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1.3.2.政府出台政策
V1
某2个学者认为1915年以前GOV只为BUSINESS服务不是为了PUBLIC INTERESTING 然后作者,HOWEVER，即使政府的regulation目地是为了服务于BUSINESS,但是有时候效果是得其反。

第二段作者举了个铁路的例子支持自己的观点，政府批准某个铁路工会在哪建了个铁路，但铁路造好了，效果没有想像的那么好，为啥？因为顾客分歧很大（这里有细节题）。说农业反对，X业支持，但是Y业split（这里又有某个选项涉及到，说Y业比农业更支持还是更反对，忘记了）"

V2
第一段，In the 1970s，K和S  independently 得出了一个结论，在美国一八几几年的progressive era，政府的policy因为经济的发展在struggle，这两位都认为，立法者更处于对business的考虑来制定policy，而不是在当时人们认为的出于对public interest的考虑。（这里有题）政府的power可以使其控制进口量，稳定物价，这些都是和business的利益息息相关的。最后一句话提到了正如商界会资助政界的竞选者。

第二段，意思有所转折，其一，有些business未必想要政府的这些政策来干预它，其二，这些政策实施后是否有预期的效果。 然后说了在1905年的一个铁路的事件，ICC（什么商会的缩写）制定的ACT在1906年通过，这个ACT赋予了什么power，但是因为这个法案的通过，相关各界产生了分歧，有三个industry，有的支持，有的反对。我记得农业是farvor的。(这里有细节题)" 说修某条铁路的时候有一个ICC（好像是这三个字母代表的政府组织）在1905年要求对铁路建设及运营进行规制，遭到很多大企业的拒绝或者不合作。另一个组织YYYY给了ICC一些权利什么的，这个法案在1906年还是通过了。但是工业企业反对它，农业企业支持它，另一个行业一半一半。

(1)某2个学者认为1915年以前GOV只为BUSINESS服务不是为了PUBLIC INTERESTING（这里有题，问如果这个学者是对的，以下哪个STATEMENT是对的）
俺选的是：公众对文生情况不满迫使政府立法，而这个法律会让相关企业花大大的钱
(2)：在这两个学者之前，一般人认为政府调控是为谁？
俺选的是：为了老百姓 （public interest）
(3):下面关于ICC哪个选项是对的？
俺选的是，XX ACT 拓宽了ICC的power "

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1.3History &Politics
1.3.1. 女性结婚后财产权
1，        以前妇女财产归男人
2，        经济危机男人破产了,开始立法保护女人财产.S1非常推崇此法.
3，        B反对S1; S2反驳B,支持S1
V1 wtbzeus
P2：后来爆发了经济危机，为了保护妇女的婚前财产不受其丈夫的影响而损失，很多洲通过了妇女财产保护的acts，这时专家1出来了，指出由于acts的颁布，保护了女性财产的法律权益和提升了法律地位。
P3：这时专家2又看不过去了，直接批评专家1过分强调了acts的意义，其实早在其颁布前就有一些保护措施肯定了妇女的婚前财产，只是这些措施目的不是在于保护妇女财产不被丈夫的金融危机而拖累，所以很多人都忽略了这些措施的存在
V3
第一段：是说美国在以前的某个时期，妇女结婚后财产就归丈夫所有了。
第二段：讲从某个时期起，不少州开始立法保护已婚妇女的财产权。（注意:说的是银行大批倒闭的时期，不少丈夫破产把妻子的财产也陪进去了，这个在后面的题里面考了这些州立法的原因是什么。）还讲了一个具体的法律（这个法律是什么年代，在后面也是考点）。
第三段：讲了不同学者间的评价。忘了讲了2个人还?个。但是考了两个人，第一个人认为法律的转变起到了积极作用。第二个人认为并没有起到什么作用，举了好多例子：很多州，像康涅狄可州，和很多传统保守实力，反对这种社会、法律发展的趋势。（后面有道题考这些法律你能infer出什么，我选了not universal in all states，我觉得universal这个改写还可以。反正请大家读的时候，注意这种法律变化有什么社会影响，该怎么评价）最后一句话，讲了有些人愿意接受这种法律，也是为了破产的丈夫把财产转移给妻子，赖债权人的钱。
除了上述出题点，还有主旨题：我认为应该选提到了“讲述社会变化，对比学者观点”的那个选项，事实上，文章的重心是在第二个学者的言论，应该属于present观点的文章，一定要突出这个。里面还有一题，是说N的实施并不普遍，并且对它的接受不大好。

