xiongbaobao

5.具体题目不记得了，说一下考点吧

1）which 的非限制性定于从句

2) as ... as...

3) 有一题很确定：是or 的并列，选项的最后是 or signal （为动词原型）其他的选项都不是动词原型（singaling之类的东西）

4）主谓一致 ，只考了一个

主语 A and B +定语+ 谓语（谓语为复数）

5）逻辑主语考了不少

6）语意重复：in the previous time / previously 和before放在一起了

7）both ... and

8)
neither...nor...

[by  crabtreevelyn]

总结知识点：as...as...

从曼哈顿(pp145)裕发上摘来几个关于as..as的正确例句和错误例句,越是简单的例句越能说明问题。

正确例句

Cheese is AS GREAT AS people say.

We have AS MANY apples AS need to be cooked.

We have THREE TIMES AS MANY apples AS you.

We have AT LEAST AS MANY apples AS you.

We have ten apples, ABOUT AS MANY AS we picked yesterday.

His knowledge springs AS MUCH from experience AS from schooling.

His knowledge springs NOT SO MUCH from experience AS from schooling.

He wins frequently, AS MUCH because he plays so hard AS because he cheats.

错误例句

Cheese is SO great AS people say.

Cheese is SO great THAT people say.

We have AS MANY apples THAN you.

We have SO MANY apples AS you.

We have AS MANY OR MORE apples THAN you.

We have THREE TIMES AS MANY MORE apples AS you.

We have ten apples, ABOUT EQUIVALENT TO what we picked yesterday.

His knowledge springs NOT from experience AS from schooling.

总结知识点：主谓一致

1.
主语和谓语必须同时存在. 此处请注意：出现connecting words，比如连词and，but，...／比如because，定从中的which，...，要去看看是否句子缺少v；有主句分句出现，是否各自v都齐全。等等

2.
主语谓语要在一起逻辑上有意义。此处注意：看清主语是否是v的发出者，被动还是主动？

3.
主谓必须在单复数上一致。

a)
判断时eliminate the middlemen, skip the warmup.
翻译来说就是把隔在主谓之间的那些碍事儿的东西都忽略掉。那么哪些时所谓的碍事儿的middlemen和warmup呢？

举例：介词结构——A (of B) ／ ~(for ~) / ~(by 1980) / ~ (in ~) / ~ (with her) / ~ (at that level) / ~(to the store) / ~(on their orders) / ~(from the office)

从句结构——
看个句子：When the auditors left, the executive (who ~~) was ~~~.

修饰语——
比如
分词，同位语，插入语。看个句子：(Limping,) the horse (once considered one of the favorites) was taken away.

b)
总结点表示“和～一起”这个意思的结构

首先 A and B 这个结构没有问题，谓语复数

但是对于 along with B/ in addition to B / as well as B / accompanied by B / together with B / including B 这些词组，它们的意思跟A and B这个A，B平行的关系不一样，它们表示”额外捎带上B“，所以它们的出现不影响对于主语单复数的判断。也就是这些结构出现，判断看A。

c)
总结or ／ either。。or ／ neither。。nor／not only 。。。。but also

这个结构符合临近原则，就是谁靠谓语近就是谁

d）总结一些名词，看着像单数，但是实际上全是复数代表

例如：表示人——agency / army / audience / class / committee / crowd / orchestra / team

表示物——baggage / citrus / equipment / fleet / fruit / furniture

这些如果做主语，谓语动词要用单数噢。

e）总结代词

Anyone, anybody, anything， No one, nobody, nothing，each, every (单独做代词)， Someone, somebody, something，Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever，Either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)

这些谓语动词单数

但是有5个例外，曼哈顿里把这5个例外给大家编了个单词：SANAM

Some / Any / None / All / More(Most)

这5个可以既单数又复数

再注意看一下e中高亮的each ／every它们单独做代词谓语单数，同时当他们做修饰语时，也用单数，比如：each pen is 5 dallors。

f）跟量词有关的。

The number of +单数

A number of ＋复数

Half of ／ part of / most of / all of / some of / % of / the rest of
做主语时，谓语动词看of后面跟的名词噢

g）从句或者v-ing短语做主语，谓语单数

例如：Having good friends is a wonderful thing.

Whatever you want to do is fine with me.

h）what引导的名词性从句

从句的谓语单复数如何判断：即 what后面用什么单复数，这个判断根据东此后面的名词单复来决定。

当what从句做整个句子的主语时，这个主句的单复数如何判断：

（1）what所代表的成份在从句中如果是做主语，主句谓语由从句谓语决定

比如：what is difficult to determine is A, B, and C.

