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34. 7月4次, 6月1次，5月4次，4月4次（13）

“All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

1.
对于国家和社会的好处：首先，强制性mandatory social work可以增加人力资源——因为social work的wage比较低，所以在非强制的情况下，只有少数人愿意参加，这样导致了人员的不足；广泛的参与extensive participation可以引起大家的重视——激发人们更加爱护公共设施,从而降低整个expense on the maintaining. 因为公共设施becomes a aggregation of the hard work of all the citizens. 人们不付出努力,就不会珍惜。再比如在重大event中用学生志愿者。国家在很短时间内很难抽调如此庞大的unemployed力量来支援。

2.
对参与者的好处: The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft.
Flaubert（the great novelist）公共服务可以使人们更加意识到自己的社会责任感duty, 也同时有益于平时的工作; 可以增加人与人的交流, 在完全没有压力的环境下, 心灵得到放松.比如参加世博会的学生志愿者们都表示通过这次活动，使他们更加了解自己的国家和城市，同时也锻炼了很多能力。

3.
当然, 完全强制有可能引起stimulate抵触emotion of repellence, 也要注意方法,同时不要影响正常的工作，以培养为主要手段，引导国民加入公共服务，使国家和个人都有所收获。

62. “What education fails to teach us is to see the human community as one. Rather than focus on the unique differences that separate one nation from another, education should focus on the similarities among all people and places on Earth.”

What do you think of the view of education expressed above? Explain, using reasons and/or specific examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

View1: It is very important for education to teach us unity. Since all nations interact with each other more and more thoroughly, no one is an island in the world.

Evidence: unify citizens from diverse backgrounds, reduced ethnic, religious or political factions and wars. Improve cooperation, mutual altruism and finally harmonious humanity

View2: While it is also important for education to teach us diversity in order to improve understanding and respect between nations.

Evidence: democratic ideal of tolerance, educating people about diversity might even produce a unifying effect—by promoting understanding and appreciation among people from all backgrounds.

View3: need balance, either extremes are not good

100. 7月2次,6月5次，5月10次（17）

“If a nation is to ensure its own economic success, it must maintain a highly competitive educational system in which students compete among themselves and against students from other countries.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your position with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

Thesis: I don’t think it is a good idea to design an educational system that focuses mainly on competition. For although a little competition might produce desired results, in the long run too much competition will be destructive. Instead, I believe that our national economic success will be better promoted by an educational system that encourages cooperative learning among students, and with students from other countries.

View 1: Granted, competitiveness is an important aspect of human nature. And, properly directed, it can motivate us to reach higher and produce more, not to mention meet deadlines. But being competitive fixes our focus externally, on marking and beating the progress of others with whom we compete. Such external motivation can direct our attention away from creative solutions to our problems, and away from important human values like cooperation and fair play (公平比赛, 公平条件). Indeed, a highly competitive environment can foster cheating and ruthless back-stabbing within an organization, and ill-will and mistrust among nations. In the extreme case, competition between nations becomes war.

View2: On the other hand, an environment of cooperation encourages us to discover our common goals and the best ways to achieve them. At the national and international levels, our main interests are in economic wellbeing and peace. In fact, economic success means little without the security of peace. Thus, global peace becomes a powerful incentive for developing educational models of cooperative learning, and implementing exchange programs and shared research projects among universities from different countries.

View3: Moreover, research suggests that cooperative settings foster greater creativity and productivity than competitive ones. This has been shown to be the case both in institutions of higher learning and in business organizations. If true, it seems reasonable to argue that national economic success would be similarly tied to cooperative rather than competitive effort.

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68. 7月2次, 6月2次，5月5次，4月6次（15）

“Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

View1:work character have great influence on the design of workplace. If employees are allowed to design their own office they would surely have higher morale and work more efficiently.

Evidence: consulting company must avoid too much decoration in order to appear professionally and dependably. To some creative work such as AD agency and fashion design, the decorating of workplace is important not only for simulating inspirations but also for showing creative abilities.

View2: also, the designment of workplace should be compromise to company culture.

Evidence: Consider the influence it has done to co-workers and the harmony in work place.

57. 7月1次, 6月1次，5月3次，4月3次（8）

“Everywhere, it seems, there are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more respectful of one another’s differences.”

In your opinion, how accurate is the view expressed above? Use reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading to develop your position.

