返回列表 发帖
1.2.4 P药与心脏病关系
V1 by jessicacai
第一段说,一个关于Nurse的survey发现,那些服用P药的人比不服用的人患心脏病的几率小,从而推测说P药可以decrease患心脏病几率。但又一个survey发现,服用P药的人竟然连accident的几率都比不服用的人小,于是开始质疑原先的结论,因为很显然,吃药与降低事故的几率没关系。于是就继续做实验,结果证明P药会increase患心脏病的几率。
第二段,解释。服用P药的人对于健康比较关注,所以生活习惯各个方面都会注意保健,所以患病的几率小。然后做实验(记不得了,貌似有提到placebo),最后说,两个表面上有联系的事件可能是因为其他的原因而被联系在一起(主旨)
考题:
1)以下哪种情况与“服用原本增加患病几率的p药和患病几率减少”这个paradox最为相似?(这个表达是lz的理解,不是原来的表达)答案蛮好排除的
2)主旨题
3)nurse survey说明了什么?
V2 by applepie02928
还有服用一种药物可以减少心脏病,但同时发现减少事故,专家就进行了一番研究

TOP

1.2.3 日本经济*
By lesezeichen 680
一篇是讲日本经济的,或者说是讨论日本的经济模式吧。说有人认为日本的发展,哦对了,这个文章是93年的文章,所以大概是说当时日本的飞速发展印证了一个理论,这个理论是说怎么样怎么样;然后有critic说非也,日本的发展不过就是assembly line。到这里是第二段了,所以可以大概知道有两种不同的理论,一个说日本的发展是有innovation的,一个就说不过是流水线之类的,这里面有很多词哟,比如pressure之类的,反正就是描述这种发展的性质。然后第三段,作者就说,其实应该是把这两种说法结合起来,就能概括日本这种发展了。
V2 by cecihanjiabei 730
阅读考到对日本经济模式的讨论,一种说法是有很high skill一类的,大概就是说日本挺高科技的,另一种说法认为这种经济模式只是倚靠流水线、监工等方式提高产量、并没有什么innovative;作者很明确的说现实应该中合两者。
V3 by 鸭梨山大 680
还碰到了日本经济模式的那篇(jj里有的),有题好像是问作者的态度,选择有“中立”的那个选项
V4 by coolijun v40
1.2.3 日本经济 原文和 V1 & V2接近 无需补充 文章短 题目也不难
我看到的3个题目都集中在最后一段。
有一个主旨题,选 Find the middle ground of two controversial theories这个选项;
一个推断题Infer那种
一个题问那种情况 Skilled labor更有Bargaining Power

考古已确认和考古 v1 和v4 相似
1.1.1.日本企业模式*
V1【BY Jessielynn】

说日本的企业模式的,先说这种模式越来越引起人们的关注,然后引发不同的讨论。有一种说法是它是类似美国的企业模式,搞什么assembly line,然后有不同意的,说。。。忘记了,然后作者跳出来说前两者都不对,说日本的企业模式施加了stress,increase prudution speed同时也增加了员工的pressure,而且这种模式更注重individual ablility
1. 主题题
2. 针对最后作者认为日本企业模式的细节题
V2【BY hy_super Q50 V40】
一篇阅读是讲日本的经济还是organization 模式的吧,说越来越多的美国的公司开始效仿日本的 organization structure 就是特别注重个人skill的一种
然后就Blablabla不记得了(早知道一考完就回忆了)

V3【BY huchen125680】
日本企业的经营模式然后两派人在争论,很短,也不难题目。有主旨、还有问反对者对于日本企业为什么会productive的原因。

V4【BY raingirl】
一篇日本与美国企业管理者培养方式不同的,先说日本管理者是有技术的,然后培养成管理者,所有人都参与决策,但是管理方式比较单一(大概这个意思)然后说美国的,基本没有技术知识,但是比较多样化

V5【BY 马甲A 730】
日本产业的哪一篇。开始提出一个理论,说日本好,然后又提出一个理论,反驳他说其实就是生产线而已,最后作者跳出来说in fact,没有支持者说得那么好也没有反对者那么极端,给了一个折中
有主旨题

V6【BY lupin 700】
日本企业模式
最后作者的观点有说日本工人dependent on skills,提高了他们bargain的level,这里有题
下列关于反对者的观点正确的是,选的好像是什么什么不是日本企业productive的原因

V7【BY belindarun】
然后就是一篇说日本公司和美国公司的,说他们的什么原则是一样的,但是implementation是很不一样的然后先说日本说他们的senior manager会学很多的知识好多还都是专业、很相关的经理们对公司各部分的信息都很了解而且还说到了什么face to face,还有一个记不清楚了而后又说美国的公司说他们的senior manager就是注重management而不注重知识因为他们认为那是没有用的还有对于公司各部分信息方面他们也不是很喜欢公开和日本公司有很大的不同题目有道except题,好像是关于日本公司的很容易找到还有两道是关于日本公司和美国公司对比的觉得相对还是挺好找的整篇文章结构很清楚

V8【BY 粉红—台灯】
第一篇日本企业模式题目全在狗狗里有所体现(1)作者态度题:...middle ground中庸(2)关于工人的bargin space 来自skill (3)问critics 会认可关于production system哪个观点?选 not innovative

考古:(狗主人说像版本一)

