babyboy

经济类-管理
新旧观点对比型
逻辑简图：第一段高级管理者的处理问题的方式不是典型的理性模型。。。,而是依靠直觉处理问题
第二段：大多数管理者承认直觉的存在，但是他们对什么是直觉的理解不准确。
第三段：I认为的直觉是：管理者用5种方式使用直觉：1… 2… 3… 4… 5…
第四段：高级经理用行动去发现问题…
EXCEPT题型：定位第三段
19. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem
(B) identify a problem
(C) bring together disparate facts
(D) stipulate clear goals（第一段“旧观点”）
(E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem

错题/信息题：推测题
20. The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 12?
(A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
(B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
(C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
(D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.
(E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice.没提及

信息题：考引号
21. Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha!’ experience” (line 28) as it is presented in the passage?
(A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand.
(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.
(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand.
(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis.
(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem.

EXCEPT：考老观点
22. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT
(A) evaluation of a problem
(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem
(C) establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision
(D) action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem新观点
(E) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem

信息题;
23. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
(A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
(B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not
(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.
(E) Manger Y depends on day-to-day tactical maneuvering; manager X does not.

信息题：推断题，用排除法较好
24. The passage provides support for which of the following statements?
(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
(C) Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills
(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.
(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.

babyboy

Passage 4
The majority of successful senior managers do not
closely follow the classical rational model of first clari-
fying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options,
estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision,
(5) and only then taking action to implement the decisio n.
Rather , in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these
senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intu-
ition” to mangage a network of interrelated problems
that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,
(10) novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the
process to thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recog-
nized that some practicing managers rely heavily on
intuition. In general, however , such writers display a
(15) poor  grasp of what intuition is20题. Some see it as the oppo-
site of rationality: others view it as an excuse for ca-
priciousness.
Isenberg’s  recent research on the cognitive processes
of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is
(20) neither of these. Rather , senior managers use intuition
in at least five distinct ways20题. First , they intuitively sense
when a problem exists. Second , managers rely on intu-
ition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.
This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based
(25) on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experi-
ence that build skills. A third  function of intuition is to
synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an inte-
grated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth ,
some managers use intuition as a check on the results
(30) of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are
familiar with the formal decision analysis models and
tools, and those who use such systematic methods for
reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions
suggested by these methods which run counter to their
(35) sense of the correct course of action. Finally , managers
can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move
rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this
way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive
process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
(40) One of the implications of the intuitive style of execu-
tive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from
acting. Since managers often “know” what is right
before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently
act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied
(45) to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers
develop thoughts about their companies and organiza-
tions not by analyzing a problematic situation and then
acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the manage-
(50) ment issues that they face, senior managers often insti-
gate a course of action simply to learn more about an
issue. They then use the results of the action to develop
a more complete understanding of the issue. One impli-
cation of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often
(55) part of defining the problem, not just of implementing
the solution.

leery ['liəri] adj. 机敏的；狡猾的；猜疑的；送秋波的
capricious [kə'priʃəs] adj. 任性的；反复无常的
instigate ['instiɡeit] vt. 怂恿；煽动；唆使；教唆

babyboy

经济类
结论解释型
逻辑简图：第一段指出资本市场的不平等性，不同成员拥有不同的市场强度
第二段举例子说明对少数民族社区的不平等性
第三段说传统市场分析者忽视了这种不平等性、及原因。

文章的第二段较难理解，出题基本没有在第二段出，题目多定位在第三段。
第二段是例子，理解例子目的即可。

主题题：
276. The main point made by the passage is that
(A) financial markets provide for an optimum allocation of resources among all competing
participants by balancing supply and demand 没提及
(B) the allocation of financial resources takes place among separate individual participants,
each of whom has access to the market（文章的一部分内容、第三段内容没提及）
(C) the existence of certain factors adversely affecting members of minority groups shows that
financial markets do not function as conventional theory says they function
(D) investments in minority communities can be made by the use of various alternative
financial instruments, such as stocks and bonds（stocks and bonds只在第三段出现）
(E) since transaction costs for stocks, bonds, and other other financial instruments are not
equally apportioned among all minority-group members, the financail market is subject to
criticism