1.
cultural difference: The increased globalization has provided more opportunities than ever before to contact and acknowledge cultures of other nations. 对于不同的宗教信仰和文化习俗，人们采取了更加宽容more tolerant attitude toward dissimilar culture, including religion and custom from other nations. 比方说：China had long closed itself to the outside of the world for many centuries before it opened the door in 1980’s. 在那段时间里，西方文明被简单地理解为怪异和粗鲁的considered to be strange or rude. 而现在，接触了更多后，中国也认识到了不同，并且充分地接受和借鉴even learn from他们。

2.
in one national community: thanks to the public communication and propaganda of how difference of each subgroup in the same society has contributed to the overall community, diversity is widely accepted, and this is also fused into education, people are more tolerant, and encouraged to display themselves as a diversified individual

3.
有成绩，但仍然需要努力。Today much of it is enforced by law, overt disrespect still exists in every level of the life, 对不同的高度容忍体现文明的发展程度。sign of… 之类。所以要一起努力。

81 7月1次,.6月2次，5月6次，4月1次(10)

“No one can possibly achieve any real and lasting success or ‘get rich’ in business by conforming to conventional practices or ways of thinking.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

Thesis sentence: Whether a conformist can achieve lasting success or "get rich" in business depends primarily on the type of business involved. Iconoclasts rise to the top in newer industries and in those where consumer demand is in constant flux. Conformists ultimately prevail, however, in traditional service industries ensconced in systems and regulations.

View1: In consumer-driven industries, innovation, product differentiation, and creativity are crucial to lasting success

Evidence: retail and media sectors. And in technology, companies that fail to break away from last year's paradigm are soon left behind by the competition.

View2:
然后在以文化产业，尤其是地方传统文化产业为代表的产业中，保持传统，并且能传承发扬这种传统，是中心人物。如果戏院的老板一心只想创新，而冒险肆意改变曲艺的传统，加紧了很多貌似流行的元素，非但是曲目变得不伦不类，反而激怒观众，影响经济效益。古建筑的保护，如果标新立异，就会失去协调

B1. The primary responsibility of citizens is to obey their nation’s civil and criminal laws.

1.
I concede that the speaker is on the correct philosophical side of this issue, for the claim that it is every citizen’s responsibility to obey laws and nations.

2.
On the other hand, however, I must point out that obeying laws is the basic responsibility, but not as the author suggest, the primary one.

3.
Besides obeying laws, people also have other responsibilities.

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36. 6月 3次，5月>1次

“Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

Thesis: 团队合作更重要

1. 每个个人都是组织的一个组成成员。每个人都各司其职。尤其是在科学技术如此进步的今天很少有人能象作者所说的那样独立完成一项任务。事实上每个人都是完成了工作的一个部分一个方面，而合在一起才有了团队的成功

2. 一个公司一个组织并不是所有成员的简单加总.如果是这样的话,那么也就没有必要形成一个团队了每个人独立完成就好了.事实上一个团队可以把个体有机的组织在一起,使整体的运做更有效率更有成效,这才识组织存在的原因.

3. 但是个人的主观能动性在team中也很重要。over-emphasizing teamwork can be counterproductive for an organization. A successful team requires both natural leaders and natural followers; otherwise, a team will accomplish little. Undue emphasis on teamwork may quell initiative among natural leaders, thereby thwarting team goals. Also, teamwork can be overemphasized with a commissioned sales force of highly competitive and autonomic individuals. Overemphasis on teamwork here might stifle healthy competition, thereby defeating a firm’s objectives. In other organizational areas, however, teamwork is critical. For example, a product-development team must progress in lock-step (锁步) fashion toward common goals, such as meeting a rollout (: the public introduction of a new aircraft; broadly: the widespread public introduction of a new product) deadline

115. 7月5次, 6月3次， 5月9次（17）

“Technology ultimately separates and alienates people more than it serves to bring them together.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your position with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

借鉴句型：the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on… technology can be a primary determinant of…

1.
尤其是现在快节奏的社会，面对面的交流变得困难，科技解决了问题，使交流变得更加快捷，方便

2.
扩大交友圈子，网上平台开发可以帮助做生意，相亲，传递紧急信息，募捐

3.
world is flatter with the tech advance, people work in virtual community, company operates on virtual network