版本一、 jenniferzbf
讲日本的经济管理系统(提到了泰勒理论),然后有一方是支持日本的这种系统,说在管理上有创新等等,然后提到另一方批评这种系统,甚至说它管理上都没有创新(有题),靠得是其他什么玩意(很鄙视的说的),最后作者中和了两方说法,采取了中庸之道(有题)。
考古(花花)
版本一
日本人的高效率引起美国同行来分析。按照(泰罗Taylorism/福特)的管理理论,日本的企业生产力通过详细分工的方法得以提高,(有考题)
说是因为日本制造strategy中更强调innovation和工人skills,corporation等方面,有别于传统的简单重复性生产线工作模式,因此焕发了更高的效率,另一个反驳说日本的成功只不过是增加了工作的强度,不是什么创新,严格意义上讲还是强调分工、合作,是更有效率的流水线管理。作者提出他的观点:其实两种理论都未看到XXX. 小日本的管理要求工人更高的skills, 给了工人更多的讨价余地(有题)。还有主旨题
版本二
一篇是讲有些理论学家觉得泰罗的管理理论不适于日本战后的管理,而日本自己的管理理念有独到创新之处。另一些理论学家反对这个观点,说日本的管理不是什么创新,严格意义上讲还是强调分工、合作,是更有效率的流水线管理。
版本三
有人说是因为日本制造strategy中更强调innovation和工人skills,corporation等方面,有别于传统的简单重复性生产线工作模式,因此焕发了更高的效率,另一个反驳说日本的成功只不过是增加了工作的强度。作者提出他的观点:正是由于第一种观点提出的各种优点,导致了第二种观点的结果,不能只看中其中一个方面
版本四
第一段舉說某段時間開始,有一股風潮開始流行研究日本的工業化,日本人的高效率引起美国同行来分析。Supporters说是按照(泰罗/福特)的管理理论,日本的企业生产力通过,详细分工的方法得以提高(此处有考题),然後發現日本人在製程上面很厲害,说是因为日本制造strategy中更强调innovation和工人skills,corporation等方面,有别于传统的简单重复性生产线工作模式,因此焕发了更高的效率。不過有些人反對,他們覺得這不是技術,這是在濫用勞力,只不过是增加了工作的强度。作者观点居中,并提出他的观点:正是由于第一种观点提出的各种优点,导致了第二种观点的结果,不能只看中其中一个方面。其实两种理论都未看到XXX. 小日本的管理要求工人更高的skills, 给了工人更多的讨价余地(此处有考题)。
第二段說明日本工業泰勒化的好處。....
第三段有點忘了
另外还有一个主旨题。

TOP

1.2.2 预测未来
V1 by doodle
预测未来的需求却往往导致不好的结果之类的

TOP

1.2.1 boater*
V1 by doodle
一道是有关于boater的,说是有一个景点1985年的人比1975年的人多了很多,但是调查下来却发现旅游者并没有觉得很拥挤,然后举例分析了原因说是因为旅游者们的preference什么的有改变
V2 by 我爱开开
最后一篇是boater那篇,和基金所述基本相吻合,也比较简单,最后一段全部高亮问整段在全文中的作用。
考古(待确认)
53. 某个公园的小船数量的问题
V2船(750)
1975年要去A岛(一个景点)有两种方式,private boat和chatared boat,1985年的时候这两种方式的船都增多了,作者推测是由于政府的tax credit造成的(这段感觉跟文章不怎么搭界)

第二段说因为船增多了所以boater应该会觉得crowded,但是boaters reported perception of crowdness decreased,预测可能是因为人们的norm, preference变了

第三段进一步展开那个预测,说因为很多人是买了private boat学习自驾去游览的新手,他们不熟悉skill和路线,所以更愿意去人多的地方,这样发生危险的时候可以求助

题:

1.问第三段的作用,选elaborate an explanation suggesting a phenomena in the second paragraph
2.还有一道主旨题,我选分析一个unexpected phenomena的原因(这就是我说第一段跟全文好像没什么关系的原因,其他选项也都没有把第一段的内容概括进去的。。。)

3. 1975年和1985年的情况相比,Boater认为?(应该选认为不那么挤了那项)

4. 1980年前后情况不一样,所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么?我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同)

5.以下哪个因素不会影响Boater对拥挤程度的感觉: 答案推测 – changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors

6.是问关于那个政府的政策的说法,哪个是正确的。我选的是不仅仅适用于business boat。这个选项是比出来的答案,其他几个明显与文中相反

7. 第三个问题是问关于菜鸟boater的。记不清选项了

V3(750)

第一段讲1970年的时候,某个景区只有50几艘船,但是到了1985年左右,数量就到了200多艘,这些包括recreational的private boat和chartered boat。其中私人游艇增加了2倍以上。当地的旅游管理局还是什么的相关人士,在游船增加的初期对此问题表示了关注,怕过多的游船会导致当地僻静的景区收益什么的受到影响。但是调查发现,人们的perception of crowdedness并没有上升,反而下降了(有题考)。分析认为,是人们的norm,expectation等因素变化了。最后提出游船增加的主要原因是1970年初期,政府出台了一项税收政策,对那些购买游艇的人,可以减免税收。
第二段开始具体分析为什么游船增加了,但是游客的perception觉得less congested呢?熟悉这个景区宁静氛围的游客们都离开了,新来的游客对这里的expectation又不同(可能来景区之前就觉得会很多人,但是实际到了这里发现没有想象中那么拥挤,perception就给出了没有那么congested的错觉)。同时sailing school招徕了不少新手学员,大家对游玩的路线什么的也不熟悉,可能反而觉得人多可以互相帮助。(但自始至终没有提到一个conclusive的原因,主旨题考到,又干扰选项)。

关于考古:应该就是这篇考古文了,大体内容都一样,很多关键词都是一致的,包括change in norms and preference of visiotors等等。但
是好像有一点变种,第二段和第三段的内容合并了。而且考古的考点我基本都没碰上。
地点的话,应该不是winsconsin,不过应该无差的吧。

