feiya

1.1.5 网页loading 速度
P1 网页LOAD 速度慢 人们印象差 对retail 坏印象
P2 新研究：速度和印象没联系，解释：坏印象是cumulated ，建议：投资更好的server
P3 dalay 若一再重复，人们还是对retail有意见
 建议：1 减少信息量/页来提升速度  2提高server 的能力来避免delay
问题
Q1这篇文章MAIN IDEA
Q2  从那两个哥们的研究结果中你能INFER什么
Q3  infer customer 对delay 态度  选的是  如果delay 次数太多  可能会不高兴  
（选项是关于什么 有delay 会对retail没有好印象什么的   不选 因为第二段说了一般来说是不会的  ）
Q4作者对这个delay的态度   
工厂还是要尽量的减少delay数目  
具体
第一段一开始讲，网页LOAD的速度是制约电子商务发展的瓶颈，研究认为网页LOAD越慢，人们对这个牌子的印象就越不好，甚至会把这个态度转 到零售商那去，很多调查都证明这个了
第二段讲但是呢，有两个哥们跳出来说，我们的研究结果不一样，说LOAD速度和人们的态度没有必然联系，但为什么和人们的直 观感觉不一样呢，是因为这个坏印象是cumulated的，所以要卖的更好，发展电子商务的话，就必须投资建更好地SERVER
第三段 ：虽然delay 一项  但是如果delay 一再重复 那么消费者可能会对retail 有意见   所以呢  工厂还是要1  减少每一页的信息量来提升速度  2或者去提高自己server 的能力什么的  来避免delay

feiya

1.1.4服务行业和制造业 * ----待确认原题 1130

Manufacture  60               70                 80
Service           
60-70 Service  崛起   （人们储蓄不投资M 反驳S更需要投资），BUT S却高速发展
70-80 manufactre 上升：高科技
V1
1980s 的服务行业和制造业之间的差别 前者利益下滑，后者上涨，然后W神马的就分析了这种区别 其中提出了一个原因是关于高科技的
V2
讲美国的制造业在70年代的时候开始衰退的现象并且讨论了一些其他 的学者给的解释，有一道主旨题，我选了examine....就是作者重新审视和评价了以往对于美国制造业衰退所进行的那些解释（基本上作者认为那些解释 都是不正确或者不完善的）。文章一屏半不到一点
开始讲了美国的制造业增长率在1960s;还是多少多少，然后到了1970s‘就变成了多少。。。
这可能 部分是因为服务业的崛起。。然后后面有一些解释。。。记得不全，一个解释是说是因为政府赤字同时利率很高然后人们把钱都拿去储蓄了而不对制造业进行投资， 但是作者反驳了这种观点 认为服务业其实需要更多的原始投资，但是在这段时间服务业正好和制造业情况相反，发展得很快（这里有题目）。。。。by liuluheng 720
考古
GWD-TN-11 Q33~Q36，但是此文与狗主人描述的最大差异在于制造业的生产率的趋势问题（一个是上升，一个是下降），可能文章不同，anyway，希望得到确认， 并且希望对考友们有帮助（关于后面那些原因的分析很多都与狗主人描述相似）~ 发文如下：
T-3-Q33-Q36
(This passage is excerpted from material published in 1997)
Whereas United States economic productivity grew at an annual rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965, it has grown at an annual rate of only about 1 percent since the early 1970’s. What might be preventing higher productivity growth? Clearly, the manufacturing sector of the economy cannot be blamed. Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence. Manufacturing, however, constitutes a relatively small proportion of the economy. In 1992, goods-producing businesses employed only 19.1 percent of American workers, whereas service-producing businesses employed 70 percent. Although the service sector has grown since the late 1970’s, its productivity growth has declined. Several explanations have been offered for this declined and for the discrepancy in productivity growth between the manufacturing and service sectors. One is that traditional measures fail to reflect service-sector productivity growth because it has been concentrated in improved quality of services. Yet traditional measures of manufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the under measurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate. Others argue that since the 1970’s, manufacturing workers, faced with strong foreign competition, have learned to work more efficiently in order to keep their jobs in the United States, but service workers, who are typically under less global competitive pressure, have not. However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated, often for political reasons. In fact, while some manufacturing jobs have been lost due to foreign competition, many more have been lost simply because of slow growth in demand for manufactured goods.
Yet another explanation blames the federal budget deficit: if it were lower, interest rate would be lower too, thereby increasing investment in the development of new technologies, which would spur productivity growth in the service sector. There is, however, no dearth of technological resources, rather, managers in the service sector fail to take advantage of widely available skills and machines. High productivity growth levels attained by leading edge service companies indicate that service sector managers who wisely implement available technology and choose skillful workers can significantly improve their companies’ productivity. The culprits for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces－such as corporate takeovers and unnecessary governmental regulation－that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources.