4.
科技拉开人的距离只是一种表象，可能是别因素造成

33. 7月1次, 6月2次，5月12次，4月5次（20）

“People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

5月1次

类似：做领导的要想让人信服，就必须要有相应的专业能力。

1.
诚然，如果在其领导的领域内几乎一窍不通，一个领导很难得到下属的信任和支持，会被看作layperson. 比如，人们无法想象一个不具备任何电脑知识的人，该如何领导一个庞大的IT企业，比如MICROSOFT在激烈的市场中竞争。领导者在某些素养方面一定要起模范作用，比如对公司的忠诚，对下属真诚等。同样，员工也无法信任一个不以身作则的领导，比如integrity，对员工的尊重等

2.
但是，这是否意味着作为领导，必须要有能力完成每一项他要求下属做的事呢？这个问题，与领导和员工的真正作用有很大关系！首先，领导的职责是制定长期的发展方针，并且保证这个方针的贯彻执行，adhere to their strategic plans不被偏离。组织员工共同合作完成任务。on the other hand, 员工的作用是各司其职，更加具体的specific task.

3.
从以上两种职责不难看出，领导与员工起到significantly different functions，让领导完成每一个subordinate要做的工作，unfair的。比如，不能blame a CEO for lacking the skills of typing。要对下属做的事有很好的了解，但不一定都要做。否则，领导就失去了意义，成为了一个全能的工人。omnipotent worker with all kinds of skills. 同样，领导之所以为领导，也必须去完成更多员工无法无力完成的，担负更重的责任。

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132. 7月1次，6月1次，5月4次（6）

“Governments should not be responsible for regulating businesses and other organizations. Instead, society would benefit if the organizations themselves assumed responsibility for establishing and enforcing their own standards and regulations.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

1.
too much interference from the government would undoubtedly impede the development of businesses and organizations. 1, 政府干涉过多可能或扼杀企业的积极性positivity. 显然如果没有自主决定the power of independently making decisions, 那么eventually, lead to the less active economy. 2, 政府过度的exorbitant干涉可能会打乱市场发展的自然规律disturb the natural order of the market. 比如regulation on the type of product 可能市场上的excessive demand or supply. 无数例子证明政府干预只能是短期的，或者只能保护少数行业的利益。

2.
但是也不是说政府should assume no necessary supervision over the business. 首先, 毕竟,企业的一切行为都是为了利益最大化. 缺乏管理,很可能产生很多negative results.政府有义务确保keep the national market in healthy condition. 如果缺乏suitable regulation, 有可能会出现恶性的竞争inordinate competition. 又比如Enron cheat on the financial condition. 第二, 政府有时要帮助企业度过recession.依靠企业自身的力量, 可能不能overcome the huge destroy of the recession.

3.
要有适当的regulation, 同时adequate freedom. 才能健康地发展

2. 7月2次, 6月3次，5月7次，4月6次（18）

“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

1. individual country考虑的出发点都是本国的利益，不可能期待他们会主动牺牲以保全大环境。没有motive。即使有这方面的实施，但是可能因为本国经济发展的需要，而设定的目标很低。

2. 保护资源是全球的问题，指望单个国家作出牺牲是不够的。因为在全球化经济发展下，资源几乎是全球运转的。比如，美国会向中国进口木材等原料。所以需要合作。大的跨国公司在其中扮演重要的角色。比如，开发非洲的，有很多是欧洲的公司，跨国公司的举动会影响到很多国家的经济政策
（例：UN climate conference 2011 Copenhagen, Talks are deadlocked僵持 over emission cuts and slow down global warming,13天仍没有一个统一的法律约束文件，进程艰难，平衡各方利益，只是一个开始，long term）

3. individual country在环保事业中需要指导，资金和技术支持

27. “A company’s long-term success is primarily dependent on the job satisfaction and the job security felt by the company’s employees.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.

Thesis:承认job satisfaction很重要，但是未必same for job security,而且还有别的重要因素

1. I agree that business success is more likely when employees feel satisfied with their jobs. Employees who dislike the workplace or their jobs are not likely to reach their potential performance levels; they may tend to arrive late for work, perform their tasks in an unimaginative and sluggish manner, or take excessive sick leaves. Nevertheless, a firm’s long-term success may equally result from other factors such as finding a market niche for products, securing a reputation for quality products and services, or forming a synergistic alliance with a competitor. This list hardly exhausts all the factors that can contribute to a firm’s ultimate success, and no one of them—including job satisfaction—is pivotal in every case.