（2）what所代表的成份在从句中如果是做表语或者宾语，主句谓语由从句谓语决定

比如：what they want are A, B, and C.

xiongbaobao

总结知识点：with的用法

（with用法很纠结，我整理了好久也没有个完整的头绪，我把自己整理的贴上来，大家凑合着看。个人水平有限，抛砖引玉为主）

给一道og例题86题

The results of the company’s cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell over

the last two years.

(A) which increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it fell
单复数指代＋increase不要用过去时，否则不能区别跟fell前后发生的顺序，尤其是在这个after出现的情况下。

(B) which had increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after it had fallen
时态＋单复指代

(C) which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(D) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after falling

(E) with a 5 percent increase during the first 3 months of this year after having fallen

正确答案C

别的错误选项咱不谈，就说说with。og官方解释with的错误原因是 It is not clear what connection is being described by “with”.

With在og中的用法总结（仅代表个人观点，摘自CD预发版总结）:

1）with紧跟在中心词后作定语表限定修饰

2）主语，with短语，谓语+宾语。作为状语修饰主语，如果with结构放在句末则有歧义，不知是修饰主语还是宾语

3）主语与with有逗号隔开，形式有“with短语，主句”和“主句，with”，with短语修饰主句中的主语，with表示“有”的意思

4）主语+谓语+宾语，with短语。with短语修饰宾语，with表示“有”的意思

总结：从1）2）3）4）可以看出，with紧跟修饰语作定语时表限定，with与修饰词用逗号隔开则作为状语表示非限定，

例如
Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.

(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged（正确答案）

(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it（可以推断此句中with希望与that同样表限定，此选项的错误点在staging时态问题。此外，With后可以用doing形式，不过with短语是作为副词作状语，不能修饰名词

(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done by the composer himself（表达的不简洁）

例如
The root systems of most flowering perennials either become too crowded, which results in loss in vigor, and spread too far outward, producing a bare center.

(C) with the result of loss of vigor, or spreading（应用with结构不存在正确性问题，只是相对resulting不简洁。而且可以推断此处with结构与which与resulting均表非限定）

(D) resulting in loss of vigor, or spread。（正确答案）

来个更简洁的with NN总结

我觉得with的使用应该分为两种情况

1. ,+with引导的独立主格结构, 在句末修饰前面的句子或动作，表示补充句子含义。

with独立主格结构：“with ＋宾语＋宾补”构成的复合结构，在句中可作状语，表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当

2. with引导的介词短语, 这时和其他介词短语一样, 在主谓宾句子中如果想作状语或修饰主语的定语, 就要把介词短语提至谓语动词之前以避免产生歧义, 如果是作修饰宾语的定语, 好象一般采用分词短语或从句

with短语做状语三个功能（伴随原因、动作、状态是独立主格的基本功能，只是因为三种独立主格形式的不同具体应用起来也不同罢了）：

1. 表示原因，此时不需要考虑逻辑主语，只是修饰前面整句

2. 表示伴随动作(非伴随结果)，此时需要注意逻辑主语，且前面不能是完成时态(这样就不能伴随动作了).（with短语要表示伴随结果则需要用with the result of，如prep2-193）.

3. 表示状态（此时前面需要是主系表），同样需要逻辑主语。

xiongbaobao

3.愈发感觉句子不复杂，愈发考点也不明确，做的时候很不好判断啊~~希望大家注意

[by huiwazi]

4.SC有一道honeybee stinger 但是我刚翻了prep，是变体，通过unlike平行筛到剩两个以stinger作主语的选项，然后一个是同位语barbed,一个是定语从句which is barbed...不确定选哪个

[by  Sunlovejulia]

Prep上的关于honeybee stinger的题目和prep上的解释

prep1－194

Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.

A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used

B. the comparative smoothness of the yellow jacket’s stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use it

C. the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used

D. in comparison, the yellow jacket’s stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and used

E. in comparison, the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowing it to be pulled out and used

正确答案：C

A：whereas表示对比，但是此选项后半句并没有在逻辑上形成对比。because从句属于夹心修饰。can优于able to，且和前文中的cannot呼应。it在这里指代前文的yellow jacket。

B：表达不简洁。them指代不明。use的动作发出者变成smoothness。

D：in comparison与whereas意思重复。can优于able to do，且与前文cannot呼应。

E：in comparison与whereas意思重复。比较的对象不对称，前文是stinger，后面最好也要出现以stinger为主语的句子。

prep2－193

As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.