V4

53篇小船数量的,大家看寂静吧,很全,寂静上有人说有变体是两段的,我的是三段,题目引用寂静吧1,1975年和1985年的情况相比,Boater认为?(应该选认为不那么挤了那项)(我的答案也一样)
2第三段的作用:应该是对第一段的一个现象的解释,我选的是elaborated on the explanation provided in previous paragraph(我也选的这个)3***新题:问主旨,我选的是出台税收政策对这个地方的的影响
8篇bottle water, 内容跟寂静一样,v8版本最全,题目1 关于bottle water哪个说法正确?选A:manufacturing of plastic bottle比processing the water更浪费能源 B答案是个混淆选项,跟A长的很像,大家选的时候注意
其他的就忘了,寂静有个印象,到时很好选

V5

问第三段的作用,选elaborate an explanation suggesting a phenomena in the second paragraph
1975年和1985年的情况相比,Boater认为?(应该选认为不那么挤了那项)
考古(来自乔小桥)

以下考古 By XYXB

V1
第一段:Wisconsin州有个湖风景很好,从1975-1985间吸引了很多boater来explore,其中有private boat,也有charter boater. 这些年的繁荣归因于1970年出的一项政策----政府资助买船者credit。近年增加了很多, 而且同时私人购船也增多了, 因为有减税政策. 所以一般预期来这里的游客会觉得地方变拥挤了. 但事实相反, 去那里的游客不觉得the place becomingcrowded. 于是作者推测, 大约是由于changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors.(1980年前后情况不一样,所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么?我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同)

第二段:描述这样的change.解释这一现象可能是因为游客们并没有预期景点会非常的拥挤。说船变多了,很多人以前没来过,现在想来了 (即菜鸟). 菜鸟们考虑的都是安全阿,谨慎之类的. 有时候乐意去人多的地方,以便出了事好求救。后面讲湖越来越拥挤。

第三段:进一步推测没有预期的原因是景点有许多培训boater的生意不错,noviceboater来因为不知道去什么地方,也没有足够的准备和技能,所以大家容易在相似的地点抛锚啊什么的,这里有一个考点,问你novice boater为啥没有预期到拥挤,我选的答案就是他们没有被告知应该去什么地方划船,怎么划等具体信息。
背景知识
材料:感谢fargone大人!完美匹配考古
Crowding and carrying capacity research has been dominated by cross-sectional studies. Researchers have modeled the impact of visitor use on the quality of the outdoor recreation experience by measuring social conditions (use levels and encounters with others), psychological conditions (evaluation of encounters and perceived crowding), and social psychological conditions (encounter expectations and preferences). From these measures, one can aggregate visitor responses into a normative standard for "appropriate" use levels that can help resource managers set visitor use policy.
      
      his study incorporates time into an analysis of crowding and carrying capacity to investigate how change affects visitor evaluations and experiences. The analysis employed three cross-sectional surveys of boaters to the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore in Wisconsin匹配考古 over a 22-year period, beginning in 1975 and each administered approximately 10 years apart.
       This framework assumed that perceived crowding is an expression of individual judgment and socially shared norms about "appropriate" density at a given site and at a given time.也就是说,挤不挤,感觉说了算 How crowded people feel depends, in part, on the expectations and preferences they bring to a recreation site. People may feel more crowded if they expect a low number of encounters but see more people than they expected. Moreover, based on these evaluative criteria, the individual may not feel crowded or evaluate the experience negatively until visitor encounters reach some threshold number.

      This normative approach, however, is problematic in cross-sectional crowding frameworks because visitors may change over time. Time related issues of change were recognized in the early 1970s during the planning stages of early carrying capacity studies (Shelby & Heberlein, 1986). At the Grand Canyon, there were concerns that the study of current visitors could not truly assess carrying capacity because past visitors, who might be more sensitive, would have been displaced. It is possible that they could have left the Canyon because use levels had increased from 500 visitors a year in the mid 1960s to over 16,000 in 1972. The "last settler syndrome" (Nielson & Endo, 1977) or "uninitiated newcomer" phenomenon (West, 1981) suggests that some newcomers to an area may have weakly defined normative expectations and preferences about an area (Roggenbuck, Williams, Bange, & Dean, 1991) and therefore will define current conditions as normal. Thus, aggregate measures of norms may change because of shifts in visitor composition over time.
Norms may also change independently of visitor composition. Cole and Stewert (2002) used a diary sampling method among Grand Canyon backpackers, and found substantial variation in individual responses to normative evaluations when measured at different backcountry zones and at different times during their trip. The product shift phenomenon suggests that people can also change their minds about standards of appropriate use given changing personal and social contexts (Shelby et al, 1988; Shindler & Shelby, 1995). The norms that they hold may change over time, and hence a relationship between encounters and perceived crowding that holds at one point in time may not hold at a second point. So, collective evaluations may also change, even while visitor characteristics remain roughly the same over time. Even though use level may be increasing, aggregate crowding levels may shift depending on a variety of broad social factors that may change the way people define appropriate uses of a recreation site. The only way to observe the potential for change, either in visitor composition or in the normative standards of visitors, is to measure social conditions and visitor evaluations at a single site over time.

