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15. 老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间

分两段，第一段说普遍认为XX人是13世纪到的某某地方。但是有一项研究，通过对老鼠什么什么的碳元素定位（这些老鼠是XX人出现才带去的），结果说XX人应该在200 B.C. 就出现了。然后说因为没有任何其他证据可以表明XX人arrive so early, 所以这个数据的得出一定是实验中出了问题。
第二段接下来说recently O科学家也做了个类似的实验，用的也是这些老鼠什么什么，但结果发现出现时间是1280年左右，所以说明了之前那个实验的确有问题。然后接下来又说因为证据表明XX人没那么早出现，所以他们引起的什么森林退化啊物种灭绝啊也没那么早开始。文章不难，一会儿就能看完，题目也还好，就是有一题我纠结了一下，好像是说第一段里面说这个实验有问题的人持什么观点。有一个选项说他的结论是基于O科学家的研究结果。因为O的研究是recently的，而那个观点好像之前就出现了所以我没选。这题每个选项都很陷阱，要推敲一下。


有一道主旨题,应该选说明了一个研究,并且用这个研究去反对前面研究的结果.题目不难

有一题考的是第三段中的research说明一下哪个是对的

版本四、zliycwn1

第 一段：新西兰有被确定说过是13世纪才发现的，但是有carbon dating说有老鼠， which are brought by human beins，的骨头是200.B.C.的，这个结论是1996年得到的，不过人们普遍说这个结论是因为errors added in the lab导致的。

第 二段：某team用更好carbon dating的技术去研究the rat bone found in the same site of 1996 (同一地点，但不是同一个sample，此处有选项)，证实了是1280年左右的，和之前的research相符（说明不是一个surprise的发现，
有选项）。In addition, 他们还发现了the oldest site有一些种子是4000年前的，但是那些有一些有老鼠咬痕的咬痕都是1280年的。

第三段：这个结果devastate在新西兰人类对环境的影响，deforesting…并没有那么早开始…
Deforestation 不是在2000年前开始的，而是在600年前才开始的

有一题目是说最后一段的作用，我选的是这个研究结果对其他领域研究的影响

还有题说怎样能使某team的说法不成立

我选的是那些种子上的咬痕是别的动物的…（不确定）

还有题问哪个是正确的

A 某team research 很surprise地发现是1280年的（错，因为和之前research 相符）

B 某team 的sample和96年的是一致的

C 96年的research 没看到4000年的种子作为证据…（有可能是另外题里的…）

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28.New Zealand@ (原文)

1.最后一段是说反驳之前有人说人类在AD300去了之后导致了鸟和frog的灭绝 这里有考点。问这段的作用
人类最早出现在AD1200-1300的证据说明deforest一系列生态现象的发生不是2000年前，而是600年前，这句话有考题
考题
2.有主旨题（我选的是证明说人类最早出现在BC200的那个lab process有错）

老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间  （原文）
来自ScienceDaily。这再一次证明ScienceDaily是个好的泛读材料。
New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?
ScienceDaily (June 4, 2008) — The dating project, in one of the largest studies of its kind, has shown that the country was not visited by humans over 2000 years ago, as some previous research suggests.

