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110. Animals with a certain behavioral disorder have unusually high levels of aluminum in their brain tissue. Since a silicon-based compound binds to aluminum and prevents it from affecting the brain tissue, animals can be cured to the disorder by being treated with the compound.

The argument is based on which one of the following assumptions?

A. Animals with the disorder have unusually high but invariable levels of aluminum in their brain tissue.
B. Aluminum is the cause of the disorder rather than merely an effect of it.
C. Introducing the compound into the brain tissue has no side effects.
D. The amount of the compound needed to neutralize the aluminum in an animal’s brain tissue varies depending upon the species.
E. Aluminum is never present in normal brain tissue.

答案：b
思路：本文开始没有明确指出谁是因，谁是果，只是表明两种相关联的现象。但是第二句话就假设high levels of aluminum是因，否则这个治疗就是是无效的，根据这个要求去寻找答案。
A. 文中没有提到的invariable levels of aluminum出现，与题无关。
B. 符合题目要求，是答案。
C. 没有涉及side effects。
D. 无关。
E. 文中没有提到。


111. The stated goal of the government’s funding program for the arts is to encourage the creation of works of artistic excellence. Senator Beton claims, however, that a government-funded artwork can never reflect the independent artistic conscience of the artist because artists, like anyone else who accepts financial support, will inevitably try to please those who control the distribution of that support. Senator Beton concludes that government funding of the arts not only is a burden on taxpayers but also cannot lead to the creation of works of true artistic excellence.

Which one of the following is an assumption on which Senator Beton’s argument is based?

A. Most taxpayers have little or no interest in the creation of works of true artistic excellence.
B. Government funding of the arts is more generous than other financial support most artists receive.
C. Distribution of government funds for the arts is based on a broad agreement as to what constitutes artistic excellence.
D. Once an artist has produced works of true artistic excellence, he or she will never accept government funding.
E. A contemporary work of art that does not reflect the independent artistic conscience of the artist cannot be a work of true artistic excellence.

答案：E
思路：本文关键是要把never reflect the independent artistic conscience of the artist和cannot lead to the creation of works of true artistic excellence联系起来，找出本质联系，只要存在关系independent artistic conscience of the artist包含true artistic excellence就可以证明文中的观点，因此要找出能表示此关系的答案。
A. 与题无关。
B. 无关。
C. 无关。
D. 易混淆，文中没有提到。
E. 符合要求，注意如果答案意思是the independent artistic conscience of the artist是true artistic excellence的必要条件即可，当然是充要条件也可，万一题目变化答案我们只要把握这个原则即可。

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108. Terry: If you want to get a decent job, you should go to college.
Mark: That is not true. There are other reasons to go to college than wanting to get a good job.
Mark’s response shows that he interpreted Terry’s remarks to mean that
A. college is one of many places to get trained for a job
B. decent jobs are obtained only by persons who have gone to college
C. wanting to get a decent job is the only reason for going to college
D. training for decent jobs is available only at colleges
E. all people who want decent jobs go to college

答案：C
思路：一般对Mark 的观点取非就可以了。
A. 无关
B. 偏
C. 取非的结果，本题的关键在于other reasons
D. 支持Terry的观点，不合本题要求。
E. 无关

TEST 7

109. Several studies have shown that hospitals are not all equally successful: patients are much more likely to die in some of them than in others. Since the hospitals in the studies had approximately equal per-patient funding, differences in the quality of care provided by hospital staff are probably responsible for the differences in mortality rates.

Which one of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

A. The staff in some of the hospital studies had earned more advanced degrees, on average, than the staff in the other hospitals.
B. Patient populations vary substantially in average severity of illness from hospital to hospital.
C. The average number of years that staff members stay on at a given job varies considerably from one hospital to another.
D. Approximately the same surgical procedures were performed in each of the hospitals covered in the studies.
E. Mortality rates for hospital patients do not vary considerably from one region of the country to another.

答案：b
思路：找出一个别的原因来解释本题中的结果。
A. 无关。
B. 指出病人的平均受伤情况不同，另一个原因，符合题目要求，是答案。
C. 无关。
D. 排除其他原因，与题目要求相反，不符。
E. 无关

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107. Because of the recent transformation of the market, Quore, Inc., must increase the next two years, or it will certainly go bankrupt. In fact, however, Quore’s production structure is such that if a 10 percent productivity increase is possible, then a 20 percent increase is attainable.

If the statements above are true, which one of the following must on the basis of them also be true?

A. It is only Quore’s production structure that makes it possible for Quore to survive the transformation of the market.
B. Quore will not go bankrupt if it achieves a productivity increase of 20 percent over the next two years.
C. If the market had not been transformed, Quore would have required no productivity increase in order to avoid bankruptcy.
D. Because of the transformation of the market, Quore will achieve a productivity increase of 10 percent over the next two years.
E. If a 20 percent productivity increase is unattainable for Quore, then it must go bankrupt.