TOP

1.1.9 女性受男性影响
V1 by jaejonng 710
有一篇是也很长,关于女性是否受男性影响的新老观点对比。
首段介绍老观点,受影响。然后介绍新观点不受影响。
观点绕的挺多。大家注意它举的例子。我考的题目几乎全是例子的细节题。

TOP

1.1.8 外包服务*
V1 by jsf22
第一段说1980年之后,美国公司大量裁人,但单位生产率并未提升,产出并没有下降;分析了不是高科技运用提高了生产率,另有原因。
第二段说原因是大量业务外包,因为公司追求更少的人工成本,因为除了不用支付更多的工资,也不用支付那么多福利。同时公司做法并不违反劳工合同,因为skilled employee公司会继续留用。
有主旨题。还有问为什么要外包,选降低人工成本。还有问为什么说不违反劳工合同。不太确定记忆是否准确了。
V2 by rachewl 680
遇到那篇外包的文章,寂静里好像有。两段,很长的,大概第一段是说在1930s有大幅度的裁员,在1980s也有大幅度的裁员。但是这两次的原因是不一样的palapala。然后第二段就说1980年的裁员,不是因为裁员直接带来经济效益,而是因为外包了。。然后就开始说外包balabala的。。。题目的话,有印象的就是问你1930年的裁员是不是因为二战的影响。。。
考古(待确认)
服务外包△
V1【by: allhappy27】

一段:现在美国流行外包(技术服务咨询外包)

二段:外包优势劣势,采用外包的公司因为缺乏技术而引用外包开始都不了解自己,采用外包的公司害怕自己内部情况提供给竞争者。

V2【by:落川冰】11.10 晚

一共是两段。一屏左右..
第一段讲的就是outresources,我感觉比较容易看懂,没有什么不认识的单词。
BLABLA的讲outresources很流行之类的...很多公司都采用这样的策略。
第二段讲的主要是关于一个client company的,说因为outresources是一个需要专业知识的行业,而客户这类的专业知识可能会比较少,所以客户就无法很好的预计自己的COST。所以有一定的risk和很弹性的因素存在,但是最后一句作者however了,基本还是肯定了这个outresources的策略....因为认为潜在利润远远大过于那些RISK。
完毕,考古的那段,大家可以看,但是我觉得第二段什么泄露企业相关信息的不是,我的这段是讲cost不能预计,所以不能估计未来收益之类的,无法很好的control....
但是好像基本还是合的到的。
题目我考了三道。考古第一题确认我考到,而且选项选的和考古相同,并不是背答案,其实我阅读逻辑都没背答案只要是看JJ的内容写的什么,怕变体,但我觉得考古第一题根据作者最后一句还是能选到的
(PS:我怕我这一点破分数,大家会不会就把这个选项直接认为错?呵呵...)

我还记得有一题问到关于这个outresources的弊端的什么的,因为我选了无法估计cost。


考古XYXB待确认

第一段大概说outsoucing的概念,然后说outsourcing这个practice在有形产品(physical product)工业已经很成熟之类的,但是在service 的行业还是有很大前景的,而且越来越多的公司也开始做service outsourcing了。
第二段先说了service outsourcing的特色feature。然后举了intellectual service的outsourcing。说这类的outsourcing, 客户通常来说很难通过下订单(place order)来描述(specify)要买什么样的服务产品(暗指service product知识含量高,不专门搞这个还真不懂呢,有考题)。介绍完特色以后,然后说了一大堆弊端,比如service outsourcing出去可能会有泄漏企业关键信息之类的risk。但是最后,作者话锋一转,说如果企业仔细考虑计划outsourcing strategy的话,就可以lower and minimize 所有的这些risk,证明了作者对待这个practice支持态度。
题1:作者会同意下面哪个选项,我选的是although service outsourcing 有很多的弊端,但是它的优点outweigh all the risks. 但是这题还有另一个选项很迷惑,想不起来了
题2:细节题,说问中为什么客户无法specify 他们要的service product:选因为客户没有这方面的expertise
题3:好像是作者态度题,选作者支持outsourcing
考古2
文章开始说1980年美国曾出现大规模裁员的状况,因为出现了recession,但199X年再次出现了大规模的layoffs状况,但怎么解释在大规模layoff的同时企业能以低成本来实现higher productivity的呢(此处是个疑问句),有人说是计算机的使用提高了生产效率,然后作者有句话反驳,还有人说是management 的improvement导致了生产效率提高,然后作者在本段结尾给了一句反驳以前所有观点的话。
第二段作者的观点是outsource的出现才使企业有了大规模裁员并且降低成本同时增加生产效率的机会,一方面企业可以裁掉high wage的员工换成low wage的员工,把一部分业务外包出去,另一方面企业可以雇佣part time工人,因为part time工人工资低,且benifit也没有正式员工好,然后解释了一下post-wartime后的经济问题。 有一道题说的是作者说企业雇佣临时工人的目的是什么答案C有一点迷惑性 说因为part time 工人earn minimum wage,这是错的,文章中只说和正式员工比赚少工资和低福利,没说最低工资,正确选项应该是E,削减labor cost 还有一题说1980年的layoff不能用作者的观点解释是因为,我选的因为economy suffersdifficult,也就是原文的第一句话
背景知识
背景:经济滞涨时期,企业采取外包,节约成本。但是,带来问题,但是不违反劳动合同。  
    Outsourcing is when one company sells a part of their company to another. This usually happens when the company wants to save money. 省钱Outsourcing was first mainly seen in the early 1980’s during a time of stagflation滞涨, or a time where economic growth is slow, unemployment rates and inflation is high.  Foreign competition in trade had steady rates compared to the United States market and had a cost advantage over American goods. Car companies, which were suffering greatly during this time, took a radical step and moved about ten factories out of Michigan to Mexico (2,5).