T-3-Q33  E
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?

A.Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B.New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C.In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D.The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E.High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States

T-3-Q34  A
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?

A.It has often been exaggerated.
B.It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C.It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D.It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E.It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.

T-3-Q35  A
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?

A.It was performing relatively poorly.
B.It was in a position of world prominence.
C.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E.Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.

T-3-Q36  C
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?

A.Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B.Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C.Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D.Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E.Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.

feiya

1.1.3气味在print advertising应用*
开头despite the olfactory advertising trends。。。—解释内容（olfactory 能使心情愉悦）—attention on it还是很少。
however，说olfactory 的效果不如visual &  aural可以测量。还说要有特定的环境才能有效果influenced by surrounding cues，1 举例说lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。2又说在闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了。
Nevertheless，olfactory advertising还是有独特的一面的。
1．        问 那种olfactory 最不容易被分辨出， 狗主人选的是coffee味在wheat田里 非常肯定。 --- 2者颜色差异最大即可

类似原文
Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues暗示 (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties新颖, research suggests that odor can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants attention.
        Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concluded that the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited that individuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery of common odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors is influenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.安慰效应
Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition. Odors stimulate the limbic system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.

feiya

1.1.2 财政赤字和通货膨胀率*
一般有两种方法，一个是，另一个是。但是，一个的问题是，另一个的问题是
Prep 1
Essay #10.  154    (22742-!-item-!-188;#058&00154-00)

Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits赤字 in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise.  Two main arguments are given for this claim.  According to the first, as the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds.  Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase.  That this is so is suggested by the basic economic principles that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase.  The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation.  It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.

Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of credit will remain relatively stable.  Nongovernment borrowing sometimes decreases.  When it does, increased government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total demand for credit.  Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.

The second argument is also problematic.  Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough room for economic growth.  Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation.  However, since many financiers believe that deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly they will be inclined使倾向 to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated inflation.  This effect, however, is due to ignorance无知愚昧, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.

Question #33.  154-01    (22788-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-01)

Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of the passage? C

(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill effects of increased borrowing by the government.
(B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between large federal deficits and high interest rates will make financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to deficits.
(C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main arguments given to defend辩解 this claim are flawed.
(D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless special conditions such as decreased consumer spending arise.
(E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.

Question #34.  154-03    (22834-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the second argument would most likely agree with which of the following statements?  C

(A) The United States government does not usually care whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know very little about economics.
(C) The United States government is sometimes careless in formulating系统地表达 its economic policies.
(D) The United States government sometimes relies too much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
(E) The United States government increases the money supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support the increase.

Question #35.  154-07    (22880-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-07)

Which of the following claims concerning the United States government's financing of the deficit does the author make in discussing the second argument? E

(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is to increase the money supply without regard for whether such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if there is not enough room for economic growth to support the increase.

Question #36.  154-08    (22926-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-08)  A

The author uses the term "admittedly诚然" (see highlighted text) in order to indicate that

(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's criticisms of the second argument are worthy of consideration

feiya

1.1.        Business & Economics               
1.1.1  通货膨胀和失业率 *
P1 通货膨胀和失业率：本来负相关  --》 不是负相关了，理由
P2 tradition观点解释“不是负相关”现象，4，5个 （Except题）
P3 New观点（T是暂时的）2解释：1科技发展 2 工人妥协低工资
第一段讲了将通货膨胀和失业率的，然后给了自然失业率的定义。接着说，现在通货膨胀和失业率不是负相关了，因为什么什么的。
第二段说后来tradition观点认为，经济没有发根本改变，因为什么什么的。又有人来反驳tradition的观点，说什么技术进步呀什么的。
问题
问哪一个会削弱反驳的观点， 狗主人选的是技术不会永远进步（ by tomchenxi）
考古 待确定
       2. 第一段 一种传统的理论认为失业率像其它商品一样，反映了劳动力市场的供需情况，失业率下降，证明劳动力需求增加，员工工资就会增加，就会引起通货膨胀。经济学家希望通过关系式来找出失业率下降到何种成都不会引起通货膨胀，最后算处是6。但美国九十年代后期失业率下降，通胀也下降。
          第二段 传统理论的经济学家给出了一些新的解释，给了四五个，不记得了，有美元货币坚挺的因素，有医疗什么的因素，但这里有考题，问哪些不是，对照找出就可以了。
           第三段 传统经济学家的理由只是暂时性的，新经济学家给了两个新的解释：好像一个是科技的发展，提高了效率并根本降低了商品的成本；一个是工人的安全感下降，所以现金形式的收入下降了，在收入上会作出妥协。