A. As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing

B. As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes

C. The honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes

D. The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing

E. The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes

正确答案：E

A：staying～这个部分有夹心修饰的嫌疑。this不能指代句子。results in～这个部分不简洁

B：句子结构不完整，没有主句

C：主语stinger谓语results。逻辑意思不对，stinger怎么能results结果呢？是被蛰这个事情result一个结果。

D：逗号加and 表示and前后是两套完整的句子结构，这里明显不是。而且stinger不能是result的动作发出者。result后面部分不简洁。

xiongbaobao

总结知识点：比较类题目中出现compared 时

og12－131题中B选项就出现compared to，大家看看琢磨一下

Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent.

(A) while in Germany it is just over 33 percent
“it”指代不清，前句中有很多单数名词可以被误作为it的指代对象比如：energy／nuclear power＋while有很多别的意思，在这里有可能被误读。

(B) compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent
这个是把75％的产自核能的量跟德国这个国家比较，错

(C) whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany

(D) whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany
这个地方“the energy”会让人以为是暗指前句中的75％的能量，有误解

(E)
compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent
整个句子不简洁＋it同A选项一样指代不清

这个题目要弄明白比较的对象到底是什么？

法国75％的能量产自核能
VS
德国__?(33)__％的能量产自核能

xiongbaobao

总结知识点：分词结构的用法

a）提到分词，少不了要考虑逻辑主语的问题，判断规律如下：

1） v-ing／v-ed分词短语在句首起状语作用，逻辑主语等于句子的主语

2） v-ing在句尾：

（a）表伴随动作，状态，功能，与句子谓语动作同时发生，逻辑主语等于句子主语

（b）表伴随结果，整个句子是原因，导致分词动作产生，无逻辑主语。可以在分词前面加thus，thereby，in effect等，也可不加

3） v-ed在句尾，优先就近做定语，修饰就近名词

4） 介词或者介词短语＋v-ing：比如 in addition to／in／by／without／besides＋doing，句子～。

（a）在句首，逻辑主语＝句子主语

（b）在句尾，可能为句子主语，也可能不是

b)
现在分词v-ing功能：定语或者状语

做定语：最常见的是要紧跟在修饰对象后面噢～中间没有符号～

换句话说就是，当看到一个v-ing，前面没有逗号，那它的作用只能定语，修饰最临近的名词。

但是也有在句末的情况：

OG10-39

For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

A. a method to protect

B. as a method protecting

C. protecting

D. as a protection of

E. to protect

如果前面的句子是个主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是v-ing分词已然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的v-ing分词也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分：animal－hide shields。或者 items。因为主系表种主语宾语都是同一事物。

要注意的是，现在分词在句尾且有逗号隔开，这个结构从来没有失去过“做定语”的功能。只是优先做状语而已。即优先修饰到前面主句和谓语。

再来个例题：

Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

这个题目中，我选了E，不考虑句意的情况下，E选项中的谓语为have done 形势，表示已经完成了，这样drawing就无法再做其的伴随状语啦，所以只剩下定语功能，这样就会修饰到adulthood，产生歧义。

做状语：

在句首，则要考虑和主语的逻辑关系：是否是主语发出的动作？

在句末，前面必须有逗号，而且这个分词要么伴随谓语动词同时发生，要么伴随逗号前面整个句子表示结果是～～

过去分词v-ed功能

做定语：在句末，前面有逗号，则优先就近做定语，修饰就近名词

              紧跟在名词后面，后置定语。

做状语：在句首，要考虑这个动作和主语的逻辑关系噢。

xiongbaobao

1.关于语法，现在考的真的很奇怪，好像有些口语化的语句了，我考到一个thank you if you could......if you can‘t please ........这种以前从没见过的

[by 爱吃巧克力］

2.语法  原题不解释40: GWD-29-Q29

                                                                           ［SAILINGDAY]

原题如下：

Most of Portugal’s 250,000 university students boycotted classes in a one-day strike to protest a law that requires them to contribute $330 a year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year.