        This outraged the United Autoworkers Union (UAW) because American’s who worked in the factories that had been outsourced, were left jobless.  UAW negotiated with the car companies to keep the outsourcing of the parts division to overseas countries (2).
        The car factories use of outsourcing caught the eyes of other businesses: companies saw profit with the use of outsourcing. Soon after more and more companies began expand their companies in Mexico, on the Mexico-United states border.  Many American citizens failed to notice the outsourcing that was beginning to happen on the United States-Canadian border.  Outsourcing of filmmaking was a common in the 1990’s, but also to the manufacturing of parts.  Canada’s trade with the United States began to increase and benefit, while American parts suppliers began to go bankrupt and lay off their workers (2).
This trend in outsourcing in the United States has been increasing steadily since its debut in the 1980’s, but now is being exposed to the average American.   Common jobs, such as calculating worker’s payrolls, can be found in overseas companies, that provide cheaper labor, then it would cost if an American laborer worked for the company in the United States (1).  Competition between companies is increasing, and companies that outsource have a great advantage over companies who only work within the United States territory.  The cutting of jobs in American businesses is becoming increasingly common, leaving healthy, skilled, and knowledgeable people to suffer as they look for the few available jobs in their area.  Companies take advantage of the cheap labor to allow their businesses to expand, which is the main reason that outsourcing continues to grow

TOP

1.1.6 专利保护法
V1 by周游ing
个关于专利保护法案的,就一个F法案通过了以后怎样怎样保护专利所有人,但是说这个法案不利于法官判,后来又有个什么T法案通过了,就先缩小了到法庭打官司的范围,然后judges就很高兴。(大致意思吧,里面比较绕)
V2 by cc1990 740
最后一篇是说美国1995年和2006年的两个关于trademark还是patent的保护法。问题有主旨,还有一个是问法官为什么比较喜欢其中一个法。文中有说到其中一个法更保守,能先剔除一些case,选项里也有这个。现在能想到的就先这些啦…要能再想到再补充~
V3 by lynnfordream
鸡精里面的那个trademark,的确是有问法官为嘛更喜欢另外一个法。貌似还有第一段有两句话被highlight,然后问两句话是什么关系。
V4 by 小右twister 700+
美国有一个保护trademark的政策,有several provisions,但是这些provisions在具体法律执行的过程中遇到了一些问题,然后说了下法官在遇到这些问题时候所采取的态度
V5 by 慕小蕾 700+
第一段说1995年提出了个什么法来干什么。
     第二段说2006年又提出了个什么法,这个法使判断范围更小(有题)
      (没时间了。。。这篇差不多一通乱选的。。)
1.1.7 书店*
V1 by jsf22
第一道是说书店的。
第一段说book chain,但是放到全国,每个店仍要本地化什么的。
第二段说非连锁的书店,因为有本地化的各种优势。
V2 by jessiacacai
chain store
第一段说,chain store的大量涌现使得independent store不能生存,减少了regional difference. 然而,chain store的发展是考虑regional因素的,比如geography,economy等等。举例,先是washington以及O打头的一个州,说这两个地方bookstore多是weather原因,rain多;然后说Alaska和Hawaii,地势偏远,进货难需要时间。然后又提到了Alaska和Hawaii的差别。
第二段说,independent store并没有完全消失,它们的经营策略是避免head-on冲突,到chain store少的地方经营,或者专注于special market. 书店不光卖书,还搞book signing等一系列活动。随着作者的national tour减少,这种在书店里的签名售书越来越普遍。
考题:
the passage suggests, at the time when it was written, which of the following is true?答案选项两个是关于W和O这两个州的,三个是throughout the United States. lz选的是national tour is decreasing.
考古(待确认)
1.1.24连锁书店vs independent book stores*
V1短文

P1: 连锁书店的盛行形成了一股垄断势力,导致independent stores很难维持生计。但是连锁书店的盛行其实是由各地的地理因素决定的,比如Washington总下雨,人们就愿意呆在书店里,还有一些其他城市的例子
P2: 其实independent stores在这种垄断势力压迫下也垂死挣扎出一条血路,存活下来的其实也大获成功。貌似是IS会比较diversified,然后书店也逐渐变成了一个举办club, 签售会等活动的地方,尤其是作家越来越不愿意travel的时候,能请到作家来的书店就会很attractive
V2 candy湘 V41 12.03



说大家都认为现在书店连锁店那么火,所以书店不用关注不同地区的差异了,只要你按普通的规模标准在任何一个地方建一个分店都肯定是可以盈利的。但是作者反驳了这个观点,说现在连锁店无法满足不同地区人们的差异化需求。列举了美国的三个地区,这里有两个细节题的选项定位,尤其是华盛顿地区的情况,两个都考到了。
那为什么会产生地区差异化需求呢?这一段都在分析原因。
作者最后说虽然现在连锁店不好做,但是卖书的人还是有市场盈利的机会的。因为以前出版商会把书邮寄给读者,但是现在很少这么做了。(有题)我没来得及细看,大概看明白了作者的态度就开始做题了,希望后来的同学多多补充!