An international team of researchers, led by Dr Janet Wilmshurst from Landcare Research, spent 4 years on the project which shows conclusively that the earliest evidence for human colonisation is about 1280-1300 AD, and no earlier. They based their results on new radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones and rat-gnawed seeds. Their results do not support previous radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones which implied a much earlier human contact about 200 BC.
The original old rat bones dates have been hotly debated ever since they were published in Nature in 1996. The ages are controversial because there is no supporting ecological or archaeological evidence for the presence of kiore or humans until 1280-1300 AD and the reliability of the bone dating has been questioned. This is the first time that the actual sites involved in the original study have been re-excavated and analyzed.
Dr Wilmshurst and her team researchers re-excavated and re-dated bones from nearly all of the previously investigated sites. All of their new radiocarbon dates on kiore bones are no older than 1280 AD. This is consistent with other evidence from the oldest dated archaeological sites, Maori whakapapa, widespread forest clearance by fire and a decline in the population of marine and land-based fauna.
“As the Pacific rat or kiore cannot swim very far, it can only have arrived in New Zealand with people on board their canoes, either as cargo or stowaways. Therefore, the earliest evidence of the Pacific rat in New Zealand must indicate the arrival of people” Dr Wilmshurst said.
The dating of the rat bones was also supported by the dating of over a hundred woody seeds, many of which had distinctive tell-tale rat bite marks, preserved in peat and swamp sites from the North and South Islands.
“These rat-gnawed seeds provide strong additional evidence for the arrival of rats, and therefore humans, and are an indirect way of testing the veracity of the dates we have done on rat bones,” said Dr Tom Higham, Deputy Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at Oxford University.
Rats leave rows of narrow grooves or bite marks on woody seed cases when they gnaw open the seed, and these distinctive teeth marks can be seen with the naked eye. “The width of the teeth marks left on the woody seeds exactly match those of a rat's two front teeth, and cannot be mistaken for any other seed predator. We have dated over 100 individual seeds, some rat-gnawed, others intact or bird-cracked, which show that rat gnawed seeds only occur in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand after about 1280 AD”, Dr Wilmshurst said.
With over 165 dates on seeds and bones from a large number of sites, the overwhelming evidence suggests that rats and their human carriers did not reach New Zealand until about 1280 AD.

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27.环保和经济*
环保和经济，有个关键词是M...tion，（记不起来，但绝对是关键词）第一个观点（次要）是认为环保阻碍经济发展，大家都比较重视经济利益，第 二个观点（重要，有考点）一个专家说环保和经济不矛盾，举了一个resort hotel的例子，说明环保促进经济。第三个观点（重要，有考点）好像说环保其实正说明了人们对经济利益的关注。
问题：
酒店的例子说明了什么？
最后一个观点的持有者会赞同哪句话？
考古：
V1
想起来了，我的第一篇阅读是这个Enviromental Resource 的"Monetarization"（生词吧，反正是货币化来衡量的意思）。
第 一段说现在很多人都提出要用货币化环境资源的方式来评估对于环境资源开发的必要性，举了Coastline Resort Hotel的例子，说明环保促进经济。（后面有题，问这个例子Infer了什么，我选了是举了一个对于环境资源进行开发的例子的选项，好像是，记不清请再确认）。接着就讲道一 个什么名字的环境学家提出反对意见，他的理解是所有的环境资源其实都是发挥着economical value service。都已经有衡量，不见得要再用什么其他货币化的方法去衡量。最后又提出来说还是要用一种办法来衡量的，因为这样对于将来政府在判断是否开发 一些未开发的地区时作为重要的参考。

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26.消费者
根本没读懂，讲的是 什么消费者用compare 神马东西 是n dimentional （这个N维就把我甩翻了）的， 说什么通过这样的方法他们觉得xxx是最好的，其实不是。 对不起了，只能想到这里~

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25.连锁书店vs independent book stores*
P1: 连锁书店的盛行形成了一股垄断势力，导致independent stores很难维持生计。但是连锁书店的盛行其实是由各地的地理因素决定的，比如Washington总下雨，人们就愿意呆在书店里，还有一些其他城市的例子其中有 一个州有很少的城镇能吸引大型的连锁书店进驻，跟夏威夷（能吸引好多）进行了对比
P2: 其实independent stores在这种垄断势力压迫下也垂死挣扎出一条血路，存活下来的其实也大获成功。貌似是IS会比较diversified，然后书店也逐渐变成了一个 举办club, 签售会等活动的地方，尤其是作家越来越不愿意travel的时候，能请到作家来的书店就会很attractive
V2
说大家都认为现在书店连锁店那么火，所以书店不用关注不同地区的差异了，只要你按普通的规模标准在任何一个地方建一个分 店都肯定是可以盈利的。但是作者反驳了这个观点，说现在连锁店无法满足不同地区人们的差异化需求。列举了美国的三个地区，这里有两个细节题的选项定位，尤 其是华盛顿地区的情况，两个都考到了。
那为什么会产生地区差异化需求呢?这一段都在分析原因。
作者最后说虽然现在连锁店不好做，但是卖书的人还是有市场盈利的机会的。因为以前出版商会把书邮寄给读者，但是现在很少这么做了。（有题）我没来得及细看，大概看明白了作者的态度就开始做题了，希望后来的同学多多补充！

