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修饰语

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现在分词的完成时态不能作定语修饰名词。Sth having done/ been done 错误。

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As a resulf of…只能作状语，表示 由于….，不能作定语或表语（错误形式：sth as a result of… sth is as a result of…）

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当定语从句sth that….和分词短语作定语–ed sth都可接受时，优先使用-ed形式。

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-ing分词短语作定语 强调动作的重复性 多次性和客观性，无明确时间概念；

定语从句作定语    强调动作的一次性 具体时间的具体行为。

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修饰语的位置不能随意变动：注意原句only的位置，无错则不动

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意思单一原则：不能引起逻辑上的争议

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选项中, and后出现介词时联想到：例如call for A and for B; suspect of doing A and of doing B（在没有争议的前提下可以省略介词）

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选项中并列的语句出现位置变换时联想到：例如A for X, B , C有歧义（for B，for C），必须改成 B, C, A for X

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平行结构

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形式对称原则：

1.平行结构标志

Even less 和 much less 表示“更不用说”，用于否定结构后起强调作用，前后词的形式必须一致。

Either…or/ neither…nor（注意前后不能互换）

2.重要的平行结构

分词短语与分词短语并列（-ed与-ing）

现在分词可以和过去分词并列作定语

名词短语可以和what从句并列（find a solution and what we can learn from this problem）

Be likely to do and be unable to do （第二个be不能省略！）

For doing A , not B

Evident that…..,that…..and that…..（连词that不能省略）

n.+ in which……., in which….., and in which……..

to do……and do…….

状语从句与状语从句平行，中间要加and连接词.写成…,standing there, holding a cup of tea.是绝对错误的！

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概念对等原则：以下概念都不对等

具体名词与抽象名词

名称名词和动作性名词

整体和部分

泛指和特指

Be动词和实义动词

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功能相同原则：除了n.+who…..and whose….是正确的，其他混合形式都是错误的，因为引出的定语不同（比如n.+where….and in which…..;n.+where….and who…..）

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习惯搭配：

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As +adj. +a/an +n. +as…

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More because… than because…

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Not…so much A as B 与其说A倒不如说B

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No more …than… 与…同样不…；no more than 最多，不超过

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No less …than … 与….一样；no less than 多达

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v. +more of/less of +n. 其中more 和less 修饰动词，表示动词的程度（绝对不能用fewer of，因为fewer不修饰动词）：I see less of you in the future

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as good as, or better than, ….

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As +adj +as前面不能加数量词（如2 years, 4 meters），只能加倍数词。注意区分！

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比较结构

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基本原则：概念对等，有可比性

（重要例子：Unlike A, B…和 contrast to A, B….中A, B 概念要对等

但是contrary to A, B 中A，B的概念可以不等，contrary to 多接belief, idea, judgment等修饰整个句子，不存在修饰逻辑主语B的问题）

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用词原则：

1.替代原则 重复对象尽量用that/those代替

2.形式尽可能对称

3.种属比较时注意排除自身：any other…

4.语序可以倒装或陈述

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情态：可以一致也可不一致，I can eat more than he does.

语态：主动+主动，被动+被动

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倍数的表达：

Twice: Twice the+ n. (twice the money); twice as many/much…as; twice what+从句

用动词表达倍数：double/triple/quadruple/quintuple均为动词，不可与as搭配

…times as +adj. / adv. +as…

Sb be + 百分数 +more likely to do sth than to do sth

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不定式：

用法

1)
作定语 X(n.) to do: way, ability, power, tendency, capacity, reason, chance, time, method, attempt, opportunity, thing, work, property.

2)
作表语 X is to do: aim, ability, goal, duty, work, job, purpose, method, problem, effect, activity, mistake.

3)
作宾语补语 X(v.) to do： afford; agree; appear/seem; arrange; choose; claim; come; elect; endeavor; expect; fail; promise; refuse; seek; select; threaten; venture; offer; prefer.

省略to的不定式：

See/watch/notice/spot/hear/observe/perceive/overhear/feel/feel/smell/make/let…do…

Rather than do; all sb do/did is/was do….;might as well do…

Too…to 形式：可以使用 too adj. (for sb) to do;too adj. to be done by sb.