【正确答案】E
【解题思路】
本题的类型是归纳类，即如果原文正确，可以得出什么结论或推出什么。
可简化题干的表述为：
①transformation of the market（A）→Q increase its production（B）
②Q not increase its production（非B）→Q will go bankrupt（C）
选项A的表述为：Q’s production structure→Q will not go bankrupt（非C），无法从题干中推出。
选项B的表述为：Q increase production（B）→Q will not go bankrupt（非C），为②的逆命题， 不成立（原命题与其逆否命题等价）。
选项C的表述为：market had not been transformed（非A）→Q will not need to increase its production（非B），为①的逆命题， 不成立（原命题与其逆否命题等价）。
选项D的表述为：transformation of the market（A）→Q will achieve a productivity increase，无法从题干中推出。
选项E的表述为：Q not increase production（非B）→Q will go bankrupt（C），与②一致。

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106. The seventeenth-century physicist Sir Isaac Newton is remembered chiefly for his treatises on motion and gravity. But Newton also conducted experiments secretly for many years abased on the arcane theories of alchemy, trying unsuccessfully to transmute common metals into gold and produce rejuvenating elixirs. If the alchemists of the seventeenth century had published the results of their experiments, chemistry in the eighteenth century would have been more advance than it actually was.

Which one of the following assumptions would allow the conclusion concerning eighteenth-century chemistry to be properly drawn?

A. Scientific progress is retarded by the reluctance of historians to acknowledge the failures of some of the great scientists.
B. Advances in science are hastened when reports of experiments, whether successful or not, are available for review by other scientists.
C. Newton’s work on motion and gravity would not have gained wide acceptance if the results of his work in alchemy had also been made public.
D. Increasing specialization within the sciences makes it difficult for scientists in one field to understand the principles of other fields.
E. The seventeenth-century alchemists could have achieved their goal only if their experiments had been subjected to public scrutiny.

【正确答案】B
【解题思路】
本题的类型是假设类，即所提出的假设是结论的一个必要条件。
本题的前提是：如果17世纪的炼金术士们公开他们的实验结果
本题的结论是：那么18世纪的化学将比其原来更为先进
前提中的核心词是：实验结果。结论中的核心词是：先进。要使某一假设成为该结论的必要条件，必然要提到实验结果与先进的关系，因此本题可用找核心词的办法进行快速排除，只有选项B包含这两个核心词。

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105. A survey of alumni of the class of 1960 at Aurora University yielded puzzling results. When asked to indicate their academic rank, half of the respondents reported that they were in the top quarter of the graduating class in 1960.

Which one of the following most helps account for apparent contradiction above?

A. A disproportionately large number of high ranking alumni responded to the survey.
B. Few, if any, respondents were mistaken about their class rank.
C. Not all the alumni who were actually in the top quarter responded to the survey.
D. Almost all of the alumni who graduated in 1960 responded to the survey.
E. Academic rank at Aurora University was based on a number of considerations in addition to average grades.

【正确答案】A
【解题思路】
本题的类型是解释类，即解释一个客观事实或现象发生的原因。
本题所陈述的客观事实是：参加调查的一半的对象（1960年的男校友）显示他们的成绩排名处于班上的前四分之一。
本题的考点是整体与部分之间的比例关系的逻辑思维。首先可以排除的是选项C和D，选项C说不是所有排名处于前四分之一的男校友参加了调查，选项D说几乎所有的1960年的男校友参加了调查，都更不利于解释已发生的事实，即使这个客观事实发生的可能性减少。选项E说学校的排名除了考虑平均成绩外，还考虑其他很多因素，但至少还是存在排名的，因此与发生的事实风牛马不相及。只有选项A说大量的不成比例的排名在前的男校友参加了调查最好地解释的所发生的客观事实， 选项B即使可能解释所发生的客观事实，也不如A选项为优。

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104. That the policy of nuclear deterrence has worked thus far is unquestionable. Since the end of the Second World War, the very fact that there were nuclear armaments in existence has kept major powers from using nuclear weapons, for fear of starting a worldwide nuclear exchange that would make the land of the power initiating it uninhabitable. The proof is that a third world war between superpowers has not happened.

Which one of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in the argument?

A. Maintaining a high level of nuclear armaments represents a significant drain on a country’s economy.
B. From what has happened in the past, it is impossible to infer with certainty what will happen in the future, so an accident could still trigger a third world war between superpowers.
C. Continuing to produce nuclear weapons beyond the minimum needed for deterrence increase the likelihood of a nuclear accident.
D. The major powers have engaged in many smaller-scale military operations since the end of the Second World War, while refraining from a nuclear confrontation.
E. It cannot be known whether it was nuclear deterrence that worked, or some other factor, such as a recognition of the economic value of remaining at peace.