V3 rainrooney 720 V38
第一段：说的是传统book-chain是不会针对 region的特点进行装修的。但是新的survey发现很多大型的连锁书店都开始有了地方特色，针对地方的文化或者气候进行装修。举了几个例子，其中有 一个州有很少的城镇能吸引大型的连锁书店进驻，跟夏威夷（能吸引好多）进行了对比，V1说这里有题，但我没遇到。
第二段：说那些survived的independent bookstore也开始针对地方特色进行装修（有一题问作者suggest什么，我觉得根据这个survived可以推出independent bookstore居于劣势地位之类的）。
注意chain store和independent bookstore之间的对比和关系，出题重点

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24. banking system美国
有一个说美国banking system,
第一段美国历史上有段时期，Jackson总统和他的反对党都反对大银行扩张。前美国总统那派，好像叫什么Jackson之类的，说是the expansion of banking system 不好是因为它只能benefit those wealthy people。 另一派好像叫wigs说它不好是因为它会让people with little capital也能have their own bank account.

第二段举了个例子，某州在1830年时的expansion 同Jackson那帮人预期的一样，只造福了一小部分富有的人，但是也有部分和Wigs那帮人预期的一样，让那些没有多少钱的人也进入。从现在的角度看，这两个观点都有对的地方。这个有个 However,作者说两派都忽略了一个问题，就是这个时期部分那些从中获益的nonelite people are entrepreneurs. 他们虽然占很小的比例，但是却对社会有很大贡献之类的。。。
一共两段，结构清楚。
问题：
1）文章的结构？我选了先说了两个相对的观点，然后用新的证据说了他们的问题。
2）Jackson和他的反对派都会同意什么观点？我选了多建银行会给财富分配带来巨大改变。
3. 文章是在干什么：我选历史观点新评判，提出新看法那个
4. 可以从文章得到什么：大银行扩展减慢；Jackson和反对者都反对银行扩展...

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23. 企业获利跟环保*
V2
第一段，提出现象：reduction of carbon已经成为当今的issue. 但研究发现许多公司仍然使用不那么环保的一些方式，如仍然在使用”…light”(某一种灯) 而不用”….”（某种节能灯吧）政府提倡环保节能要对不公司环保的行为征税。有人发现，有些事情（比如改用节能灯之类的）， 如果公司做的话，不但可以节省开支还可以避税。但公司都不做这些情。
第二段，解释现象：为什么公司不改换那种节能灯呢？因为公司管理者没有计算…成本。实际上，换了节能灯save large amount of money and the effect is maximized.
第三段，提出solution：tax on the carbon emission 并不能让公司改装节能灯。反而，Government-regulated standard is a possible way to solve the problem. 尽管economist 认为市场应由companies 本身来决定，government 不应干涉。但是因为环境问题关系public interests， 所以应该采取行政的手段。
(有题，问第三段在全文的function，回答：propose solution to the problem)

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考古（未确认）
越 来越多的生产商开始抱怨渠道促销(trade promotion).生产商应零售商要求提供低价促销产品,但零售商往往利用两边信息不对称赚取利润.消费者虽然知道大致哪些产品在促销,但不是很清楚 具体的开始和结束日期.部分生产商开始采取天天低价(everyday low price)的措施,但至少有一家尿布(diaper) 生产商又转回了原来的促销方式.(后面有一道题是考这句话).还有些生产商转而自己做广告,告诉消费者什么时段有促销.manufacturer发现他们 打折处理货物时retailer并没有打折销售,于是manufacturer自己打出一个活动,活动叫什么忘了….原谅我吧(这里有个题,问举行这个活 动是为了?选manufacturer为了让消费者知道有打折).