A.year toward the cost of higher education, previously paying $7 per year

B.year toward the cost of higher education, for which was previously paid $7 per year

C.year, compared to the previously $7 per year, toward the cost of higher education

D.year toward the cost of higher education, instead of the $7 per year required previously

E.year as opposed to the $7 per year required previously for the cost of higher education

正确答案D

以下是我个人的错误选项分析（大家悠着点儿看）：

A：v-ing分词，既不是修饰谓语boycotted，也不是修饰前面整个句子。所以不对。

B：which会被误解为指代临近的名词education，which也不能指代前面的句子啊。

C：这个选项比较迷惑。首先previously是副词，不能直接修饰$7。而且compared to的比较对象是谁啊？compared to这个短语放在这里就会让人以为比较对象是主语。

D：正确

E：句子表达不简洁，还有 required 这个v-ed紧跟在year后面，会产生歧义，以为是要修饰year的。

xiongbaobao

三，Concision 这里的错误大多是要通过理解句意，比较选项，选出最优的。

            （a）wordy：主动大于被动；

                                  动词优于形容词优于名词；

                                  凡是能用一两个词语表达清楚的，就不用从句 比如：the way in which＝how那么选择how，而不用the way in which

            （b）重复：
being这个词总是容易引起重复的嫌疑，大家要注意噢。看到being选项，再多看看别的选项，是否有更简洁的说法。

NN们总结的容易“重复”的词 （有点多，大家有选择的看吖 ）

Achieve a gain／Pay the payment／Possibility & might ／Both & alike／Soar & rise／Amount to & sum／Decline, declension & down／Manifestation & show／Attempt & try／

Annual & a year／Can (表示可能) & potentially／Orbit & around／By the name of & be known as／Likely & maybe／Never & again

it is doing and will continue to do/have been and will continue to do => will continue to do

may be ＝ unlikely／It seems unlikely that...may...／and ＝also／attempt to ＝ try

Like A, B also／possibility....might/might possibly／annual...a year／can ＝potentially => are potentially／never regain again／Payments are not expected to be paid／Although...but...／Because... therefore...

despite
<> yet
/
in the past <> previously
/ enable <> be able to
/
now <> currently
/ explained <> because of
/ even though <> but
/ although <> yet
/ reduced <> lowered
/ regain <> again
/ possible <> may
/ today <> now
/ enough <> so that

after ～when／substitute ～ in place of／once in every [number] [time]／both A as well as B／soar ～rise ～increase／ increase/decrease ～up to/down to ～／opposition～against
／be able to/ability ～ afford／can ～ capability／can ～ potentially(can, potentially,…is right)／consequence ～ result ／may ～likely／that of his own／return back／although ～ may （我这里写出来的意思是条件或让步壮语从句中不应出现表uncertainty的词否则是redundancy）／use as ～ borrow against／also ～ like/as／share the same／withhold disclosure／no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比较的情况下赤裸裸的出现在名次前)／reason ～because

自己补充一个 due to ～ with the result （OG12－033）

Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging, the manufacturer has announced that it will cut production by closing its factories for two days a month.

(A) Because an oversupply of computer chips has sent prices plunging,

(B) Because of plunging prices for computer chips, which is due to an oversupply,

(C) Because computer chip prices have been sent plunging, which resulted from an oversupply, 主动大于被动＋which误指代prices 句意改变

(D) Due to plunging computer chip prices from an oversupply, 表达方式太费劲

(E) Due to an oversupply, with the result that computer chip prices have been sent plunging,
”due to“
和
”with the result“
重复＋表达方式太费劲

正确答案：A

再补充一个 To Tom, this book is his ~~~

For Tom, this book is his ~~
(OG12-052)

To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, and she remained in France during the Second World War as a performer and an intelligence agent for the Resistance.

(A) To Josephine Baker, Paris was her home long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate,
重复＋Paris做主语和后一句不符合

(B) For Josephine Baker, long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Paris was her home,
重复＋两句的主语不一致

(C) Josephine Baker made Paris her home long before to be an expatriate was fashionable,
表达方式笨拙，可以有更简洁的

(D) Long before it was fashionable to be an expatriate, Josephine Baker made Paris her home,

(E) Long before it was fashionable being an expatriate, Paris was home to Josephine Baker,
笨拙＋两句主语不一致

正确答案：D

xiongbaobao

二，Meaning上的错误有可能是必杀错误（比如固定搭配错误／用词不当等等）也有可能是死缓错误（比如修饰语部分的判定／标点／连词）
       （a）用词／选词，比如：词相似但是意不同
（摘自M书，论坛上某N给中文总结的）
Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的
Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的
Known as –被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认…
Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值
Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权
Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于
Range of –多种的； ranging-变化
Rate of –速度或频率； rates for – 价格…
Rise –上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨
Such as –比如； like-好像 （举例只能用such as, 不能用like）
Try to do –努力去完成； try doing –尝试去做
                                       比如： may／must／will／should语气词的选用
（大家自己回忆一下吧，做过什么题是要区别这些语气词的呀。）

            （b） 词的位置，比如：only／all ／the 这些小小词的位置
                                        比如：介词的位置／修饰语的位置
            （c） 词与词的搭配，注意要逻辑上说得通，还有代词要指代清楚，还有固定搭配。