然装到笼子里减少了一些物种的数量，危及了他们的生存。
假设：现在大多数动物园的动物是通过俘获和饲养得到的，动物园通过此使稀有物种繁殖，从而使自然界的稀有物种能够有效的维持。

A. 文章没有提到，而且与所问的问题没太多相关性。
B. 正确。可以从文章中得到支持。
C. The sentence can not be reached by the passage, actually it is the opposite. From the passage we know that in the past certain species are reduced.
D. 说的是所有的动物，与文章新产生的动物most new zoo animals are obtained from captive breeding programs，范围不一致
E. 文章没有提到这一点。