V3eveneven 720

连锁书店与非连锁书店:连锁书店都是一样的,没有个性化,而逐渐成长的非连锁书店(independant bookstores)适应各个地区的不同状况,如德克萨斯的气候怎么怎么不同啥的,因此非连锁书店获得了夹缝中的成功。
这篇把握大意就好

V4

还有的就是book chain那个,这个是我最后一篇,大题扫了一眼,就开始做题了,全靠狗狗的概述,但是题绝对不一样,并没有考到第一段的例子,第一道就是infer,需要全文通读,后来还有2道,都是infer,没记错的话,第二自然段有定位。

考古
V1 66小丫头
文章很短(reference: 最美的夏天)
第一段:说的是传统book-chain 是和region 什么都是没有关系的,但是新的survey发现还是有地方特色的。举了几个例子,什么hawii Oeren(有题)
第二段:说independent bookstore也很struggle 采取了什么方法的

V2 super甲 V36
说书店集中生产销售和零售的问题的,第二段很重要,我其实没有特别明白这篇的逻辑。等考古
第一段说图书生产趋于集中化,并且一个集中生产图书的厂家所生产的图书以及其图书销售已经不具有地方特色了,很机械化、格式化。后半部分又说也不是完全这样,有两个地方的图书卖得好,归功于这两地方老下雨,还有一地方卖得不好是因为城市都太小了,不适合集中生产销售,人们买书也不方便。
第二段开始絮絮叨叨的讲零售图书(independent)的这帮人,尽管这帮人已经自己产生了一套营销战略,但他们仍旧在struggle,与那些集中生产销售的 stores竞争。零售商们的确具有一定的地方特色,尤其是小地方,能够适应当地的市场;但是由于之前说了,集中销售商们也具备了一定的地方特点,所以还是能够在一些小地方生存的。

V3 rainrooney 720 V38
第一段:说的是传统book-chain是不会针对 region的特点进行装修的。但是新的survey发现很多大型的连锁书店都开始有了地方特色,针对地方的文化或者气候进行装修。举了几个例子,其中有一个州有很少的城镇能吸引大型的连锁书店进驻,跟夏威夷(能吸引好多)进行了对比,V1说这里有题,但我没遇到。
第二段:说那些survived的independent bookstore也开始针对地方特色进行装修(有一题问作者suggest什么,我觉得根据这个survived可以推出independent bookstore居于劣势地位之类的)。

V4 eippy 700
P1先说大家以为chain store的大规模让小书店难做生意。但是发现其实chain store让independent bookstore
更localized, regional,或有什么culture特色等。举了好多例子....
P2 independent bookstore的生存方法。寻找特定的顾客群体啦等等。最后说大小书店都很注意举办读书沙龙之类的文化活动,但小书店对于作者签售有优势,因为越来越多不愿做全国巡游(这边有题)
大概就是这样。注意chain store和independent bookstore之间的对比和关系,出题重点
背景知识
题目:
1、主旨题
2、作者认为连锁书店XXXXX
3、地方书店的优势在于
Analysts say retail bookstore chains will cease to exist as we know them, underperforming stores will close and bookstore chains will be reduced to a few localized stores catering to specialized local needs.  
      Bookstore chains must reduce their retail footprints in order to survive, according to Wahlstorm.  He said that there is a high likelihood that Barnes & Noble like Borders will close underperforming stores in coming years.
      To stay relevant bookstore chains would have to use their store space productively and find a market niche, according to Bishop.
     “They can try to drive traffic and sales through the physical stores by means like adding cafes, establishing relationships with the local community, and offering exclusive or targeted products (B&N is making a big push toward its new educational toys & games department),” wrote Wahlstrom.针对本地市场推出营销方案
      Maybe bookstore chains have a lesson to learn from smaller independent book stores that have dodged the online and e-books bullets by keeping unique selections of books and providing social space to their local communities.地方的小书店和社区关系紧密
"Independent bookstores are very well connected to their communities. When you do that there will always be value for your bookstore,” said Lubeck. He said that bookstore chains should adopt this successful formula.

TOP

我总结了一下,这个理论主要说的就是去掉行驶线、交通信号灯等交通规则的“提示物”,激发人们的自觉地自我约束行为,这样的交通管理效果更好。
Shared space is an urban design concept aimed at integrated use of public spaces.
Shared space removes the traditional segregation of motor vehicles, pedestrians and other road users. Conventional road priority management systems and devices such as kerbs, lines, signs and signals are replaced with an integrated, people-oriented understanding of public space, such that walking, cycling, shopping and driving cars become integrated activities.
History
The term 'shared space' was used by Tim Pharoah to describe informal street layouts with no traffic demarcation (see for example "Traffic Calming Guidelines" published by Devon County Council, 1991). The shared space concept has been associated strongly with the work of Hans Monderman, based on the observation that individuals' behaviour intraffic is more positively affected by the built environment of the public space than it is by conventional traffic control devices and regulations.
The goal of shared space is an improvement in road safety, encouraging negotiation of shared areas at appropriate speeds and with due consideration for the other users, using simple rules like giving way to the right. The term shared space should probably not be too closely defined, since there is wide scope for varying the design concept.
Safety, congestion, economic vitality and community severance can be effectively tackled in streets and other public spaces if they are designed and managed to allow traffic to be fully integrated with other human activity, not separated from it. A major characteristic of a street designed to this philosophy is the absence of traditional road markings, signs, traffic signals and the distinction between "road" and "pavement". User behaviour becomes influenced and controlled by natural human interactions rather than by artificial regulation.
Monderman is quoted as saying: "We're losing our capacity for socially responsible behaviour, ...The greater the number of prescriptions, the more people's sense of personal responsibility dwindles."  Another source attributes the following to Monderman: "When you don't exactly know who has right of way, you tend to seek eye contact with other road users... You automatically reduce your speed, you have contact with other people and you take greater care."
但是这个理论也有人质疑,主要两个原因:一是觉得残疾人不方便;二是很多骑车的人觉得不安全(这段太长我替大家概括一下哈)