重要的to do：the last/next/2nd/only/best n. to do….. 序数词或形容词最高级 必须用to do

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情态动词：

May和might能互换，其他均不能。

“能力”与“可能”的区别（要注意）：

can/could, cannot/could not强调 可能性

be able to/be unable to, be capable of doing sth强调能力

Will be able to 将来的可能性或者能力

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分词：

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逻辑主语：

-ing 在句首，逻辑主语是句子主语；在句尾，优先作为伴随状语，有可能修饰主语的谓语动词，逻辑主语等于主句主语，也有可能就近修饰动词，逻辑主语等于所修饰的动词的逻辑主语

-ed 在句首，逻辑主语是句子主语；在句尾，就近修饰名词作定语

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后面加-ing分词作宾语的动词或动词短语

1.acknowlegde; avoid; admit; enjoy; escape; suggest; assure; advocate; forbid; permit; favor; recommend; resist; risk; involve; deny; include.

2. give up; credit to; aim at; contribute to; in contrast to; object to; be opposed to; amount to; be exposed/committed/limited/devoted to; lead to; be educated to;be/become accustomed/used to.

3. aid sb in doing; prevent/keep/prohibit/save sb from doing; accuse sb of doing.

4.be expert at; be good at; criticize…for doing; praise…for doing; be capable of…

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虚拟语气：

It is +adj.+that …..do……:形容词有：natural/important/ essential/necessary/vital/appropriate

/imperative/advisable/obligatory/best/incredible/ironic/preferable….

注意：解释说明 it is directive that 后面不接虚拟语气，但是directive作为官方指令说时，应用that…do…..

Should +倒装，主句可以不用虚拟语气词。如：should anyone call me(if anyone should call me),you can leave me a message here.

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宾语从句：

表建议：advocate/advise/recommend/move that…do…;sb suggest/propose that…do…

表命令：order/decree/mandate/command/demand that…do…

表要求：request/require/insist that…do…;sth. Require of sb that…do..

注意：sth suggest/propose that 后面是陈述 ；allow/rule that 后面是陈述

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语气强弱：

Only if ≠ if

However much ≠ however

Should 虚拟句≠ if假设句

Be not unlike ≠ be like

If ≠ on condition that(补充，on condition that 可用do表虚拟，也可用一般过去/现在时)

Any+n. ≠ n.

Just like ≠ like

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动词形式

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判断时态：

形容词、副词判断法

一般过去式：Originally

一般现在时：The common reasons, the common procedure中的common（注意宾语从句陈述统计数据、科学事实、商业惯例等时优先使用一般现在时，可以与主句时态不同）

过去完成时：Since+句子/名词短语/时间，since+then;during/within/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语

一般将来时：possibility that…/likehood that…注意：主观将来时用be supposed to do…,不常用be going to do,不用 be to be doing, be to be done

完成时：a century of sth 作主语时，考虑用完成时。

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主被动：

被动 用By，不可用 according to….

不可被动的词：

Lead, cause, visit, possess, pay attention to, so as to do;

Enable,become,be able to do, be likely to do; Last; Like,enjoy; Notice,watch,look at,listen to; receive,enter,cost,resemble,suit, fit, contain;

主动表被动：

Read like…;read well; prove helpful（被别人证明很有用，如果是I prove myself helpful 我自己证明自己很有用）; sell well(but sold for a price); be +adj to do; too+adj.+to do;be worth doing; (sth) require doing

主被动皆可的词：

Change,train,Open,close,end,finish,target, Determine, interest,intend, Issue,aim

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谓语一定是单数：	谓语一定是复数	单复数看情况
Ÿ Each of 复数 +v. Ÿ 物质/抽象/学科名词 Ÿ 以-s结尾的疾病、国家名称、机构用作单数作主语. Ÿ A body of/ a collection of/an array of/ a series of/a portion of/ a group of+复数. Ÿ The number of +复数(…..的数量)；the average of +复数(….的平均量) Ÿ Neither+v. Ÿ To do/ doing +v. Ÿ One in / out of 复数(….之一)	Ÿ 复数+each+v. Ÿ 数词+单位复数+of 不可数/物质名词:several million tons of stone are… Ÿ Statistics 作“统计数据”,economics 作“经济政策”. Ÿ A total of Ÿ A number of/ an average of Ÿ Two/three in / out of +复数 Ÿ Some other+复数	Ÿ A or B/ not A but B/ A nor B/ not only A but also B/neither A nor B 看 B； Ÿ A with B/ A,including B/ A as well as B/ A, along with B/ A, no less than B/ A, more than B/ A, besides B/ A,except B 看A； Ÿ A,…..,+v. 看A； Ÿ No+A, 看A； Ÿ Part of/ most of/ all of/ some of/ X% of/the rest of A, 看A；

！One of ….that…..:that 后面用 复数

The one of …that ….:that 后面用单数