V4
Married women's property rights and their social status.
Saying in the 18 and early 19 century, common laws dictated that when a woman is married, her husband takes over all her properties.  The man had control the right to use the woman's properties while she lived and became the owner of the properties upon the woman's death.  Only one thing can prevent this from happening, something like "pre-marriage settlement"
Then..some law about women's right of property was finally established!!  then blah blah blah, how good the law was and things like that.  Then, a scholar named Sammas? said this law substantially changed women's status.
BUT, another scholar named Beard? disagreed with Sammas and said the effects of this new law  was overstated because before this new law was established, there always existed "equity court " that serve the same purpose.
BUT, a third scholar named Salmon came out to challenge Beard.  Salmon said equitty court can't do much because most states were very hostile against equity court and in the cases where the court gave women the right of properties, some were attempts made by men to transfer all properties to their women to avoid consequences of bankruptcy.
题目有...
1. purpose of the passage
to cronicle laws regarding women's right of properties and examine the implication to women's status.
2. inferred from the passage, what would Beard mostly likely think of equity court
3.问2段作用
4.问最后一段的最后一句的句子作用是什么最后一句话，讲了有些人愿意接受这种法律，也是为了破产的丈夫把财产转移给妻子，赖债权人

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1.2.19 Household savings V.s. Business savings
by yiw006  3/12/2011
4.    Household savings V.s. Business savings(GWD-12-Q35 to Q37)
Many economists believe that a high rate of business savings in theUnited States is a necessary precursor to investment, because business savings,as opposed to personal savings, comprise almost three-quarters of the nationalsavings rate, and the national savings rate heavily influences the overall rateof business investment. These economists further postulate that real interestrates—the difference between the rates charged by lenders and the inflationrates—will be low when national savings exceed business investment (creating asavings surplus), and high when national savings fall below the level ofbusiness investment (creating a savings deficit).  
However, during the 1960’s real interest rates were often higher whenthe national savings surplus was large.  Counter-intuitive behavior alsooccurred when real interest rates skyrocketed from 2 percent in 1980 to 7percent in 1982, even though national savings and investments were roughlyequal throughout the period.  Clearly, real interest rates respond toinfluences other than the savings/investment nexus.  Indeed, real interestrates may themselves influence swings in the savings and investment rates. As real interest rates shot up after 1979, foreign investors pouredcapital into the United States, the price of domestic goods increasedprohibitively abroad, and the price of foreign-made goods became lower in theUnited States.  As a result, domestic economic activity and the ability ofbusinesses to save and invest were restrained.
Q35:  The passage is primarily concerned with  
A.    contrasting trends in two historical periods
B.    presenting evidence that calls into question certain beliefs
C.    explaining the reasons for a common phenomenon
D.    criticizing evidence offered in support of a well-respected belief
E.    comparing conflicting interpretations of a theory
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from foreign investment in the United States after 1979?
A.    An increase in real interest rates
B.    A decrease in the savings rate of certain other nations
C.    An increase in American investment abroad
D.    An increase in the price of American goods abroad
E.    A decrease in the price of domestic goods sold at home
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Q37:   The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the economists mentioned in line 1?      
A.    Their beliefs are contradicted by certain economic phenomena that occurred in the United States during the 1960’s and the 1980’s.
B.    Their theory fails to predict under what circumstances the prices of foreign and domestic goods are likely to increase.
C.    They incorrectly identify the factors other than savings and investment rates that affect real interest rates.
D.    Their belief is valid only for the United States economy and not necessarily for other national economies.
E.    They overestimate the impact of the real interest rate on the national savings and investment rates.