信息题：传统观点定位第三段
277. The passage states that traditional studies of the financial market overlook imbalances in the
allocation of financial resources because
(A) an optimum allocation of resources is the final result of competition among participants
(B) those performing the studies choose an oversimplified description of the influences on
Competition(because of analysts’ inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition.)
(C) such imbalances do not appear in the statistics usually compiled to measure the market’s
behavior
(D) the analysts who study the market are unwilling to accept criticism of their methods as
biased
(E) socioeconomic difference form the basis of a rationing mechanism that puts minority
groups at a disadvantage

作者态度题：注意评价词、全文基调
278. The author’s main point is argued by
(A) giving examples that support a conventional generalization
(B) showing that the view opposite to the author’s is self-contradictory
(C) criticizing the presuppositions of a proposed plan
(D) showing that omissions in a theoretical description make it inapplicable in certain cases(…pays limited attention…)
(E) demonstrating that an alternative hypothesis more closely fits the data

错题/信息题:注意读题，是交易费用的不平等性。
这道题的定位容易出问题，用inequality 定位在第二段；
应该用transaction costs定位在文章末尾处
279. A difference in which of the following would be an example of inequality in transaction costs
as alluded to in lines 40-43?
(A) Maximum amounts of loans extended by a bank to businesses in different areas
(B) Fees charged to large and small investors for purchasing stocks(A fee to purchase stock is a transaction cost, and stock is mentioned in the passage as an example of type of financial instrument. Differences in fees charged to buy stock would thus be an example of inequality in transaction costs for financial instruments.)
(C) Prices of similar goods offered in large and small stores in an area
(D) Stipends paid to different attorneys for preparing legal suits for damages
(E) Exchange rates in dollars for currencies of different countries

错题/信息题：推断
文中没有提及的元素不要选
280. Which of the following can be inferred about minority communities on the basis of the
passage?
(A) They provide a significant portion of the funds that become available for investment in the
financial market.没提及
(B) They are penalized by the tax system, which increases the inequality of the distribution of
income between investors and wage earners.没提及
(C) They do no receive the share of the amount of funds available for investment that would be
expected according to traditional financial-market analysis.
（According to the passage, traditional financial-market analysis assumes equal access to the market for all participants; according to the author, however, minority communities do not have equal access to the market. Thus it may be inferred that while traditional analysis assumes that all communities will receive their share of available funds, in reality those funds are disproportionately allocated to majority communities.）
关于这句话理解有误，according to traditional financial-market analysis表示投资的可用资金是这些传统分析者期望有的，我错误的理解为依照传统分析者的观点，他们没有接受投资的可用资金（这样理解according to traditional financial-market analysis应该放在句首）according to放在句尾修饰expected 相当于by
(D) They are not granted governmental subsidies to assist in underwriting the cost of economic
Development 没提及
(E) They provide the same access to alternative sources of credit to finance businesses as do
majority communities. 反

信息题：定位文中第三段
281. According to the passage, a questionable assumption of the conventional theory about the
operation of financial markets is that
(A) creditworthiness as determiend by lenders is a factor determining market access(文中第一段内容)
(B) market structure and market dynamics depend on income distribution
(C) a scarcity of alternative sources of funds would result from taking socioeconomic factors
into consideration
(D) those who engage in financial-market transactions are perfectly well informed about the
Market（are equally known）
(E) inequalities in income distribution are increased by the functioning of the financial market

信息题：定位文中第三段
282. According to the passage, analysts have conventionally tended to view those who participate
in financial market as
(A) judging investment preferences in terms of the good of society as a whole
(B) influencing the allocation of funds through prior ownership of certain kinds of assets
(C) varying in market power with respect to one another
(D) basing judgments about future events mainly on chance
(E) having equal opportunities to engage in transactions