考题:
部分生产商开始采取天天低价(everyday low price)的措施,但至少有一家尿布(diaper) 生产商又转回了原来的促销方式.(后面有一道题是考这句话)
1. 问举行这个活动是为了?选manufacturer为了让消费者知道有打折
制造商有时候为了促销会做 discount promotion,但是零售商抱着机会主义的想法,由于信息不对称(有考题)
有考题问当顾客了解制造商打的广告之后他们probably会如何如何)他们有时候也会自己打广告,让顾客知道
考古加背景

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22. manufacturer和retailer*

说一些公司不用传统的方法来测试市场之类的吧，觉得耗时。然后就用什么网上的某个situmaltion模拟，虽然说这个方法有一些 limitation，比如不能控制住其它的变量 有考题（文中出现括号例举了这几个变量有 the quality of the product, competition of rivalary还有一个什么，然后问提出rivalary的作用目的是什么）。但是这个方法还是有好处的，比如省钱神马的。  我主要回忆了第三段的内容
古文
V2(v28) 2.  Trade promotion
（1）manufacture做广告的目的是什么? 我选的是提醒customer有降价活动
（2）作者同意以下哪个观点？ 我选的是customer总是认为降价活动和零售商的关系要大于和manufacture的关系
（3）那家尿布(diaper) 生产商又转回了原来的促销方式说明了什么？我选diaper生厂商意识到行业内如果有很多竞争者都采用降价的活动的话自己其实是不盈利的（选A）
这个题的答案参考，别记忆，因为狗主人得分不高.

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考古
There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accompanied by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual inventors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopter, insulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicones, and Plexiglas were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.
Despite these finding, we are urged to support monopolistic power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the giant corporation or conglomerate, with its prodigious assets, can afford the kind of expenditures that produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will either improve our standard of living or do much to protect our diminishing resources.
Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the process, is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by single corporation, investment in innovation—a risky and expensive budget item—might meet resistance from management and stockholders concerned about cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to equate the monopolistic producer with bountiful expenditures on research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Moreover, in some cases, industrial giants faced with little or no competition seek to avoid the capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. By contrast, small firms undeterred by large investments in plant and capital equipment often aggressively pursue new techniques and new products, investing in innovation in order to expand their market shares.
     The conglomerates（联合大企业） are not, however, （注意作者态度大负小正，千万别犯晕!!）completely except from strong competitive pressures. There are instances in which they too must compete with another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.
Q11.The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A)    advocate an increase in government support of organized industrial research
(B)    point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry
(C)    describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation
(D)    show that America’s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness
(E)    encourage free-market competition among industrial giants
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q12
According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century
(A)    were produced largely as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development
(B)    came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopolistic industries
(C)    were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams
(D)    have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates
(E)    sometimes adversely affect our standard of living and diminish our natural resources
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Q13:  It can be inferred from the passage that the author
(A)！ has little confidence in the ability of monopolistic industry to produce the important inventions of the future
(B) would rather see the federal government spend money on social services than on the defense establishment
(C) favors a conservative approach to innovation and places trust in conglomerates to provide efficient production
(D) feels that price should still be the dominant variable in the competitive process
(E) believes that excessive competition is a deterrent to innovation

Q14
The passage contains information that answers which of the following questions?
I.    What portion of the research dollar in this country is spent each year by the federal government?
II.    Under what circumstances is an industrial giant likely to invest heavily in innovation?
III.    Why might a monopolistic producer want to suppress an innovation?
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
BCAE