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1.2.18 ceo的职责
P1: 董事会里的directors分成outsider和insider，公司业绩有问题时，outsiders喜欢将CEO换掉，insiders are declined to换CEO。
P2: blablabla  ， outsider喜欢换CEO是和reputation有关， insider 不喜欢换CEO的原因有两个（这里有题）：第一，原来的CEO倾向于延续公司的既定policy；第二，原来的CEO不会裁掉公司的manager什么的。

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1.2.17非洲钻石
P1 非洲钻石生产占到世界的很大比重，但是他只是出口一些rough diamond。以某国为例，该国的diamond cutting and polishing切割和洗矿业总共才有2000个empolyees因而Gov决定对钻石进行出口限制，对出口征收高税负，这样来促进就业发展本国钻石业。
P2 industry觉得这不是个好招。因为出口限制后do little good to the downstream industry（高亮）同时副业每5%的就业增长就会造成15%的mining业的失业，同时不像china india有很廉价的劳动力，因而这个招不成。
Q1 主旨：有两个很像1.讲一个政策的后果 2,对比两种观点
Q2 高亮：能infer啥？选那个polishing and cutting那个
Q3 细节：那个为真？该国大量出口毛矿

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1.2.16.market pioneer
Introduction: Pioneer Business  - Posivtive view
However, it’s bias (1. sample data, employee’s emotional, ambigious standard)
P1：Pioneer business介绍 & 正评价
介绍：一些学者透过研究也对pioneer business抱持正面的态度。公司可以透过宣称产品有先驱性来吸引投资者，说先驱者的事业能lasting。通常的理论认为公司越早进入一个领域在之后的发展中其优势就会越明显。研究发现在某一领域非常杰出的那些企业大多都是该领域的pioneer。并且那些后进入者在发布自己的产品时不得不想办法说明自己的production和之前的那些pioneer企业有什么不同，加大了成功的难度。好处：做market pioneer是大多数企业选择的strategy，好处有能够获利较多且能够宣传新产品introduction lure investors。根据对past decade的调查，发觉pioneer确实在XX和YY等方面做到了leader。【但是这些研究所使用的数据实际上是不准确的。有调查者做的survey showing the practice is prevail in the market，而且有很高的成功率（大概是这个意思）。因为，该调查可能是biased，所以，作者提出质疑】
P2：负评价：biased  
原因①（调查无涉及失败案例）：data仅限于那些成功的公司，没有调查那些失败的案例，所以biased。这些数据只包括那些成功存活到现在的pioneer企业，而那些已经失败了的pioneer企业（因为已经破产）没有被考虑进来；
原因②（被调查者夸大）：调查的人夸大成绩。这些数据大多来源于这些pioneer企业现在的主管而非当初它进入该领域时的主管，所以这些现在的领导者的emotion并不能说明问题。他们接受调查的公司员工，往往会以公司促销自己的口号内容做响应，因此产生偏差，不能反印真实。所以biased。
原因③（标准模糊）：判断谁是pioneer企业的标准很模糊。对pioneer定义不明确，到底是先开发算呢还是先投入市场才算呢？所以biased。(呼应第一段可能为了吸引投资者的方法。)
1. 主旨：【question the research data of a established view】
2. 问关于通常理论的说法哪个正确? 有人选【这个理论所基于的研究数据缺少了关于失败的pioneer的部分】，因此不准确
3. 文中说一个调查的数据采自对服务于Pioneer companies的员工的调查，他们对Pioneer companies多持正面观点，作者说因为Pioneer companies经常对员工进行宣灌，说作为pioneer的好处。考题是，作者的assumption、strengthen是什么？【员工倾向于按公司宣灌的观点（而不是其自己的观点）对调查进行回答】，【选employers 都爱往对自己有利的方面说】