37 A 04:01
38 E 00:42
39 B 01:48
40 B 00:24
41 C 01:09
42 D 00:54


231 E 01:58
232 B 00:48
233 D 00:32
234 D 00:47
235A 01:19

265 B 02:41
266A 01:15
267A 00:39

276 C 06:19
277 B 01:27
278 D 00:39
279 A 02:12
280 B 01:08
281 D 01:31
282 E 00:55

错误率14%
超时率14%

babyboy

Passage 47
The function of capital markets is to facilitate an exchange of funds among all participants, and
yet  in practice we find that certain participants are not on a par with others. Members of society
have varying degrees of market strength in terms of information they bring to a transaction, as
well as of purchasing power and creditworthiness, as defined by lenders.
资本市场的功能是为了利于成员之间资金的交换，但是在实际中我们发现了不平等性。依照他们对一项交易的信息，以及金融机构定义的购买能力、信誉等级等，社会成员拥有不同的市场强度。
For example , within minority communities, capital markets do not properly fulfill their functions;
they do not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in the United States. The financial
system does not generate the credit or investment vehicles needed for underwriting economic
development in minority areas. The problem underlying this dysfunction  is found in a rationing
mechanism affecting both the available alternatives for investment and the amount of financial
resources. This  creates a distributive mechanism penalizing members of minority groups because
of their socioeconomic differences from others. The existing system expresses definite socially
based investment preferences that result from the previous allocation of income and that influence
the allocation of resources for the present and future. The system tends to increase the inequality
of income distribution. And, in the United States economy, a greater inequality of income
distribution leads to a greater concentration of capital in certain types of investment.
举个例子来说，在少数民族社区，资本市场没有充分提供它的功能；它没有提供在美国市场集聚资金流的入口。金融体系没有产生对少数民族社区经济发展有用的信用及投资工具。在这种失效下产生的问题可以在配额机制中发现，这种配额机制影响了可用的投资选择及金融资源的数量。这样产生了惩罚少数民族的分配机制，因为他们与其他群体的社会经济能力的不同。现有的系统表达了特定的社会投资偏好，这种投资偏好导致了之前的收入分配（不均匀），影响了现在和未来的资源分配。这个系统倾向于增加收入分配的不公平性。同时，对于美国经济，一个更大的收入分配的不公平性导致了更多的在特定投资种类上的资本集中。

Most traditional financial-market analysis  studies ignore  financial markets’ deficiencies in
allocation because  of analysts’ inherent preferences for the simple model of perfect competition.
Conventional financial analysis pays limited  attention to issues of market structure and dynamics,
relative costs of information, and problems of income distribution.  Market participants are viewed
as acting as entirely independent and homogeneous individuals with perfect foresight about
capital-market behavior. Also , it is assumed that each individual in the community at large has the
same access to the market and the same opportunity to transact and to express the preference
appropriate to his or her individual interest. Moreover , it is assumed that transaction costs for
various types of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.) are equally known and equally divided
among all community members.

par [pɑ:] n.标准
underwrite ['ʌndərait] vt. 给...保险；承诺支付；签在...下 vi. 经营保险业
creditworthiness ['kredit,wə:θinis] n. 好信誉；有资格接受信用贷款
rationing ['ræʃəniŋ] n. 定量配给
contradictory [,kɔntrə'diktəri] adj. 矛盾的；反驳的；反对的；抗辩的 n. 对立物；矛盾因素

babyboy

社会现象——妇女
现象解释型
逻辑简图：现象：17世纪纺织业的妇女主要受雇于低收入低技能的工作。——人力资本可以解释这个现象——同时人力资本还能解释为什么倾向于某类低技能工作。——但是人力资本理论不能解释….

细节题：考例子
265. The passage suggests that combing and carding differ from weaving in that combing and
carding are
(A) low-skill jobs performed by primarily by women employees
(B) low-skill jobs that were not perfomed in the home
(C) low-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees
(D) high-skill jobs performed outside the home
(E) high-skill jobs performed by both male and female employees

逻辑题：weaken
266. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the explanation provided by the human
capital theory for women’s concentration in certain occupations in seventeenth-century Florence?
(A) Women were unlikely to work outside the home even in occupations whose hourse were
flexible enough to allow women to accommodate domestic tasks as well as paid labor.
(B) Parents were less likely to teach occupational skills to their daughters than they were to
their sons.
(C) Women’s participation in the Florentine paid labor force grew steadily throughout the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
(D) The vast majority of female weavers in the Florenine wool industry had children.
(E) Few women worked as weavers in the Florentine silk industry, which was devoted to
making cloths that required a high degree of skill to produce.