TOP

1.1.5 改善交通理论
V1 by 老张1119
是说一个叫什么Modesman的人提出一个改善某地交通的理论
第一段是说他通过这个理论而走红 他好像是把这个地区的所有交通灯还是什么的都remove了 然后一年后大家惊讶的发现这个地区的交通变好了 公交车什么的可以开的更快了(有题)
第二段是说他说在实施这个理论前必须做好多准备工作 学习了N多东西(有题) (这一段后面的东西失忆了)
第三段是作者观点 说他虽然改善了交通 但是这同时he creates the confusion and ambigious, 因为这样一来这个地区路好像就变得不像大城市里的路了 变窄了还是啥的 然后就变得很乡土好像==
问题具体怎么问的忘了 好像回文章定位就行
V2 by cc1990 740
第一篇是说一个人M,用新的方法解决城市交通问题,就是不用严格的红绿灯之类的,装了一些乱七八糟的东西后…反而公交车等待通过的时间少了(有考题,问公交车怎么样的),虽然交通数量上升但不堵。M用的方法是改变人们对时间的观念。最后一段是说这个人M又在另一个地方实验,让这个地方更villagelike,最后也是成功的。题目不是很记得了。。但不难。
V3 by tonality 740
M这个人去到德国一个什么城市,在原来十字路口的地方改建,traffic light好像没有完全去掉,用discreet形容的,留下了一些法规规定不能去掉的指示吧。(这里有和他在下一个城市的比较,另个城市好像把指示灯都去掉了吧,这个没有完全去掉)后来,那个人又去了德国的O这个地方。说关键在于改变什么的Time的观念。这里有题的。
V4 by lesezeichen 680
一篇是讲一个M因为他的2001project出名了,为什么呢?因为他在一个D城市做了一个治理交通的措施,把信号灯之类的都拿掉了,结果效果很好,在交通增长的情况下,这里的交通却很好,bus可以很容易通过(有考点),事故也少。到这里分别是第一段和第二段。第三段就说了他又在另外一个城市做了project,也柏油路弄成石块路之类的,总之就是相比那些明确的交通信号信息,他的改造让这个城市变得village like,有了confusion和ambuguity(有考点,问提到这两个是要干嘛)。然后M就说,要改变交通,就要改变交通的context,改变大家的concept of time(这里面的逻辑关系大家要再仔细读哈,不过不重要)。大概如此了
V5 by jsmart
traffic的,三段,M改进了traffic,使交通变好了,然后好像他自己又发现问题了……记得一题是M和另一个O观点相同之处,有一个选项是都说交通枢纽不放交通灯 想起来再补充…
v6 by sunicity
寂静上的那篇关于交通的,有一个阅读参考材料,基本就是那篇。后面问了D城市实施之后怎么样了,应该是公交车通过更快了。还有一个是作者说confusion and ambigous的作用,我选的是概括了M这个人的主要思想。
V7 by 小遥遥
还有一篇阅读也很长,是讲什么一个人改变了crossover的设计,然后就不那么堵了。。。他认为是改变人的观念(有出题)啊神马的。
好像有两个城市对比吧(有出题,对比,不确定)
还有一道题是改变了之后,bus怎么了(我选的是神马神马quickly,因为文章中有说到bus怎么怎么了,在破折后之间)
V8 by cecihanjiabei 730
一个人提出改变交通状况的两种方法,一个是不利用traffic lights一类的,在中间建造一个圆的区域,有喷泉什么的;另一个是改造成country-like的,机经中写的很正确!问题是两者有什么相似,第一种方法有什么结果。
V9 by 千堂月莎 710
那个神奇的设计师改造十字路口的文,问了第三段的作用是什么,在give a summary of BLABLA 和 解释one of change的意图 之间犹豫了下,选了后者。
还问了两城市的案例有什么相似,选项有:A和B都关于移除,一个是交通灯一个是其他信号标志吧,C是说都以提高行车速度为目标,E是都造成了行人和司机们彼此 more consideration 的效果
V10 by lynnfordream
考的那个交通改造的问题啊。记得一个细节就是说在D的地方减少了一半的事故率,同时交通量增加了1/3,然后有道题就是问D这个地方带来什么影响的。其中一个是事故发生数目减少了,貌似还要算下1/2*4/3=2/3所以还是应该减少了。楼主选成了什么drivers产生ambiguous的感觉,后面点了next以后一回想觉得应该选那个数目减少了a !
   材料:感谢freewer提供,太牛了!必须是原文!