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1.2.15公司对公共事业的关注
by elaineliang  680，Q50, V31  3/7/2011
关于公司对公共事业的关注会影响financial profit. 文章非常非常长，但是论证很严密逻辑性很强，很容易读懂。大概分为三段，第一段提出这个主题，中间一段提到investment有增加，貌似在论证人们对这类关注公众利益公司的关注。最后一段是对survey的论证，认为结果未必可信。
讲的是关注public interest对cooperation的效益的影响。
第一段，传统分析不考虑这种影响，然而，作者认为关注public interest对公司的long-run效益有着非常重要的作用。举了几个例子但是没有考点，就不赘述了。
第二段，很短的一段，举了个例子说1995-2005（要不就是2000-2005），越来越多的人invest关注public interest的公司的stock。（此处有考点，问这句活的作用，我选的是provide an example to...)
第三段，许多学者开始定量的研究到底能对公司产生多少效益呢？然而这种研究非常困难（最后一段非常长，还没有考点，可是对我做主题题产生了很大影响）
这篇是唯一一篇主题题拿不准的，怕耽误时间就随便选了一个，因为篇幅看一三段都很长，可是貌似没有一个选项概括到一三段的内容的！

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1.2.14. 技术工人的流动性有助于提高业内的创新
by ms小刺 m50 v36  3/3/2011
3。关于技术工人的流动性有助于提高业内的创新，不难

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1.2.13.   black larbor黑人劳力
阅读：有一篇讲black larbor的，说他们在二战时期的地位的改善。开始就说说二战期间黑人劳力有所改善。很多黑人从从村到了城市，进入了industry larbor force，还说什么vote，大概是有了什么vote的权利。 第二段讲了几个方面的改善，有political方面的，有工资方面的，有什么racial方面的。。。（后面有一题是except题，问下面那个方面不是文中提到的XXX导致的结果，结果都是好的结果，选项有经济方面的（应该就是工资），有racial什么的， 有法律的， 有进入workforce的，我觉得就是没有法律吧。。大家再看看，题不难。）。第三段最后说虽然二战时期他们有了改善，但是好像后来就不行了，就从什么转向了church...（对不起。。有点不记得了。。）
In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrialworkers in the southern United  States, who constituted 80 percent of theunskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While theAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans ormaintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy ofequal rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’sbackbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforcedby White union members, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumentalin maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racialdiscrimination that kept African Americans socially and economically oppressedduring this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as acentral factor in African Americans’ economic marginal unionization, AfricanAmerican workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking changedespite White unionists’ toleration of or support for racial discrimination.The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: manybecame highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of even racist Whiteunionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers.African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions whileusing them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.

The passage is primarily concerned with
A.   demonstrating that unions failed to addressthe concerns of African American workers during a particular period
B.   arguing that African Americanworkers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimatelybeneficial to them
C.   contrasting the treatment of AfricanAmerican workers by two different labor organizations during a particularperiod
D.   giving reasons for the success of AfricanAmerican unionists in winning victories for both African American and Whiteworkers during a particular period
E.    questioning one explanation for theattitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particularperiod

According to the passage, which of the following wastrue of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage?
A.   Their attitudes toward AfricanAmerican union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities ofthese organizers were serving workers’ interests.
B.   They were a powerful element in the southernlabor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factorylabor force in the southern United  States.
C.   They persisted in opposing the CIO’sadoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.
D.   Their primary goal was to strengthen thenegotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership.
E.    Their advocacy of racial discriminationhampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.

The author of the passage suggests which of thefollowing about African American workers who participated in union activitiesin the 1930’s and 1940’s?
A.   They believed that the elimination ofdiscrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievementof economic advancement for African Americans.
B.   They belonged exclusively to CIO unionsbecause they were excluded from AFL unions.
C.   They believed that the economicadvancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts toempower all workers.
D.   Some of them advocated the organization ofseparate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFLand the CIO.
E.    Many of them did not believe that Whiteunionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination againstAfrican American workers.

答案：B---A----C

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1.2.12.德国的unemployment rate

说德国政府失业率太高，专家叫兽说 因为政府给失业的人的待遇太高了，所以他们也懒得找工作。于是政府就把待遇降低了，结果失业率还是没有变化，为什么捏？因为待遇降低了，application fee of a job 却很高， 失业的人更没钱申请工作了，而且有工作的人也不敢随便换工作了，因为 什么  trade in union 导致了 negotiating wage 低了。最后说降低了待遇，还导致工作的人 wage 低了， wage 低了大家的消费水平下降了， 企业sales 也下降了， 导致企业更不敢随便招聘了