作者态度题：useful正评价——can not be explained 负评价
267. The author of the passage would be most likely to describe the explanation provided by the
human capital theory for the high concentration of women in certain occupations in the
seventeenth-century Florence textile industry as
(A) well founded though incomplete
(B) difficult to arciculate
(C) plausible but poorly substantiated
(D) seriously flawed
(E) contrary to recent research

babyboy

Passage 44
In the seventeenth-century Florentine textile industry, women were employed primarily in
low-paying, low-skill jobs.  To explain  this segregation of labor by gender, economists have relied
on the useful  theory of human capital. According to this theory , investment in human capital-the
acquisition of difficult job-related skills-generally benefits individuals by making them eligible to
engage in well-paid occupations. Women’s role as child bearers, however , results in interruptions
in their participation in the job market (as compared with men’s) and thus reduces their
opportunities to acquire training for highly skilled work. In addition , the human capital theory
explains why there was a high concentration of women workers in certain low-skill jobs, such as
weaving, but not in others, such as combing or carding, by positing that  because of their primary
responsibility in child rearing women took occupations that could be carried out in the home.265题
There were, however , differences in pay scales that cannot be explained  by the human capital
theory. For exampl e, male construction workers were paid significantly higher wage than female
taffeta weavers. The wage difference between these two low-skill occupations stems from the
segregation of labor by gender: because a limited number of occupations were open to women,
there was a large supply of workers in their fields, and this “overcrowding” resulted in women
receiving lower wages and men receiving higher wages.

babyboy

主题题：
231. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) present several explanations for a well-known fact
(B) suggest alternative method of resolving a debate
(C) argue in favor of a controversial theory
(D) question the methodology used in a study
(E) discuss the implications of a research finding

细节题、对比题
232. The passage suggests that, compared with Pleistocene carnivores in other areas, Pleistocene
carnivores in the La Brea area
(A) included the same species, in approximately the same proportions
(B) had a similar frequency of tooth fractures
(C) populated the La Brea more densely
(D) consumed their preys more thoroughly
(E) found it harder to obtain sufficiency prey

细节题：定位第二段most plausible的解释
233. According to the passage, the researchers believes that the high frequency of tooth breakage
in carnivores found at La Brea was caused primarily by
(A) the aging process in individual carnivores
(B) contact between the fossils in the pits
(C) poor preservation of the fossils after they wer removed from the pits
(D) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of their prey
(E) the impact of carnivores’ teeth against the bones of other carnivores during fights over kills

逻辑题：weaken；排斥的理由取非
234. The researchers’ conclusion concerning the absence of demographic bias would be most
seriously undermined if it were found that
(A) the older as individual carnivore is, the more likely it is to have a large number of tooth
fratures
(B) the average age at death of a present-day carnivores is greater than was the average age
at death of a Pleistocene carnivore
(C) in Pleistocene carnivore species, older individuals consumed carcasses as thoroughly as
idd younger individuals
(D) the methods used to determine animals’ ages in fossile samples tend to misidentify many
older individuals as younger individuals（=older individuals were overrepresented）
(E) data concerning the ages of fossil samples cannot provide reliable information about
behavioral differences between extinct carnivores and present-day carnivores

细节题/强对比取非：
235. The passage suggests that if the researchers had not found that two extinct carnivore species
were free of tooth breakage, the researchers would have concluded that
(A) the difference in breakage frequencies could have been the result of damage to the fossile
remains in the La Brea pits
(B) the fossils in other Pleistocene sites could have higher breakage frequencies than do the
fossils in the La Brea pits
(C) Pleistocene carnivore species probably behaved very similarly to one another with respect
to consumption of carcass
(D) all Pleistocene carnivores species differed behaviorally from present-day carnivore
species.
(E) predator desities during the Pleistocene era were extremely high

babyboy

Passage 37
A recent study has provided clues to predator-prey dynamics in the late Pleistocene era.
Researchers compared the number of tooth fractures in present-day carnivores with tooth fractures
in carnivores that lived 36,000 to 10,000 years ago and that were preserved in the Rancho La Brea
tar pits in Los Angeles.  The breakage frequencies in the extinct species were strikingly higher than
those in the present-day species.
In considering possible explanations  for this finding, the researchers dismissed  demographic bias
because older individuals were not overrepresented in the fossil samples234题. They rejected
preservational bias because a total absence of breakage in two extinct species demonstrated that
the fractures were not the result of abrasion within the pits235题. They ruled out  local bias because
breakage data obtained from other Pleistocene sites were similar to  the La Brea data.232题 The
explanation they consider most plausible  is behavioral differences between extinct and present-day
carnivores-in particular, more contact between the teeth of predators and the bones of prey due to
more thorough consumption of carcasses by the extinct species. Such thorough carcass
consumption implies to the researchers either that prey availability was low, at least seasonally, or
that there was intense competition over kills and a high rate of carcass theft due to relatively high
predator densities.