答案：E
题干：flaw
原文：
Conclusion：policy worked.
Evidence: end of 2 world war ; 3 world war not happen.
casual explanation.
选项：从下到上
E 他因
D 事实陈述 可以作为weaken
C 无关项
B 迷惑项 请注意：原文是从已知的事实来推测导致事实的原因，所以该事实是不能被反对的。
A 无关项

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103. If the statements on which the conclusion above is based are all true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT:

A. People who lack a genetic susceptibility for the disease will not develop schizophrenia
B. Medications can control most of the symptoms of schizophrenics share many of the characteristics found in those of people without the disorder
C. The brains of schizophrenics share many of the characteristics found in those of people without the disorder
D. It will eventually be possible to determine whether or not someone will develop schizophrenia on the basis of genetic information alone
E. Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia are the result of childhood viral infections that inhibit the development of brain cells

答案：C
题干： could be true, EXCEPT = must be false (按照老管的方法，找最确定的)
选项（从下到上）：
E 完全超出原文，不能判断
C完全超出原文，不能判断
B完全超出原文，不能判断
A超出原文，不能判断
D 注意文章第一句：“genetically identical”，选项最后一词“alone”。

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101. Anson bases his conclusion about Dr. Ladlow on which one of the following?

A. an attack on Dr. Ladlow’s character
B. the application of a general principle
C. the use of an ambiguous term
D. the discrediting of facts
E. the rejectiion of a theoretical explanation


Questions 102-103
The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain.

102. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument?

(A) The brain of a person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia.
(B) The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used in its treatment.
(C) The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of a person who is not a twin.
(D) When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size.
(E) People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not.

答案：B
思路：
题干：assumption
原文：If one schizophrenic，then one smaller。If neither schizophrenic, then no difference. Conclusion: damage to physical structure cause schizophrenic
核心词：schizophrenic 注意：比较是在twin中进行的
我的习惯是从下到上地看选项。
E 无关项
D 原文没有的信息
C扩大了比较范围
A 扩大了比较范围
B ETS最爱：无他因

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68. Since no one returns from death, we can never be certain about what passes through the mind of the dying person. For the unconscious, the confused, and the heavily sedated, these final moments are probably meaningless. However, for the mentally alert, it is quite possible that death presents itself as an unbelievably glorious experience, a flight into an entirely new universe of sensation. Why should we think so? Some people who have been reprieved from “certain” death at the last moment have experienced what goes through the consciousness of those who are not so fortunate. For example, parachutists who have survived falls report experiences that resemble psychedelic “trips”.

The primary point of the argument in the passage is

A. no one returns from death
B. dying can be a glorious experience
C. we can never know what passes through the mind of a dying person
D. some people are reprieved from death at the last moment
E. some people “die”, yet live to report their experiences

答案：B
思路：问题问短文论点。短文在第三行出现However，其前为一种现象的说法（不知道人死后思想上经历什么），其后强调另外一种死亡经历（Unbelievably glorious experience），后面说明后者的原因。故However引导的那句话是中心句。

A. 文中第一种说法，不正确。
B. 同However一句意思相同，正确。
C. 也是第一种说法，不正确。
D. 说明原因时使用的论据，非中心点。
E. 同D。

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98. Compared to nonprofit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor-owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are nonprofit hospitals.

Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above?

A. Nonprofit hospitals charge more per bed than do investor-owned hospitals.
B. Patients in nonprofit hospitals recover more quickly than do patients with comparable illnesses in investor-owned hospitals.
C. Nonprofit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospitals.
D. Doctors at nonprofit hospitals earn higher salaries than do similarly-qualified doctors at investor-owned hospitals.
E. Nonprofit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospital.

After analysis of the above statement, we can make it clear that the arguer want to establish the casual relationship between the listed factors, including less public investment in the form of tax breaks, fewer employees and higher occupancy levels, and a better way of delivering medical care.
How to undermine this reasoning?
In my view, I think that we can weaken this argument in two ways. On the one hand, we can destroy the casual relationship the arguer wants to create. On the one hand, we can cite the fact that opposite the conclusion the arguer want to come to.

So , taking into account the above analysis , B is sound.
Because B cites the fact opposing the conclusion.

A is out of scope. The statement does not mention the relationship between the number of per bed and the better way of delivering medical care.

C makes the same mistake. The relationship between the fundraising and the better way of delivering medical care.

D is repeating the above flaw. The reasoning that the higher salaries doctors received, the better way of delivering medical care is open to doubt.

Finally, E follows the same way again. The arguer fails to convince us that more donations will lead to the better way of delivering medical care.