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1.2.1New Zealand* 老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间--- 选项Tricky
P1新西兰被确定说是13世纪才有人到那去。
某研究---某专家通过对老鼠的carbon dating（which are brought by human beins）
得出NZ人应该在AD300年就出现了。
因为无确切证据可以表明NZ人arrive so early, 人们觉得实验出错了（Q1）
P2 某人说他们（Team）做相同实验，得出结论支持1289，反驳AD300年
1 Recently，某team用更好carbon dating的技术去研究，the rat bone found in
the same site (同一地点，但不同sample，有题)，证实了是1280年左右的，
和最早的research相符（说明不是一个surprise的发现，有题）。
2他们还发现了the oldest site有一些种子是4000年前的，但是那些有一些有老鼠咬痕
都是1280年的。
P3这个结论【1 说明了（P1）之前的实验的确有问题】，2 反驳之前的人们的说法--- 鸟和frog的灭绝并没那么早开始（人类有生物被污染是近600年的事） (有题)
Q1 P3段的作用
这个研究结果对其他领域研究的影响
Q2 P3中的research说明一下哪个是对的?
Q3 P1里说这个实验有问题的人持什么观点? (Tricky)
某选项： 他的结论是基于O科学家的研究结果。因为O的研究是recently的，而那个观点是之前就出现了。 不能选！！！
Q4 主旨题
说明了一个研究,并且用这个研究去反对前面研究的结果
Q5怎样能使某team的说法不成立
那些种子上的咬痕是别的动物的…（不确定）
老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间--- From ScienceDaily
New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?
ScienceDaily (June 4, 2008) — The dating project, in one of the largest studies of its kind, has shown that the country was not visited by humans over 2000 years ago, as some previous research suggests.
An international team of researchers, led by Dr Janet Wilmshurst from Landcare Research, spent 4 years on the project which shows conclusively that the earliest evidence for human colonisation is about 1280-1300 AD, and no earlier. They based their results on new radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones and rat-gnawed seeds. Their results do not support previous radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones which implied a much earlier human contact about 200 BC.
The original old rat bones dates have been hotly debated ever since they were published in Nature in 1996. The ages are controversial because there is no supporting ecological or archaeological evidence for the presence of kiore or humans until 1280-1300 AD and the reliability of the bone dating has been questioned. This is the first time that the actual sites involved in the original study have been re-excavated and analyzed.
Dr Wilmshurst and her team researchers re-excavated and re-dated bones from nearly all of the previously investigated sites. All of their new radiocarbon dates on kiore bones are no older than 1280 AD. This is consistent with other evidence from the oldest dated archaeological sites, Maori whakapapa, widespread forest clearance by fire and a decline in the population of marine and land-based fauna.
“As the Pacific rat or kiore cannot swim very far, it can only have arrived in New Zealand with people on board their canoes, either as cargo or stowaways. Therefore, the earliest evidence of the Pacific rat in New Zealand must indicate the arrival of people” Dr Wilmshurst said.
The dating of the rat bones was also supported by the dating of over a hundred woody seeds, many of which had distinctive tell-tale rat bite marks, preserved in peat and swamp sites from the North and South Islands.
“These rat-gnawed seeds provide strong additional evidence for the arrival of rats, and therefore humans, and are an indirect way of testing the veracity of the dates we have done on rat bones,” said Dr Tom Higham, Deputy Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at Oxford University.
Rats leave rows of narrow grooves or bite marks on woody seed cases when they gnaw open the seed, and these distinctive teeth marks can be seen with the naked eye. “The width of the teeth marks left on the woody seeds exactly match those of a rat's two front teeth, and cannot be mistaken for any other seed predator. We have dated over 100 individual seeds, some rat-gnawed, others intact or bird-cracked, which show that rat gnawed seeds only occur in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand after about 1280 AD”, Dr Wilmshurst said.
With over 165 dates on seeds and bones from a large number of sites, the overwhelming evidence suggests that rats and their human carriers did not reach New Zealand until about 1280 AD. |
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