自然现象——考古
结论解释型
逻辑简图：第一段说一个新研究发现了关于捕猎活动的线索。叙述这个研究的实验过程及实验结果
第二段讨论了关于实验结果的一些列解释。驳斥了三个解释，肯定了一个解释。

babyboy

社会现象——儿童
现象解释型
逻辑简图：首段两个对比例子提出现象：法律对儿童受伤害的转变
第二段指出上面的例子是Z书中的例子，Z提出对儿童价值的转变的时间等。
第三段Z指出对儿童价值的转变因素。Z提出将儿童从金钱关系脱离出来仍然是很重的一个方面。
第三段提出另一种关于对儿童态度转变的因素S的观点，Z反驳…

信息题：注意时间标志，全文出现时间标志在一、二段。其他没提及
37. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the
(A) earnings of the person at time of death（定位文中第一段1896年）
(B) wealth of the party causing the death
(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death
(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed
(E) amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed（在19世纪开始有这个观点，但并不是主流）

错题/强对比取非题：the early 1800’s定位第二段
38. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who
(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(新观点)
(B) required constant supervision while working（没提及）
(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family (the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy)
(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school（没提及）
(E) were financial burdens assumed for the good of society(新观点)（indeed extremely costly to…）

信息题：考S的观点，定位文中第四段
39. Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?
(A) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.(Z的观点)
(B) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.（all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain）
(C) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual没提及
(D) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.没提及
(E) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental-death cases.没提及

主题题
40. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield没有评价
(B) present the central thesis of a recent book
(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon第四段内容
(E) encourage further work on a neglected historical topic

信息题：the course of the nineteenth century定位全文第二段
41. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?
(A) The average size of families grew considerably
(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.
(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.
(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.
(E) Family members became more economically dependent on each other.

EXCEPT题型：定位文中第三段
42. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in
(A) the mortality rate
(B) the nature of industry
(C) the nature of the family
(D) attitudes toward reform movements
(E) attitudes toward the marketplace

babyboy

Passage 7
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the
accidental death of their two year old was told that since
the child had made no real economic contribution to the
family37题, there was no liability for damages. In contrast ,
(5) less than a century later, in 1979 , the parents of a three
year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages
and won an award of $750,000.
The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-
posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana
(10) Zelizer’s excellent  book, Pricing the Priceless Child.
During the nineteenth century, she argues , the concept
of the “useful” child who contributed to the family
economy38题 gave way gradually to the present-day notion
of the “useless” child who, though producing no income
(15) for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents38题E, is yet
considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established
among segments of the middle and upper classes by the
mid-1800’s , this new view of childhood spread through-
out society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth
(20) centuries as  reformers introduced child-labor regulations
and compulsory education laws predicated  in part on the
assumption that a child’s emotional value made child
labor taboo.
For Zelizer  the origins of this transformation were
(25) many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s
productive value in a maturing industrial economy,
the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child
mortality, and the development of the companionate
family (a family in which members were united by
(30) explicit bonds of love rather than duty)41、42题  were all factors
critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.
Yet  “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’...
although clearly shaped by profound changes in the
economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer
(35) maintains.  “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacral-
ization’ of children’s lives. ” Protecting children from the
crass business world became enormously important for
late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she
suggests ; this sacralization was a way of resisting what
(40) they perceived as the relentless corruption of human
values by the marketplace.
In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s
worth. Zelizer takes issue with  practitioners of the new
“sociological economics,”  who have analyzed such tradi-
(45) tionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, educa-
tion, and health solely in terms of their economic deter-
minants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces
in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists
tend to view  all human behavior as directed primarily by
(50) the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is
highly critical  of this approach, and emphasizes instead
the opposite phenomenon:  the power of social values to
transform price. As children became more valuable in
emotional terms, she argues , their “exchange” or “ sur-
(55) render” value on the market, that is, the conversion of
their intangible worth into cash terms, became much
greater.
liability [,laiə'biləti] n. 债务；责任；倾向
juxtapose [,dʒʌkstə'pəuz] vt. 并置；并列
taboo [tə'bu:, tæ-] n. 禁忌；禁止adj. 禁忌的；忌讳的 vt. 禁止；禁忌
expulsion [ik'spʌlʃən] n. 开除；驱逐
sacralize ['sækrəlaiz] vt. 使……神圣；使……神圣化
relentless [ri'lentlis] adj. 严厉的；无情的；残酷的；不间断的
corruption [kə'rʌpʃən] n. 堕落；贪污，腐败
take issue with与…争论