2. While job satisfaction clearly boosts employee morale and contributes to the overall success of a company, the same cannot be said for job security. Admittedly an employee worried about how secure his or her job is might be less creative or productive as a result. By the same token, however, too much confidence in the security of one’s job can foster complacency, which, in turn, may diminish employees’ creativity and productivity. Moreover, many employees actually place job security relatively low on the list of what they want in a job. In fact, more and more workers today are positively uninterested in long-term job security; instead, they are joining firms for the sole purpose of accomplishing near-term professional goals, then leaving to face the next challenge.

3. 保证企业long term success还有很多重要因素，管理机制，用人之道，战略规划，执行能力等

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2. issue提纲

87. 7月6次, 6月8次，5月5次，4月3次（22）

“As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your position with specific reasons and/or examples drawn from your reading, your observations, or your own experience.

Thesis sentence:While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so

View1:
l agree that individuals must assume primary responsibility for adjusting to job obsolescence, especially since our educational system has been preparing us for it。现在的社会也提供了机会：很多学校提供短期的培训，人们可以参加保持自己keep up with the changes of the technologies and new direction of businesses。第二，只有个人采取主动，才能从根本上解决问题。否则merely rely on the help coming from government or business，人们会变得消极become passive and lose enterprise

View2:
However, industry should bear some of the responsibility as well. It is industry, after all, that determines the particular directions technological progress and subsequent social change will take. Moreover in the long run, doing so will also benefit the business.

View3:
Moreover, 政府也应该采取一些行动。政府作为一个社会的管理者supervisor，有责任保证全社会的well being. 应该帮助个人完成适应adjustment. 可以通过提供一些insurance for unemployment, advice for the occupational choice, necessary information of the new trend of business…或者建立一些相应的regulation，以帮助就业人员顺利渡过transformation。

29. “Too many people think only about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.”

What do you think this piece of advice means, and do you think that it is, on the whole, worth following? Support your views with reasons and/or examples drawn from your own experience, observations, or reading.

Thesis sentence:result固然重要，但是没有过程的积累，无以得到理想的结果，更何况result并非成功的唯一标志，过程中的积累和成长更重要

View1:result的设立（大到strategy小到tactic），并且在执行过程中不断的review progress和milestone都是成功达成result并不可少的。Result明确了方向，motivate人们选择手段。

View2：只想到结果的人而不注意手边的事情的人往往因为太迫切的期待结果而不屑于把手边看似琐碎的小事做好.事实上每一个目标的达成都是需要无数这样的事情集合在一起才可以达成的

View3：很多时候result并不是成功的唯一衡量标准。其实每个single task的完成本身既是一种result，又是下一个task的基础。在这个循而复始的过程中得到不断的积累和成长。

View4：当然，如果只注意手边的事情也是不可取的.因为一直这样就缺少了高屋建瓴的技能往往会过分注意细节而忽略了从整体上的把握.每一件事情就都变成是在孤立的完成而不是在为一个核心pivotal的目标而服务这样会忽略了重点降低效率。To ensure good results, one should instead take a balanced approach to the task at hand (adv. 在手边, 在附近, 即将到来). By a balanced approach I mean paying attention to both the desired result and the specific tasks that are required to achieve it.

39. 7月1次, 6月2次，5月5次，4月5次（13）

“It is difficult for people to achieve professional success without sacrificing important aspects of a fulfilling personal life.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading

Theme:两者not mutually exclusive, but increasingly difficult to achieve nowadays

View1:
Undeniably, today’s professionals must work long hours to keep their heads above water (keep one’s heads above water: v. 免遭灭顶之灾, 不负债), let alone to get ahead in life financially. This is especially true in Japan, where cost of living, coupled with corporate culture, compel professional males to all but (adv. 几乎, 差一点) abandon their families and literally to work themselves to death. While the situation here in the states (United States) may not be as critical, the two-income family is now the norm, not by choice but by necessity.

View2: However, our society’s professionals are taking steps to remedy the problem. First, they are inventing ways—such as job sharing and telecommuting (远程交换,远程办公)—to ensure that personal life does not take a backseat (n. 后座, 次要位置) to career. Second, they are setting priorities and living those hours outside the workplace to the fullest. In fact, professional success usually requires the same time-management skills that are useful to find time for family, hobbies, and recreation. One need only look at the recent American presidents—Obama,Clinton, Bush, Reagan, and Carter—to see that it is possible to lead a balanced life which includes time for family, hobbies, and recreation, while immersed in a busy and successful career.

42. 6月4次，5月5次，4月3次（12）

“Scientists are continually redefining the standards for what is beneficial or harmful to the environment. Since these standards keep shifting, companies should resist changing their products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations become government regulations.”

Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading

Theme:companies should take proactive attitudes rather than reactive, to the benefit of both itself and the society as a whole; legal regulations are minimum requirements and should not prevent companies from continually keeping up with the latest standards and improving products/process so as to reduce damage to environment

View1: 随着人们的环保意识日益加强，we are seeing increasing number of standards by scientists, they’re result of more advanced technology and higher living standards.企业无法也没有必要chang their products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations。否则企业会疲命于改造自己的产品和流程，而无法专心做研发和营销，同时日益增加的成本也会企业在市场上缺乏竞争力，最终成为失败者。比如除了国家法律对汽车尾气排放的标准(veihcle emission standard)外，不同地区的科学家又会根据当地的天气，人口和汽车量提出更适合当地的排放标准。如果汽车行业整天忙于改造自己的产品以符合新出的标准，并因此不断的修改流程，工艺和检验标准，那么势必会不利于其新产品的开发，也会因此耗费巨大，从而失去市场竞争优势。

View2 同时，企业作为社会公民，有企业的责任，可以时时关注新出的standards。，并且分析如何在设计产品和流程的时候，即使无法做大的改变，尽量减少或者避免对环境产生负担，比如企业可以带动上下游一起规范化，这样非但确保绿色的供应链，同时降低了一家的成本。再比如在产品中融入环保意识，引导绿色消费，从而为自己赢得负责人的美誉，得到消费者的信赖。

View3: 等待政府出台相关法律法规再做改变的企业很被动，而且法律政策往往只是最低要求，并且带有一定的惩罚性。如果企业为了短期利益，完全不顾环保要求，等到新法出台才行动，不但短期内可能为了应付新规定而不得不分散精力，同时也因为滞后的行动可能lose market share to competitors who leads action。

5. 7月7次, 6月2次，5月4次，4月3次（16）

“All groups and organizations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and shares responsibilities and duties. Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a project or task is not an effective way to get work done.”

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above? Support your views with reasons and/or specific examples drawn from your own work or school experiences, your observations, or your reading

Theme:Delegation and centralization- not necessarily one better than the other. They all have advantages and disadvantages. And it is a case-by-case discussion

View1: shared decision and responsibility有其优点,motivate, jury practice适合delegation，追求公平

View2: trauma unit in a hospital适合centralization，追求实效专业

View3: 即使在shared情况下，两者也需要合理的结合。天性是自私的。In many circumstances, the personal goal may be different from or even contrary to the goal of the group. 如果任由每个人作出决定，很可能作出相反的，产生很多矛盾。incompatible conflict. 比如企业中，每个员工都想争取最多的工资，但也许与企业cost-cutting policy想矛盾. 这时候，就需要one person with the authority and responsibility for a project来协调assort with the different interests。synthesize the various voices of all the group members and make the final decision.这样才能有效地领导一个团队，不会偏离最初的目标stray from the initial goal of the task。

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1. 复习策略

- 优先练习（3月）JJ和高频统计（出现次数>10）中都出现的题目

- 其次练习JJ未出现但是非常高频的题目（出现次数>20）

- 再其次联系JJ出现的低频题目（出现次数<=10）

- 90高频+80黄金+JJ

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06年10月至08年4.20的AWA出题统计（打*表示黄金80也有）

Argument		Issue
频率	题号	频率	题号
54	28*
53		47
46		46
45		45	87*
44		44
43	52*	43
42	44*	42	29* 39* 42*
41	42*	41	5* 132*
40		40	2*
39	38* 105*	39
38		38	27* 36* 115*
37	106*	37	33* 68*
36	16*	36
35	10* 108*	35	57* 81*
34	9* 14* 110* 125*	34	B1
33	12*	33	34* 62* 100*
32	6* 39* 97*	32	31* B5
31	1* A3*	31	21* 40* 131*
30	31* 34* B1*	30	9* 13* 107* B2 B10
29	40* 62 *	29	60* A2
28		28	37*
27	11* 72* B6	27	12* 15*
26	A1* B3	26	24* 26*
25		25	32*
24		24
23	43* 47* B9	23	45* 75* 111 *
22	86*	22
21	32* B8	21	B4
20	55* 70* 124*	20	65* 112*
19	112	19	22*
18	4	18
17		17
16	64	16
15	92 114	15
14		14	23
13	95	13	11
12		12
11	13	11
10		10
9		9	130