Freedom for traffic

      An unassuming Dutch traffic engineer showed that streets without signs can be safer than roads cluttered with arrows, painted lines, and lights.
     And Monderman certainly changed the landscape in the provincial city of Drachten, with the project that, in 2001, made his name. At the town center, in a crowded four-way intersection called the Laweiplein, Monderman removed not only the traffic lights but virtually every other traffic control. Instead of a space cluttered with poles, lights, “traffic islands,” and restrictive arrows, Monderman installed a radical kind of roundabout (a “squareabout,” in his words, because it really seemed more a town square than a traditional roundabout), marked only by a r aised circle of grass in the middle, several fountains, and some very discreet indicators of the direction of traffic, which were required by law.
      这一段说的是M自己闭上眼睛,倒走到他设计的路中间,结果并没有像在普通道路上一样——所有的车刹车再启动,而是车辆依然有序行驶。As I watched the intricate social ballet that occurred as cars and bikes slowed to enter the circle (pedestrians were meant to cross at crosswalks placed a bit before the intersection), Monderman performed a favorite trick. He walked, backward and with eyes closed, into the Laweiplein. The traffic made its way around him. No one honked, he wasn’t struck. Instead of a binary, mechanistic process—stop, go—the movement of traffic and pedestrians in the circle felt human and organic.
      实验一年后的结果:拥挤减少、事故减少A year after the change, the results of this “extreme makeover” were striking: Not only had congestion decreased in the intersection—buses spent less time waiting to get through, for example—but there were half as many accidents, even though total car traffic was up by a third. Students from a local engineering college who studied the intersection reported that both drivers and, unusually, cyclists were using signals—of the electronic or hand variety—more often. They also found, in surveys, that residents, despite the measurable increase in safety, perceived the place to be more dangerous. This was music to Monderman’s ears. If they had not felt less secure, he said, he “would have changed it immediately.”
      Monderman believed that the best way to change people’s behavior was to change the context. This simple insight was one of the foundations of his traffic revolution, which took root a decade before he remade Drachten. In the mid-1980s,   Monderman, then a regional safety inspector for Friesland, was dispatched to the small village of Oudehaske to check the speed of car traffic through the town’s center (two children had been fatally struck). Previously, Monderman, like any good Dutch traffic engineer, would have deployed, if not an actual traffic light, the tools of what is known as “traffic calming”: speed bumps, warning signs, bollards, or any number of highly visible interventions.(交代了背景:作为交通安全官员,M被发配到一个小村里去检测城镇中心的车速。按常理,控制车速的手段不外乎装红绿灯、减速带等)
      但是M觉得在这个town,既没有必要也太贵。But those solutions were falling out of favor with his superiors, because they were either ineffective or too expensive. At a loss, Monderman suggested to the villagers, who as it happens had hired a consultant to help improve the town’s aesthetics, that Oudehaske simply be made to seem more “villagelike.” The interventions were subtle. (正评价,嘿嘿)Signs were removed, curbs torn out, and the asphalt replaced with red paving brick, with two gray “gutters” on either side that were slightly curved but usable by cars. As Monderman noted, the road looked only five meters wide, “but had all the possibilities of six.”
The results were striking. Without bumps or flashing warning signs, drivers slowed, so much so that Monderman’s radar gun couldn’t even register their speeds. 通过这种改进(把town改造的更villagelike,车速都自然降低了,雷达都检测不到……好夸张啊-。-)Rather than clarity and segregation, he had created confusion and ambiguity. 注意这段:因为他的方法制造了一种错觉,司机8知道哪条是他该走的路,所以开车不会很莽撞Unsure of what space belonged to them, drivers became more accommodating. Rather than give drivers a simple behavioral mandate—say, a speed limit sign or a speed bump—he had, through the new road design, subtly suggested the proper course of action. And he did something else. He used context to change behavior.用观念改变行为 He had made the main road look like a narrow lane in a village, not simply a traffic-way through some anonymous town.

TOP

1.1.4建筑技术
V1 老张1119
一个新老观点对比题 结构蛮清晰的
第一段是说Hawii的temple还是啥的一个什么特征让科学家相信它们是比之前认为的建造的更快还是什么的(有题)
第二段是说科学家通过新的一种技术研究珊瑚还是啥的来验证他们的想法 然后说这些新的数据他们原来的设想的是相符合的(consistent)(有题) 证实了他们的猜想
V2 by cc1990 740
第二篇是说一个岛上有寺庙,科学家用元素追踪技术研究建寺庙时用的珊瑚,发现这个岛上的一段时间内社会历史文化变化比之前预想要快。题目有主旨,还有问珊瑚的用处,应该是装饰品,因为文中有Ornamentally.
背景知识
Hawaiian temples to the gods of agriculture and war — monumental platforms and terraces made of boulders composed of cooled lava — provide tangible archaeological evidence for this transition from chiefdoms to archaic states
The dates for the temple-building boom come from the ages of small branching corals called “cauliflower corals,” found in the temples. The exact symbolic value of temple corals to the Hawaiians — archived in the memories of oral historians — was probably lost when European diseases decimated the population at the end of the 18th century. The corals themselves were not objects of veneration, according to Kirch; rather, they may have served as symbolic offerings, like votive candles in a Catholic church.  
The base of this branch coral from a Kahikinui archaeological site has been dated to the year 1601, plus or minus seven years. The tip has been dated to 1608 with the same margin of error. The preservation of the specimen indicates that living coral was collected from the sea bottom.
The researchers are confident that coral ages provide temple ages. Delicate surface structures on temple corals indicate that these corals were collected live and brought almost immediately to the temples. If the corals were collected dead from the beach, these tiny surface structures would be damaged or absent.
The kinds of corals found in the temple pull uranium from the seawater into their skeletons. Over time, the uranium inside coral skeletons naturally decays to lead in several steps, and one of the intermediate products is the element thorium.Sharp estimated the ages of temple corals by measuring the concentrations of thorium versus uranium present in the coral skeletons.
This temple-dating approach is an improvement over carbon-14 dating techniques that have been used to estimate the age of charcoal remains of pig bones and other organic materials found at the temples. Dating these charcoals requires scientists to take atmospheric carbon-14 fluctuations into account, which increases the uncertainty of temple construction dates considerably. In contrast, coral age estimates are not influenced by changes in the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere through time.
Sharp dated the outer tips of the corals to get as close as possible to the “death date” — the date someone harvested the coral from the ocean and brought it to a temple construction site or temple dedication ceremony.
The surprising swiftness of the transition in ancient Hawaiian society, revealed by the new temple construction dates, raises the possibility that similar transitions elsewhere in the world may have been equally abrupt, the authors say.

TOP

返回列表

站长推荐 关闭


美国top10 MBA VIP申请服务

自2003年开始提供 MBA 申请服务以来,保持着90% 以上的成功率,其中Top10 MBA服务成功率更是高达95%


查看